常考點(diǎn)清單定語從句和名詞性從句

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1、?？键c(diǎn)清單一 定語從句 一、限制性與非限制性定語從句 (一)限制性定語從句與非限制性定語從句的區(qū)別 限制性定語從句對(duì)先行詞起修飾限制作用；非限制性定語從句對(duì)先行詞起補(bǔ)充說明作用。非限制性定語從句中，先行詞與定語從句往往有逗號(hào)隔開。非限制性定語從句相當(dāng)于并列句、狀語從句等。如： He has two sons, who work in the same company. (He has only two sons.) 他有兩個(gè)兒子，他們?cè)谕患夜旧习唷? He has two sons who work in the same company. (Perhaps he has mo

2、re than two sons.) 他有兩個(gè)在同一家公司上班的兒子。 (二)非限制性定語從句中關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞的用法 1．關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞在任何情況下都不能省略； 2．who(主語)，whom(賓語)，which(主語，賓語)不能用that代替，也不能互相替換； 3．在“介詞+which/whom從句”結(jié)構(gòu)中，介詞不能移到從句的后面； 4．when，where可用于非限制性定語從句中。 [題組訓(xùn)練] 句型轉(zhuǎn)換： ①That is his father, and he works in Shanghai. =That is his father, ________ wo

3、rks in Shanghai. ②I like the boy, who is very lovely. = I like the boy, ________ is very lovely. ③He told me a story yesterday, and I think it is very interesting. = He told me a story yesterday, ________ I think is very interesting. 二、關(guān)系代詞的用法 (一)關(guān)系代詞的作用和分類 1．關(guān)系代詞的作用有三個(gè)： (1)連接作用：關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)從句，把從句

4、和主句連接起來； (2)替代作用：關(guān)系代詞在從句中替代它前面的先行詞； (3)成分作用：關(guān)系代詞在從句中總是充當(dāng)句子成分。 2．關(guān)系代詞的用法分類： 格 詞 代 系 關(guān) 句 從 用于限制性和非 限制性定語從句 只用于限制性 定語從句 指人 指物 既指人又指物 主格詞 who which that 賓格詞 who(m) 屬格詞 whose/of whom whose/of which whose 關(guān)系代詞的用法與分類有三點(diǎn)依據(jù)： (1)根據(jù)所引導(dǎo)的從句的限制性和非限制性； (2)根據(jù)所替代的先行詞是指人還是指物； (3)根

5、據(jù)它在從句中所充當(dāng)?shù)某煞帧髡Z、賓語、表語或定語。 (二)關(guān)系代詞that和which的用法 1．限制性定語從句中，必須用關(guān)系代詞that的情況： (1)當(dāng)先行詞是不定代詞all，much，little，something，everything，anything，nothing，none，the one時(shí)。如： Do you have anything that you want to say for yourself? 你有什么要說的嗎? You should hand in all that you have． 你應(yīng)該把你有的都交上。 (2)當(dāng)先行詞前面有the only

6、，the very(恰恰，正好)，any，few，little，no，all等詞修飾時(shí)。如： This is the Very bus that I'm waiting for． 這就是我正在等的公交車。 The only thing that we can do is(to)give you some money． 我們能做的唯一的事情就是給你一些錢。 (3)當(dāng)先行詞是形容詞最高級(jí)或先行詞的前面有形容詞最高級(jí)修飾時(shí)。如： This is the best that has been used against pollution． 這是曾經(jīng)用過的最好的抗污染的辦法。 T

7、his is the most interesting film that I've ever seen． 這是我看過的最有趣的電影。 (4)當(dāng)先行詞是序數(shù)詞或它前面有序數(shù)詞修飾時(shí)。如： This train is the last that will go to Suzhou． 這是去蘇州的最后一趟火車。 What is the first American film that you have seen? 你看過的第一部美國(guó)電影是什么? (5)當(dāng)先行詞既有人又有物時(shí)．如： Do you know the things and persons that they ale t

8、alking about? 你知道他們談?wù)摰娜撕褪聠? (6)當(dāng)主句的主語是疑問詞who或which時(shí)。如： Which is the bike that you lost? 哪輛是你丟的自行車? Who is the boy that won the gold medal? 贏得金牌的那個(gè)男孩是誰? (7)有兩個(gè)定語從句時(shí)，其中一個(gè)關(guān)系代詞宜用which，另外一個(gè)宜用that。如： They secretly built up a small factory, which produced things that could cause pollution. 他們偷偷地

