現(xiàn)代大學英語 Unit 13 Book 3

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1、 現(xiàn)代大學英語 Unit 13 Book 3 Unit 13 The Needs That Drive Us All 威廉·格拉瑟?[William?Glasser?1925]簡介 I. A Brief Introduction to The Author and His works W.格拉瑟 威廉·格拉瑟 [William Glasser 1925]，美國心理治療學家，現(xiàn)實治療法的創(chuàng)始人。他出生于美國俄亥俄州克利夫蘭。 早年在美國俄亥俄州克利夫蘭受教育，

2、后進入凱斯西儲大學，1945 年獲臨床心理學學士學位，1948 年獲臨床心理學碩士學位，1953 年獲加州大學洛杉磯分校醫(yī)學博士學位。1954－1957 年任實習醫(yī)生，1957年，他在洛杉磯的退伍兵管理中心洛杉磯加州大學參與精神病治療訓練，1961年取得檢驗合格證書。受訓期間，他感到其所接受的傳統(tǒng)的精神分析治療有很大局限性，這是他創(chuàng)造現(xiàn)實治療法的種子。他對學習精神分析感到有挫折，他把這個不滿向他的老師和在第三年開始做他的臨床督導的 Harrington 說了。在以后的 7 年里，Harrington 一直是他的督導。 1956 年，他曾在凡圖拉（Ventura）女子學校擔任精神治療咨詢師

3、，該校是加州處理少年犯的公立機構，他在一個州產醫(yī)院里為違法的少女做咨詢。一開始他的同事反對他的改變紀律和教學實踐的建議，但是后來他們發(fā)現(xiàn)他的方法有用。他以友誼和責任影響一個一開始拒絕改變的群體，他的方法包括個體和群體治療，以及工作人員訓練。他在凡圖拉中學創(chuàng)造了一種針對吸毒少女的特定的方法。 在格拉瑟對州立醫(yī)院里違法的少女的咨詢成功被人們所了解后，他成為加州學校系統(tǒng)的顧問。之后，在加利福尼亞系統(tǒng)地闡述了現(xiàn)實治療法，并在洛杉磯建立現(xiàn)實療法研究所。以洛杉磯為基地，格拉瑟在美國、加拿大和其他國家舉行研討會，并利用研究所的分支機構 - 教師培訓中心，把現(xiàn)實治療法運用到學校情境之中，培訓了 10 萬

4、名教師，影響較大。 格拉瑟以其現(xiàn)實治療法而聞名。1961 年，他出版的第一本著作《心理健康還是心理疾??？》一書中首次談到現(xiàn)實治療法的一些基本思想和實踐嘗試。1965 年他的《現(xiàn)實療法》一書問世，標志著現(xiàn)實治療法的正式推出。1967 年在洛杉磯建立了現(xiàn)實治療法協(xié)會（1996 年更名為威廉·格拉瑟協(xié)會），1968 年成立了對教師做現(xiàn)實治療法訓練的分支 - 教育訓練中心。1973 年現(xiàn)實治療法協(xié)會（現(xiàn)在是控制論、現(xiàn)實理論和有效管理協(xié)會）開始進行現(xiàn)實治療家的資格認定?，F(xiàn)實療法的基礎是控制理論（Control Theory），1996 年開始他將其更名為選擇理論（Choice Theory） [1

5、]。 他對精神分析不滿，認為精神分析不是教人對自己負責，而是固守過去并因過去而總是指責別人。他熱認為人都有愛與被愛兩種基本需要。如果它們不能得到滿足，人就會產生焦慮、怨恨、自暴自棄等消極情緒反應，并可能產生逃避現(xiàn)實、不負責任的欲望。現(xiàn)實療法強調當事人的責任和力量；重視當前的行為，協(xié)助當事人擬定明確的行為改變計劃并切實執(zhí)行；以關懷和尊重為基礎建立彼此的信任關系；強調當事人自身優(yōu)點和潛能，幫助他發(fā)展成功認同經驗。它的基礎是選擇理論，重點放在改善現(xiàn)在的關系─也就是幫助當事人去討論他現(xiàn)在生活中的一些關系，并且他愿意透過什么樣的努力來為已經遭到破壞的關系做努力?！斑x擇理論”就是要挑戰(zhàn)那些所謂古老的

