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1、 二、轉(zhuǎn)換詞匯類(lèi) (2015·江蘇) People select news in expectation of a reward.This reward may be either of two kinds.One is related to what Freud calls the Pleasure Principle，the other to what he calls the Reality Principle.For want of better names，we shall call these two classes immediate reward and delaye

2、d reward. In general，the kind of news which may be expected to give immediate reward are news of crime and corruption，accidents and disasters，sports，social events，and human interest.Delayed reward may be expected from news of public affairs，economic matters，social problems，science，education，and hea

3、lth. News of the first kind pays its rewards at once.A reader can enjoy an indirect experience without any of the dangers or stresses involved.He can tremble wildly at an axe-murder，shake his head sympathetically and safely at a hurricane，identify himself with the winning team，laugh understandingly

4、 at a warm little story of children or dogs. News of the second kind，however，pays its rewards later.It sometimes requires the reader to tolerate unpleasantness or annoyance—as，for example，when he reads of the threatening foreign situation，the mounting national debt，rising taxes，falling market，scarc

5、e housing，and cancer.It has a kind of “threat value”．It is read so that the reader may be informed and prepared.When a reader selects delayed reward news，he pulls himself into the world of surrounding reality to which he can adapt himself only by hard work.When he selects news of the other kind，he u

6、sually withdraws from the world of threatening reality toward the dream world. For any individual，of course，the boundaries of these two classes are not stable.For example，a sociologist may read news of crime as a social problem，rather than for its immediate reward.A coach may read a sports story fo

7、r its threat value：he may have to play that team next week.A politician may read an account of his latest successful public meeting，not for its delayed reward，but very much as his wife reads an account of a party.In any given story of corruption or disaster，a thoughtful reader may receive not only t

8、he immediate reward of indirect experience，but also the delayed reward of information and preparedness.Therefore，while the division of categories holds in general，an individual’s tendency may transfer any story from one kind of reading to another，or divide the experience between the two kinds of rew

9、ard. What News Stories Do You Read？ Division of news stories ·People expect to get 71.rewards/rewarded from reading news. ·News stories are roughly divided into two classes. ·Some news will excite their readers instantly while others won’t. 72.Explanations of the two classes ·News of immediat

10、e reward will seemingly take their readers to the very frightening scene without actual 73.involvement. ·Readers will associate themselves closely with what happens in the news stories and 74.share similar feelings with those involved. ·News of delayed reward will make readers suffer，or present a

11、75.threat to them. ·News of delayed reward will induce the reader to 76.prepare for the reality while news of immediate reward will lead the reader to 77.withdraw from the reality. Unstable boundaries of the two classes ·What readers expect from news stories are largely shaped by their 78.profess

12、ion(s)/intention. ·Serious readers will both get excited over what happens in some news stories and 79.adapt themselves to the reality. ·Thus，the division，on the whole,80.depends on the reader. 考場(chǎng)思維模式 第一步：讀表格，填出較簡(jiǎn)單的概括詞匯題 文章標(biāo)題是“你讀什么樣的新聞故事？”，然后分三部分進(jìn)行了分析。其中第72題是概括性詞匯，根據(jù)其右表信息可知是“兩類(lèi)新聞故事的解釋(說(shuō)明)”，故第

13、72題填Explanations。注意首字母要大寫(xiě)。 第二步：定位、定詞、定性、定形 任務(wù)型閱讀表格高度概括了原文信息，為了節(jié)約時(shí)間并且提高解題的針對(duì)性，先讀表格內(nèi)容，然后在原文中進(jìn)行定位。定位后進(jìn)行定詞。定詞后要定性(如名詞、動(dòng)詞、形容詞、副詞)，最后定形(如單復(fù)數(shù)、非謂語(yǔ)形式、大小寫(xiě)等)。 1．原文詞匯類(lèi) 75．根據(jù)原文第四段中的“It has a kind of ‘threat value.’”可知應(yīng)填threat。 77．根據(jù)原文第四段中的“When he selects news of the other kind，he usually withdraws from the