9、建了一家小工廠，這座工廠生產(chǎn)可能造成污染的東西。 (8)當(dāng)先行詞在主句中作表語，而關(guān)系代詞在從句中也作表語時(shí)。如： Shanghai is no longer the city that it used to be. 上海不再是過去的那座城市了。 2．當(dāng)先行詞指事/物時(shí)，定語從句中必須用which的情況： (1)在非限制性定語從句中，只用which，不用that。如： Helen was much kinder to her youngest son than to the others, which, of course, made the others envy him. 海

10、倫對(duì)最小的兒子比對(duì)其他的兒子好得多，這一點(diǎn)當(dāng)然讓他們很嫉妒。 (2)當(dāng)動(dòng)詞短語中的介詞提前時(shí)，只用which，不用that。如： This is a house in which Lu Xun once lived. 這是魯迅曾住過的房子。 注意：在一些固定搭配的動(dòng)詞短語中，由于動(dòng)詞和介詞不可分割，因此不能把介詞置于關(guān)系代詞之前。如： This is the pen(which/that)I'm looking for. 這是我正在尋找的那支鋼筆。 不可以說：This is the pen for which I'm looking． [題組訓(xùn)練] 用關(guān)系代詞that或wh

11、ich填空： ④Is there anything ________ you don't understand about the problem? ⑤The worst matter ________ I'm afraid of happened in the end. ⑥All the presents ________ your friends gave you on your birthday should be put away. ⑦This is the very book ________ I have been looking for. ⑧He was late fo

12、r the opening ceremony, ________ was very surprising to me. (三)關(guān)系代詞Who，whom，出at和whose的用法 當(dāng)先行詞指人：①在定語從句中作主語時(shí)，用who/that，不可省略；②在定語從句中作賓語時(shí)，用whom/who/that，可以省略；③在定語從句中作定語時(shí)，用whose，不可省略。如： She is the girl wh0/that lives next door。 (先行詞在定語從句中作主語)她就是住在隔壁的女孩。 That's the girl(whom/who/that)I teach． (先行詞在

13、定語從句中作賓語)那就是我教的女孩。 This is the scientist whose achievements are well known． (先行詞在定語從句中作定語)這就是那位成就卓著的科學(xué)家。 This is the house whose window broke last night. = This is the house, the window of which broke last night. = This is the house, of which the window broke last night. (注意黑體部分的形式和順序)這就是昨晚窗戶被

14、打壞的那所房子。 [題組訓(xùn)練] 用關(guān)系代詞who，whom，that或whose填空： ⑨Lu Xun, ________ real name was Zhou Shuren, wrote many political novels and essays. ⑩The man ________ you met just now is my old friend. ⑾The man ________ is walking on the playground is my old friend. ⑿A child ________ parents are dead is called an

15、 orphan. (四)“介詞+關(guān)系代詞”引導(dǎo)的定語從句 “介詞+關(guān)系代詞”引導(dǎo)定語從句時(shí)，關(guān)系代詞只能用which(指物)或whom(指人)，即：介詞+which/whom。 1．當(dāng)介詞放在關(guān)系代詞的前面時(shí)，關(guān)系代詞只能用which或 whom，并且不能省略。如： He paid the boy $10 for washing ten windows, most of which hadn't been cleaned for at least a year. 他付給男孩10美元擦洗10個(gè)窗戶，這10個(gè)窗戶中大部分至少一年沒擦了。 In the dark street, ther

16、e wasn't a single person to whom she could turn for help. 在黑暗的街道上，她沒有一個(gè)可以求助的人。 2．在限制性定語從句中，當(dāng)介詞位于定語從句的末尾時(shí)，可用that/which(指物)，that/whom/who(指人)作介詞的賓語，而且作介詞賓語的關(guān)系代詞可以省略。如： 這是我們引以為榮的那個(gè)英雄。 這是我寫信時(shí)用的那支鋼筆。 3．“復(fù)合介詞短語+關(guān)系代詞which”引導(dǎo)的定語從句，這種結(jié)構(gòu)引導(dǎo)的定語從句常與先行詞用逗號(hào)分開，定語從句常用倒裝語序。如： He lived in a big house，in fron

17、t of which stood a big tall tree． 他住在一所大房子里，房子前面有一棵大樹。 4．介詞+which/whom+不定式結(jié)構(gòu) The poor man has no house in which to live = The poor man has no house to live in = The poor man has no house in which he can live 那個(gè)窮人沒房子住。 The beggar has no money with which to buy food = The beggar has no money t

18、o buy food with = The beggar has no money that he can buy food with. 那個(gè)乞丐沒錢買吃的。 [題組訓(xùn)練] 單項(xiàng)填空： ⒀Mrs. Lee will move into the new house next Monday, ________ it will be completely finished. A. by which time B. by that time C. by this time D. by the time ⒁Have you seen the book