6、正確傳統(tǒng)─我知道什么是對你最好的。 一、現(xiàn)實治療法的人格理論 人性觀。他認為：人格或特質，乃是整個自我運作的總和。包括理智性的功能、情感性的功能、以及每個自我獨特的反應模式。而自我乃是個體心理功能的總和知最理想代表，他深信人格發(fā)展的歷程正是一個人學習如何去滿足需要的功能所展現(xiàn)出來的，需要獲得滿足的程度或狀況，將影響個人人格的特質，因為滿足需求的程度或狀況長可決定個人是否能適當?shù)牟扇⌒袆印? 基本人性需求及滿足方式。他將基本的人類需求分為五級：玩樂與樂趣的需求、權力與影響力的需求、自由與作選擇的需求、歸屬感的需求、生存的需求。認為基本心理需求是超越時空，對人是十分重要的，但卻需要經過

7、學習才能有效滿足。這樣的學習從幼年時期開始直至生命終結，是個人一生的發(fā)展問題。認為個體欲滿足其需求，必須在共融的關系（involvement）中，以負責（responsibility）、正確（right）、及符合現(xiàn)實（reality）的行為為之。 二、控制理論 雖然格拉瑟創(chuàng)立現(xiàn)實治療法不是得益于控制理論，但他對現(xiàn)實治療法的解釋是控制論的?？刂评碚摰睦砟钍牵喝祟愋袨槭怯心康牡模疫@些行為源自于個人的內在、而非外在環(huán)境的力量。雖然外在環(huán)境的力量會影響我們的決定，但我們的行為并非這些外在環(huán)境的力量造成的。我們的行為是為了滿足我們基本的人性需求。 現(xiàn)實治療法的主要目標是教導人們一些較

8、佳且更有效的方法，去從生活中得到我們所要的?？刂评碚摲磳Q定論的人性哲學。此理論認為如果每個人愿意努力為著某一目標而行動，他必能改變，并可過更好的生活。但當個人的選擇侵犯別人的自由時，其行為便是不負責任的。通過現(xiàn)實治療法法的演練，一方面可學到如何獲得自由，另一方面又能避免傷害別人。 三、現(xiàn)實治療法的特征 反對醫(yī)療模式?，F(xiàn)實治療法否定心理疾病的觀念，假定行為失常的種種形式，都是不負責任或需求未能達成的結果。此一方法不用心理診斷，并視心理疾病等于不負責任行為，而心理健康等于負責行為。 成功認同與積極的嗜好。成功認同的概念對理解現(xiàn)實治療法具有重要作用，持有“成功認同”（success

9、identity）的人，視自己是個能夠給予愛與接受愛的人，感覺到自己有力量，具有自我價值感，格拉瑟另發(fā)展出“積極的嗜好”（positive addction）觀念，作為在生活中培養(yǎng)心理力量的主要來源。常見的做法是跑步與冥想。 強調現(xiàn)在而不重視過去。主張應視當事人為一“具有廣泛潛能的常人，而不應視其只是具有問題的病人”，因此他不贊成浪費時間去追究問題與失敗，并建議治療者去探索當事人的長處。更須在會談中，強化這種長處，至于重述歷史與探查過去，他均視為無用。 強調價值判斷。它重視當事人所扮演的角色，判斷自身行為的本質以決定到底什么因素造成他們生活上的失敗。除非當事人能斷定他們的行為具有建設性或破

10、壞性，否則就不能產生任何改變。 反對移情?，F(xiàn)實治療法拒絕采用移情作用。格拉瑟認為，傳統(tǒng)的治療者通過移情作用，將自己的想法灌輸給當事人?，F(xiàn)實治療法法要求治療者以本來的面目出現(xiàn)，不要將自己的角色想成是對方的父親或母親。格拉瑟自創(chuàng)立現(xiàn)實療法之后，即強調當事人在治療中不會想要去探索過去不成功的生活，只想與一個真實存在的人愉快地相處。 強調人格的意識層面而非潛意識層面。按精神分析的理論：對于潛意識有所了解與洞察，是人格改變的先決條件?，F(xiàn)實治療法主張：強調潛意識，即是避開當事人不負責任的中心問題，并且給他一個逃避真實的借口。領悟固然極富意義，但現(xiàn)實治療法并不認為這是產生改變的重要因素。 強調責任?，F(xiàn)