14、 world of threatening reality toward the dream world.”可得到暗示，應(yīng)填withdraw。 79．此句是對(duì)最后一段倒數(shù)第二句的轉(zhuǎn)換。這可從第四段中的“he pulls himself into the world of surrounding reality to which he can adapt himself only by hard work”得到暗示，填adapt。 2．轉(zhuǎn)換詞匯類(lèi) 71．原文reward出現(xiàn)了多次。第一段有a reward，第三段有rewards，因此可以知道reward是可數(shù)名詞。此空只能填一個(gè)詞，因此填

15、rewards。另外reward也可用作動(dòng)詞，還可填rewarded，表示被動(dòng)，意思是“獲得獎(jiǎng)賞”。 73．根據(jù)表格內(nèi)容可以將信息定位在原文第三段中的“A reader can enjoy an indirect experience without any of the dangers or stresses involved.”。其中關(guān)鍵信息是without any of the dangers or stresses involved，關(guān)鍵詞是involved。原文involved作后置定語(yǔ)，而此空前面是without actual，后面要填名詞形式involvement。 74．此

16、題是將原文第三段中“He can tremble wildly at an axe-murder，shake his head sympathetically and safely at a hurricane，identify himself with the winning team，laugh understandingly at a warm little story of children or dogs.”信息轉(zhuǎn)換成題目中的“share similar feelings with those involved”。 76．根據(jù)原文第四段中的“It is read so that t

17、he reader may be informed and prepared.”可得到暗示，填prepare。 80．最后一段主要講了這兩種分類(lèi)不是一成不變的，也就是說(shuō)這取決于讀者，故填depends。 3．概括詞匯類(lèi) 78．文章最后一段提到的sociologist，coach，politician都是不同的職業(yè)，或者說(shuō)不同的劃分取決于不同的目的，故填profession(s)/intention。 第三步：復(fù)查并將答案填在答題卡上 復(fù)查完確認(rèn)沒(méi)有修改之后，將試卷上所寫(xiě)答案填在答題卡規(guī)定區(qū)域，注意要認(rèn)真書(shū)寫(xiě)，不能潦草。 轉(zhuǎn)換詞匯類(lèi)是典型的二次加工題型，需要考生有基本的構(gòu)詞法知識(shí)

18、，對(duì)句子成分和詞性的對(duì)應(yīng)關(guān)系要明確。做題時(shí)，不但要找到與試題相關(guān)的句子信息，還要根據(jù)詞法和句法知識(shí)以及上下文的邏輯關(guān)系進(jìn)行加工，從而提煉出新詞。要求考生對(duì)已鎖定的關(guān)鍵句進(jìn)行知識(shí)重組，運(yùn)用多種表達(dá)方式，考查考生是否具有遣詞造句的能力。常見(jiàn)的轉(zhuǎn)換詞匯題可分為：詞形轉(zhuǎn)換、同義(反義)表達(dá)、句型轉(zhuǎn)換等。 1．詞形轉(zhuǎn)換 詞形轉(zhuǎn)換題即用不同的方式表達(dá)文中的意義，由于表達(dá)的方法不同，被考查單詞在原文和試題中充當(dāng)?shù)木渥映煞植煌Ｓ袝r(shí)所采用的詞性會(huì)有所變化。如，動(dòng)詞與名詞的轉(zhuǎn)換、動(dòng)詞與動(dòng)名詞的轉(zhuǎn)換、形容詞與副詞的轉(zhuǎn)換、名詞與形容詞的轉(zhuǎn)換等，有時(shí)還涉及短語(yǔ)搭配的考查。 (1)Social isolation

19、 is an objective condition in which people have little communication with others. ＝Social isolation means that people hardly communicate with others or stay alone. (2)It’s also important for every student to set high academic goals so as to be able to build a good career. ＝Students who want to bu

20、ild a good career should attach importance to setting high academic goals. 2．同義(反義)表達(dá) 同義(反義)表達(dá)是指用不同的詞組表達(dá)同一個(gè)意思或是相反的意思。這主要考查考生靈活運(yùn)用英語(yǔ)的能力。此項(xiàng)考查要求我們對(duì)同義/反義詞(組)互換，單個(gè)動(dòng)詞與動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)的互換，單個(gè)副詞與短語(yǔ)的互換等。 (1)The use of these resources cannot go on indefinitely—we would run out. ＝The vast majority of resources can’t be