19、 ________ is. yellow? A. the cover of it B. which cover C. the Cover of which D. which's cover ⒂Frank's dream is to have his own garden ________ many beautiful flowers. A. in it to produce B. which produce C. it produces D. in which to produce (五)關(guān)系代詞as引

20、導(dǎo)的定語從句 關(guān)系代詞as既可以引導(dǎo)限制性定語從句，也可以引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句，as在從句中作主語、賓語或表語。 引導(dǎo)限制性定語從句常用于下列句式： 其中關(guān)系代詞as在從句中充當(dāng)主語、賓語或表語。如： We have found such materials as are used in their factory． 我們已經(jīng)找到了像他們工廠里用的那種材料。(as作主語) These houses are sold at such a low price as people expected． 這些房子以人們預(yù)料的那樣的低價(jià)出售。(as作賓語) He is not the

21、same man as he was． 他和過去不同了。(as作表語) 注意：such…as…引導(dǎo)的定語從句與such…that…引導(dǎo)的狀語從句的區(qū)別： ①He is such a clever boy as everyone likes．(定語從句) 他是一個(gè)人人都喜愛的聰明孩子。 ②He is such a clever boy that everyone likes him．(狀語從句) 他是如此聰明的孩子，以至于人人都喜歡他。 第一個(gè)句子為定語從句，因?yàn)閺木渲腥背煞?；而第二句為狀語從句，從句不缺任何成分。 2．…such as… such為代詞，意為“這樣的人或物”，a

22、s在從句中作成分，修飾先行詞such。如： This book is not such as I expect． 這不是我想要的書。(as作賓語) (六)關(guān)系代詞as，which的區(qū)別 1．a(chǎn)s引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語從句，既可在主句前，又可在主句后，有時(shí)還可插入主句中，而which引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語從句只能置于主句之后。相同的是兩者都可替代主句的整個(gè)內(nèi)容，而不是主句中的某一個(gè)詞。如： The weather turned out to be very good，which was more than we could expect． 結(jié)果天氣很好，超出了我們的預(yù)料。 2．當(dāng)非限制性定

23、語從句放在主句前面時(shí)，只能用as。如： As is known to everybody, the moon travels round the earth once every month. = The moon travels round the earth once every month, as/which is known to everybody. = It is known to everybody that the moon travels round the earth once every month. = What is known to everybody is

24、 that the moon travels round the earth once every month. 眾所周知，月亮每月繞地球轉(zhuǎn)一次。 后兩句屬名詞性從句范疇。 另外，as多用于下列習(xí)慣用語中：as anybody can see正如人人都能看到的那樣；as is well．known=as is known to all眾所周知；as we had expected正如我們所預(yù)料的那樣；as often happens正如經(jīng)常發(fā)生的那樣；as has been said before如上所述；as is mentioned above正如上面提到的。 3．當(dāng)定語從句放在主

25、句后面時(shí)，也并不是as就永遠(yuǎn)等于 which。 (1)當(dāng)非限制性定語從句是否定句或表示否定時(shí)只能用 which。如： He came here very late, which was unexpected (not expected). 他遲到了，這是意料之外的。 (2)當(dāng)as在從句中作主語時(shí)，后面常接動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語態(tài)．如：be known，be said，be reposed，be announced等。如果從句中行為動(dòng)詞是主動(dòng)語態(tài)，一般用which作主語。如： She has been absent again，as is expected． 她又缺席了，這在預(yù)料之中。

26、Tom has made rapid progress，which makes me very happy． 湯姆進(jìn)步很快，這使我很高興。 (3)as常用在as(it)seems likely，as(it)often happens，as(it) was printed out，as(it)was said earlier，as I remember(it)，as I understand(it)，as(it)appears等結(jié)構(gòu)中。如： Jack has won the first prize．a(chǎn)s it often happens． 像往常一樣，杰克得了一等獎(jiǎng)。 She has

27、read widely in Romantic literature．a(chǎn)s it appears from her essay． 她廣泛涉獵了浪漫主義文學(xué)，這從她的文章中可以看出來。 (4)as仍然保持作連詞時(shí)的某種含義。如： David is tall，as are my brothers(=and 80 are my brothers)． 戴維很高，我的兄弟們也一樣。 He opposed the idea．a(chǎn)s could be expected． 不出所料，他反對(duì)這個(gè)意見。 (5)當(dāng)非限制性定語從句的謂語是一個(gè)復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí)，只能用 which引導(dǎo)定語從句。如： Betty