11、實治療法一直都強調責任的重要性。格拉瑟將負責界定為：凡為滿足個人需求，但不妨礙他人滿足其需求的行為謂之負責。負責的人具有自發(fā)性，知道自己從生活中需要什么，并會擬定計劃來滿足需求與目標。簡言之，負責指個人已學會有效地控制其生活。格拉瑟強調，不論治療者或普通人，均應避免批評，因為如果我們學會過負責的生活，就不會苛求自己，尋找自己的缺點并加以批評對我們并無幫助。 四、現(xiàn)實治療法八大步驟 建立共融關系； 探討目前的行為而非情緒； 對當前的行為做評價； 訂定計劃； 對計劃的承諾； 沒有借口； 沒有懲罰； 永不放棄。 五、現(xiàn)實治療法的采用的技術 共融關系?，F(xiàn)實治療法強

12、調治療者要以真誠的關心幫助當事人面對困難，尋求解決的途 徑，滿足基本需求。因此治療者要以第一人稱的“我”來表明自己的看法與關懷，而不用含混的字眼。在治療的初期，當事人可以談論任何有興趣的主題，而不必局限于述說自己的苦難與困惑等問題。 設限（set limits）。治療者必須設定計劃中所能給予的時間與關懷，他只能在約定時間內與當事人建立正常的共融關系，而不允許約定時間之外過度的相處與交往。 面質（confrontation）。面質事治療者以一種對立的，不接受任何解釋的態(tài)度，幫助當事人面對自己不負責任的行為，看清阻礙成功的不當防衛(wèi)與借口。 示范（modeling）。社會技能可以從觀察與仿真中

13、習得，自我控制有時也能從觀察別人的反應中而有所增進。 教師的角色（teacher’s role）。當事人表現(xiàn)出負責的行為，常期望治療者給予獎勵。否則，應具有不同的表示，不能只是唯唯否否。治療者并需教導當事人，應從日常生活當中采取較佳的途經以達滿足需求。 幽默（humer）。治療者使用幽默可以使關系輕松自在，也使當事人學習健康的方式來面對自己的失敗與弱點。 矛盾法（paradox）?，F(xiàn)實治療法以不同傳統(tǒng)的諮商方式來面對當事人的問題，使當事人未有防范的接受這種說法，而能不同的角度真正看清問題，使治療重于行為而非感覺。 主要著作： 心理健康還是心理疾病？：Mental Heal

14、th or Mental Illness?，1961 現(xiàn)實治療法：Reality Therapy，1965 沒有失敗的學校：Schools Without Failure，1969 認同的社會：The Identity Society，1975 正向沉溺：Positive Addiction，1976 心理的運作：Station of The Mind，1981 控制理論：Control Theory，1985 教室中的控制理論：Control Theory in the Classroom，1986 有品質的學校：The Quality School，1990 你在做什么？

15、：What Are You Doing？，1996 注: 他本來把選擇理論認定為控制理論，因為他認為我們生命中唯一可掌控的人就是我們自己。愈早了解這項事實的人愈好。但不幸的是、控制理論乍看之下似乎在本質上較屬于行為主義派、而非人類/人道學派。這真是一大謬誤。因此，他后來將控制理論重新命名為選擇理論。 II. Teaching Tips: 1. Make sure that the students are aware of the differences of the concepts between psychology and ethics; 2. The te

16、acher should rouse the students’interests in the subject, and help them see how important it is for the students, teachers, parents,business people, government officials to understand human psychology and strive to satisfy human needs oe desires. The teacher should ask the students to give examples

17、(preferably from their personal experience) which show what serious consequences it can result in if these human needs are not satisfied. III. The Background Information About the Text: In this text, the author attempts to define the word “human” . He is concerned with human psychology r

18、ather than ethics. According to him, human beings are driven by five basic needs, some of which are shared by other animals, but others are uniquely human. The article is obviously addressed to young students and its purpose is to increase their self-awareness of their humanness so as to better deal