21、replaced and they would be used up. (2)But they say it’s far from clear that social isolation，not loneliness，is always the real cause of increased death rate. ＝It was still unclear/vague/ambiguous that social isolation rather than loneliness is the real cause of higher death rate. (3)You are expe

22、cted to know that every step counts and that setting up goals is easy，but following them on a consistent basis is difficult. ＝Y(jié)ou should be aware/conscious that it’s difficult to follow your goals consistently. 3．句型轉(zhuǎn)換 句型轉(zhuǎn)換題指的是用不同的句式表達(dá)同一意思。有時(shí)是主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)與被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的互換，有時(shí)是采用另外一種句式表達(dá)。答題時(shí)要抓住核心詞匯，對(duì)這些詞匯表達(dá)進(jìn)行句式轉(zhuǎn)換，一般為

23、高中階段常用句式。 (1)When something is thrown away，we lose the natural resources，the energy and the time which have been used to make the product. ＝The natural resources，the energy and the time used to make the product become lost when something is thrown away. (2)Researchers have found that older people

24、 with fewer human contacts are more likely to die. ＝Social isolation may increase/raise older people’s risk of death. (3)Setting goals for completing the daily schedule helps an employee to finish the assigned tasks and targets in a timely manner. ＝By setting goals，an employee can increase output

25、 and performance instead of delaying completing his or her tasks. Marketers have more options in today’s increasingly multilingual society—a variety of electronic and print media can address groups of consumers in different languages.Various factors influence the choice of media and language.In s

26、ome cases，it’s simply practical to advertise in the consumer’s native language，particularly if many of the consumers in this group are primarily monolingual.In other cases，by advertising on，say，a Spanish television channel in the US，an advertiser may earn the respect of the consumer by addressing hi

27、m in his native language，as well as develop positive associations with the medium and its unique content.Now，marketers have another factor to consider when deciding where to advertise and in what language.A paper.Do bilinguals have two personalities? A special case of cultural frame switching publis

28、hed by researchers at the University of Texas，shows that bilingual individuals exhibit different personality characteristics when speaking different languages. Lead researcher Nairan Ramirez-Esparza，tested individuals who were bilingual in English and Spanish for various personality traits，and foun

29、d that the subjects answered the questions differently when asked in English and Spanish.The new work built on past research that showed the values of subjects changed when they were surrounded by stimuli from different cultures. How can marketers take advantage of “cultural frame switching”？ It ma

30、y sound challenging without specific research，but at least for Spanish，English bilinguals in the US，there is now some hard data on the language-related personality shift.Extrapolating to other language combinations may be possible，too.Since the Spanish/English bilingual results seem to be in agreeme

31、nt with testing of monolingual Spanish and English speakers，language-specific testing of bilingual subjects may not be essential to get an idea of what kind of cultural frame switching might occur in other bilingual combinations.Rather，comparing known personality differences for each language/cultur

32、e would give an indication of the differences bilingual individuals would exhibit. I think it would be a mistake to over-emphasize this phenomenon over other criteria affecting the selection of appropriate media and language to reach a target market.Clearly，the major considerations of demographics(

33、人口統(tǒng)計(jì)資料)，perception of the medium，language fluency，etc.should remain major factors.Besides，the language-driven cultural frame switching may not make much difference to many products or services.If the product does attract one cultural personality more，though，it may make sense to exploit that differen

34、ces of the other decision criteria are more or less equivalent. The researchers point out that the differences aren’t great.Even if slight，though，the differences are noticeable. Cultural Frame Switching：Different Language，Different Personality Concept of cultural frame switching Cultural frame s

35、witching refers to the phenomenon of shifting from one cultural mindset to another when people are 71. to their new cultural environment. Applications of cultural frame switching Cultural frame switching is a factor marketers now take into 72. to reach target customers. Personalit

36、y shift proves to be 73. for Spanish/English bilinguals，which makes it not 74. to do language-specific testing of bilingual subjects. Looking for the known personality differences between each language/culture would give marketers a better 75. of how bilingual individuals wo

37、uld 76. in two different cultures. Facts about cultural frame switching It’s wrong to put too much 77. on the functions of cultural frame switching. Compared with other criteria，the language-driven cultural frame switching simply plays a (n) 78. role in marketing success.

38、 Providing that a product 79. to a certain cultural personality more，the difference is worth employing. Conclusion The effect different languages have on personality is 80. but noticeable. 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 語(yǔ)篇解讀　在當(dāng)今日益多元化的社會(huì)中，營(yíng)銷(xiāo)人員有更多的選擇。各種各樣的電子和印刷媒體可以用不同的語(yǔ)言對(duì)話消費(fèi)者群體，現(xiàn)在市場(chǎng)營(yíng)銷(xiāo)人員開(kāi)始考慮文化

39、框架轉(zhuǎn)換的因素。 71．答案　exposed 解析　轉(zhuǎn)換詞匯題。根據(jù)第二段最后一句“The new work built on past research showed the values of subjects changed when they were surrounded by stimuli from different cultures.”可知，文化框架轉(zhuǎn)換指的是當(dāng)面臨全新的環(huán)境時(shí)，人們從一種文化心態(tài)轉(zhuǎn)向另一種文化心態(tài)的移位現(xiàn)象。be exposed to暴露于。 72．答案　account/consideration 解析　轉(zhuǎn)換詞匯題。根據(jù)第一段最后四句可知，現(xiàn)在市

40、場(chǎng)人員開(kāi)始考慮文化框架轉(zhuǎn)換的因素。take...into account/consideration是固定短語(yǔ)，意為“考慮到……”，故填account/consideration。 73．答案　existent 解析　概括詞匯題。根據(jù)第二、三段的內(nèi)容可知，性格轉(zhuǎn)換這種現(xiàn)象是存在的。故填existent。 74．答案　necessary/essential 解析　原文詞匯題。根據(jù)第三段中的“l(fā)anguage-specific testing of bilingual subjects may not be essential to get an idea of what kind of

41、cultural frame switching might occur in other bilingual combinations”可知，雙語(yǔ)科目的特定語(yǔ)言測(cè)試可能不是必要的。故填necessary/essential。 75．答案　understanding/idea 解析　轉(zhuǎn)換詞匯題。根據(jù)第三段最后一句“Rather，comparing known personality differences for each language/culture would give an indication of the differences bilingual individuals w

42、ould exhibit.”可知，比較每種語(yǔ)言/文化的已知個(gè)性差異可以對(duì)雙語(yǔ)個(gè)體會(huì)表現(xiàn)出的差異給出提示。此處用近義詞give a better understanding/idea來(lái)表示，故填understanding/idea。 76．答案　behave 解析　轉(zhuǎn)換詞匯題。參考上題解析。exhibit在這是“展覽；顯示；提出(證據(jù)等)”的意思，故填behave。 77．答案　stress/emphasis 解析　轉(zhuǎn)換詞匯題。根據(jù)第四段開(kāi)頭“I think it would be a mistake to over-emphasize this phenomenon over othe

43、r...”可知，不應(yīng)過(guò)分強(qiáng)調(diào)文化框架轉(zhuǎn)換。put stress/emphasis on意為“強(qiáng)調(diào)”，故填stress/emphasis。 78．答案　minor/unimportant 解析　轉(zhuǎn)換詞匯題。根據(jù)第四段中的“Besides，the language-driven cultural frame switching may not make much difference to many products or services.”可知，語(yǔ)言驅(qū)動(dòng)的文化框架轉(zhuǎn)換對(duì)很多產(chǎn)品影響不大。形容詞修飾名詞，故填minor/unimportant。 79．答案　appeals 解析　轉(zhuǎn)換詞匯

44、題。根據(jù)第四段末句“If the product does attract one cultural personality more，though，it may make sense to exploit that difference of the other decision criteria are more or less equivalent.”可知，假如一個(gè)產(chǎn)品更吸引某種文化個(gè)性，那這種區(qū)別就值得采用。attract＝appeal to，故填appeals。 80．答案　slight 解析　原文詞匯題。根據(jù)最后一段“The researchers point out that the differences aren’t great.Even if slight，though，the differences are noticeable.”可知，研究人員發(fā)現(xiàn)不同語(yǔ)言對(duì)個(gè)性的影響雖然輕微，但是這些不同是顯而易見(jiàn)的。故填slight。 9