19、 with their problems. The author’s analysis of the need for power is particularly interesting. First he points out that the desire for power is a genuine human motivation. It is written in our genes. He has reached this conclusion mainly through his observation of human behavior. Then he stress

20、es the importance of this need in social and economic development as well as the development of ourselves as individuals although he does not elaborate on how some people use the power to do good things and others use it for evil purposes, because that is an ethical question. Another interesting poi

21、nt he has made is the reason why so many people traditionally reject the idea of power and favor the idea of humbleness or modesty. According to the author, one reason is that those who have power would like the powerless to be content without power so that they can continue to enjoy their power.

22、 The author’s view about fun as a human need is also interesting. It reminds us of the view that learning is a natural pleasure and good teaching should satisfy students’need for fun. The problem of human needs has fascinated many scientists, and over the years, scholars have come up with man

23、y interesting theories. Abraham Maslow( 1908-1970), a well-known American psychologist, put all basic human needs in a pyramid-shaped chart with physological needs at the bottom and safelty needs, social needs, esteemneeds in ascending order and finally self-actualization at the top. According to hi

24、m people try to satify the lower-order needs before they move on to the next level higher up. IV. The Detailed Discussion of Text A 1. All living creatures are driven ……so that the species will continue. 1) stay alive : continue to be in a living state 維持某種狀況

25、 e.g. stay awake/ stay single/stay sober 不睡覺/ 不結婚/ 保持清醒 They stayed friends for years. 他們的友誼維持了多年。 2）species (n.) : group of animals or plants within a genus differing only in minor details from the others, and able to breed with each other b

26、ut not with other groups 物種 e.g. the human species (ie mankind) 人類 a species of antilope 一種羚羊 2. As creatures have evolved from simple to complex, …… Paraphrase: According to Darwin’s theory of evolution,

27、 plants and animals develop gradually from simple to complicated forms by natural selection. This is the process by which only plants and animals are naturally suitable for life nin their environment will continue to live, while all others will die. In this theory Darwin suggested that human develop

28、ed from a type of ape. 3. Humans not only need (1) to survive and reproduce,……(5) to have fun. 1) belong (v.) : to be a member to; to be related or concerned to 是 ……中的一員；與……有關聯(lián)或姻親 e.g. A child belongs with its mother. (ie should live with

29、and be cared for by its mother) 孩子應該和母親在一起。 He has no sense of belonging here. 他在這里沒有歸屬感（他覺得自己是外人。） 4. All five needs are built into our genetic structure……if we are to fulfil our biological destiny. Paraphrase: All five needs are inborn as

30、part of our nature and direct us as we go through our lives. 1）build in/into : to make (sth )inherent; to make (sth )a fixed and permanent part of sth larger 使（某物）成為固有的；使（某物）成為某個較大事物中固定的，永久的部分 e.g. The difficulties seem to be built in in this process.

31、 這些困難似乎是這一過程中固有的東西。 The rate of pay was built into her contract. 支付比例是她的合同中固定的一部分。 2) our biological destiny : what we have to ecperience as human--- to go through childhood,adolescence, adulthood and old age, to produce offspring and die. 5. I itali

32、cize the need for power because, unlike the other four needs……in every aspect of our lives seems uniquely human. 1) I italicize the need for power : I emphasize the need for power by using italicized words. 2) … unlike the other four needs that shared to some extent by many higher animals

33、,… in every aspect of our lives seems uniquely human. Paraphrase: … unlike the other four needs which many higher animals also have, the needs for power seems exclusively a human need, which is shown as we eagerly seek power in every aspect of our lives. Here is a list of common col

34、locations with the noun”power”: 3) abolish power; abuse power; come into power; consolidate power; decentralize power; deprive sb of power; establish power; exercise power; hand over power; hold on to power; misuse power; reduce power; return to power; seize power 6. We are also born wi

35、th no choice but to feel…… the more pleasure we experience. 1) (sb has )no choice but to do sth: the only thing sb could do is to do sth 某人別無選擇只有做某事 e.g. Because of the scandal, he had no choice but to resign.

36、 因為這一丑聞，他除了辭職別無他途。 He failed TEM4 last year; he has no choice but to work harder this year. 去年他沒有通過英語專業(yè)四級考試，今年他別無選擇只有更加刻苦學習。 2）frustrate(vt.) : make (efforts, etc)useless; defeat 使得（努力等）無效

37、；失敗 e.g. Bad weather has frustrated plans to launch the spaceship today. 今日發(fā)射宇宙飛船的計劃，因天氣惡劣而落空。 7. Simple survival needs like hunger, thirst,……the denial of these basic needs. Paraphrase: It is relatively easy to define simple survival needs that satisfy h

38、unger, thirst and sexual desire and we can easily find particular discomfort we feel when these basic needs are denied. 1) attach to sb/ sth: to be connected with sb/sth 與（某人/某事）相關聯(lián)；歸因于某人/某事 e.g. No blame attaches to you in this affair. 這件事不怪你。

39、 No fault is attached to the bus driver for the terrible accident at the railway crossing. 在鐵路交叉口發(fā)生的可怕的交通事故汽車司機沒有過錯。 2）clear-cut (a.) : not vague; definite 不含混的；明確的 e.g. clear-cut plans, proposals, distinctions 明確的計劃，提議，

40、區(qū)分 8. When we attempt to satisfy the non-essential psychological needs,……we run into more difficulty. Paraphrase: The higher,or psychological, needs are not so clear-cut and not so easy to satisfy. 1) run into: to begin to experience (difficulty); to get into (a difficult or unpleasan

41、t situation) 開始遭遇 （困難或令人不快的局面） e.g. The project is running into financial difficulties. 這一項目遇到了財務困難。 Taking risks like that might run the firm into debts. 冒著像那樣的風險有可能使公司債臺高筑。 9. The need for power is particularly difficult to

42、 satisfy……who openly strive for it. 1) …in many cultures the mores of the culture……openly strive for it. Paraphrase: …in many cultures openly trying to gain power is regarded as running counter to the code of conduct of the culture, and those who do so are strongly disapproved of. 2) stri

43、ve for(sth): to try very hard to obtain or achieve( sth ) (獲得或實現(xiàn)某事物而) 努力，奮斗 e.g. to strive for success 力爭獲得成功 The mayor are striving for improvements in public housing. 這位市長正努力改善公共住房問題。 Not strivi

44、ng for success when it is available is considered a crime against the state in the US. 在美國，當有可能成功的時候不去力爭獲得成功被視為是對國家的犯罪。 3）humble (n.): having or showing a low or modest opinionof one’s own importance; not proud；low in rank; not large or elaborate; poor 謙卑的；卑微的；簡

45、陋的 e.g my humble apologies 鄙人的道歉 in my humble opinion 依鄙人的拙見 humble occupation, home, income, meal 低賤的職業(yè)，簡陋的家，微薄的收入，簡單的飯菜 10. Even politicians try to appear humble, ……and how little they want to tell us what to do. Paraphrase: Even politici

46、ans try to cover up their desires for power by saying that they are running for an office because they want to do things for their community and that they really hate to govern people. 11. But regardless of cultural prejudice, power itself is neither good nor bad. Paraphrase: When w

47、e don’t take into account the prejudice against power in certain cultures, power is really not a bad thing. Power itself is neutral, neither good nor bad. 1) regardless of : without worrying about or taking account of 不理會或不顧（某人/某物） e.g. The law says tha

48、t all citizens have the right to education regardless of age, sex, and religious belief. 這一法律規(guī)定所有公民無論年齡，性別和宗教信仰如何，都有接受教育的權利。 The couple decided to send their son to an elite high school regardless of whether they could afford it. 不顧自己是否能承受得起

49、，這對夫婦仍決定將他們的兒子送到精英學校。 12. In fact, if it were not for the need for power, our whole economy would crumble……, is for the sake of power. Paraphrase: Actually if it were not for the need for power, our whole economy would collapse because almost all the articles that can be bought and sold

50、 are for the sake of power except for those daily necessities. 1) crumble (v.) : gradually deteriorate or come to an end 漸漸垮掉；走向末路 e.g. the hopes that crumbled to dust 破滅的希望 The great empire began to crumble.

51、 這個強大的帝國開始衰落了。 2）bare necessities: daily necessities 日用必需品 3）for the sake of sth/doing sth : in order to get or keep sth 為了獲得或保持某事物 e.g. We made concessions for the sake of peace.

52、 為了和平我們作出了讓步。 Let’s not spoil the job for the sake of a few pounds. 咱們不要為了幾個英鎊而把工作弄糟。 13. When someone uses his power to help ……this use of power is humane. 1) downtrodden (a.) : kept down and badl

53、y treated; oppresseed 受蹂躪的；受欺壓的；受壓迫的 2）Notice the diference between “humane” and “human” humane (a.) : having or showing sympathy, kindness and understanding 富于同情心的；仁慈的；能體諒人的 e.g. humane person

54、 富于同情心的人 (in) humane treatment of POWs (非)人道地對待戰(zhàn)俘 humane killing 動物無痛屠宰法 human(a.) : having or showing the better qualities of man; kind; good 有良好品性的；有人情的；好心腸的

55、 e.g. It’s human nature to want to love and be loved. 希望去愛別人并被人所愛是人性所致。 The tough policeman is really quite human at heart. 這位強硬的警察在內心里真的很通人情。 14. They preach the virtues of humility because…… and add to the power that they

56、 have. Paraphrase: They advocate humility praising it as an admirable quality because they know the more people they make humble, the more easily they can keep and strengthen the power they have seized. 1) humility (n.) : humble attitude of mind; modesty 謙虛的態(tài)度

57、；謙遜 e.g. I say this in all humility (ie without wishing to appear boastful) ) 我說的決不過分（無意夸張）。 2）add to (sth) : to increase (sth) 增加（某事物） e.g. The bad weather added to our difficulties. 這種壞天氣更加增加了我們的困難。

58、 Their excellent performance added much to the success of the English evening. 他們的精彩的表演為英語晚會的成功增光添彩。 15. While it is easy to understand that……this need is written in our genes. Paraphrase: Though people admit that those who strive for power are

59、likely to gain advantages over others, most of us can’t willingly accept the view that power is a human need, and that it is something we have inherited from our ancestors, rathe than something we acquire later on. (In other words, most people refuse to admit that, in one way or another, they have t

60、he desire for power, bacause they think power is bad.) 16. That their teaching have been largely accepted when……in getting their message across. Paraphrase: It is surprising that what they propagate should be accepted by many, for obviously their propoganda serves their own interest

61、s, helping to maintain their power. This clearly shows how effective their propoganda machine is. (Notice the sarcastic tone of the author.) 1) self-serving: interested only in gaining an advantage for oneself 只對為自己謀利感興趣的 2）a tribute to sb/sth: indication of

62、the effectiveness of sth （某事物的）有效的標志 e.g. His recovery is a tribute to the doctor’s skill 他能夠康復充分說明該醫(yī)生的醫(yī)術高明。 The launching of China’s first space shuttle is a tribute to the skills of all those who have wo

63、rked on the project. 中國第一艘太空飛船的發(fā)射是所有致力于這項工程的人們的技術的有效見證。 3）get sth across / get sth across(to sb): to succeed in communicating sth; (cause sth to ) be communicated or understood 成功地溝通（某事）； （使某事）傳播或被人理解

64、 e.g. Your meaning didn’t really get across. 你的意思別人并未真正理解。 He’s not very good at getting his ideas across. 他不善于表達思想。 17. But also,because we want power so badly……

65、And if they are wise, they do. 1) In the hope of sth / that… : hoping sth / that… 對……懷有希望 e.g. I called her in the hope of finding her at home. 我希望她能在家才給她打的電話。 He showed me a picture of the missing g

66、irl in the hope that I might recognize her. 他給我看了一張失蹤女孩的照片，希望我能認出她來。 2）And if they are wise, they do. Paraphrase: And if they are clever, they will share a little of what they have with us. 18. Successful politicians are masters of this approach ……h(huán)igher education and even religion. Paraphrase: Successful politicians are very skillful in using this technique of sharing a little power with the people and this approach is also used by busines