28、 always tells a lie，which her parents find strange． 貝蒂總是說謊，她的父母覺得奇怪。 [題組訓(xùn)練] 用as，which，it，what，that填空： ⒃He is such a lovely student ________ everyone likes. ⒄He is such a lovely student ________ everyone likes him. ⒅ ________ is known to us all is that China has the largest population in the wo

29、rld. ⒆ ________ is known to us all that China has the largest population in the world. ⒇ ________ is known to us all, China has the largest population in the world. That student that the teacher thinks best played truant(逃學(xué)) yesterday, ________ made the teacher very disappointed. 三、關(guān)系副詞的用法 (一)當(dāng)

30、先行詞在定語從句中作狀語時(shí)，要用關(guān)系副詞。其中 when=表時(shí)間的介詞(如：in，at，during等)+which；where=表地點(diǎn)的介詞(如：in，at，on，under等)+which；why=表原因的介詞(如： for)+which；how=表方式的介詞(如：in)+which。如： I still remember the day when I first came to Beijing. (when= on which) 我還記得第一次來北京的那一天。 Can you tell me the office Where he works? (where=in which)

31、 你能告訴我他上班的辦公室嗎? Do you know the reason why he is absent? (why=for which) 你知道他缺席的原因嗎? (二)介詞+關(guān)系代詞(which)=where/when。有時(shí)為表達(dá)清楚，還可以在關(guān)系副詞where/when前加介詞from，to等。如： China is the birthplace of kites, from where kite flying spread to Japan, Korea, Thailand and India. 中國(guó)是風(fēng)箏的故鄉(xiāng)，從這里放風(fēng)箏傳到了日本、朝鮮、泰國(guó)和印度。 (三)高考對(duì)

32、關(guān)系副詞where的考查 高考試題中對(duì)于where的考查趨于復(fù)雜，從先行詞為明顯的“地點(diǎn)”轉(zhuǎn)為“地點(diǎn)的模糊化”。事實(shí)上，對(duì)于where這個(gè)詞，考生不能只理解為表地點(diǎn)。當(dāng)先行詞表示某人/物的situation，或某事所發(fā)展的stage，或表達(dá)某事的某個(gè)方面時(shí)都可用where這個(gè)關(guān)系副詞。如： They have reached the point where they have to separate with each other. 他們已經(jīng)到了必須分手的地步。 這種用法不是僅僅限于定語從句，特殊疑問句中的where，名詞性從句中的where都有這種有法。如： Where will

33、all this trouble lead? 這件麻煩事會(huì)惹出什么結(jié)果? That is where you are mistaken． 那就是你的錯(cuò)誤所在。 [題組訓(xùn)練] 用適當(dāng)?shù)年P(guān)系詞填空： We are living in an age ________ many things are done on computer. I can think of many cases ________ students obviously know a lot of English words and expressions but couldn't write a good essa

34、y. I can think of many cases ________ you know nothing about. 四、關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞的比較 引導(dǎo)定語從句的關(guān)系代詞及關(guān)系副詞除了起連接先行詞和從句的作用外，它們還有一個(gè)最重要的作用，那就是它們分別在定語從句中作成分。具體地說，關(guān)系代詞在定語從句中作主語、賓語或表語，而關(guān)系副詞在定語從句中作狀語。因此，在選擇關(guān)系詞時(shí)，最重要的是分析一下定語從句中的成分，若從句中缺主語、賓語或表語，那么必須用關(guān)系代詞；若從句中缺狀語，那么必須用關(guān)系副詞。 試比較下面的句子： (1)Do you still remember the days

35、that/which we spent in Qingdao? 你還記得我們?cè)谇鄭u度過的日子嗎? (2) Do you still remember the days when we spent the summer holidays in Qingdao? 你還記得我們?cè)谇鄭u過暑假的日子嗎? 在句(1)中，定語從句中缺賓語，因此須用關(guān)系代詞that/ which來引導(dǎo)從句；在句(2)中，定語從句中缺時(shí)間狀語，因此須用關(guān)系副詞when來引導(dǎo)從句。 [題組訓(xùn)練] 用that，when，why，where，which填空： ． I want to know the date _

36、_______ you were born. I have forgotten the date ________ you told me. Do you know the reason ________ he is absent today? That is the reason ________ I want to know. This is the factory ________ his father works. This is the factory ________ his father built. 五、定語從句用法的其他要點(diǎn) (一)關(guān)系代詞在定語從句中作主語時(shí)，

37、不可省略 (二)定語從句中的謂語動(dòng)詞的單復(fù)數(shù)形式與先行詞的單復(fù)數(shù)保持一致 當(dāng)引導(dǎo)定語從句的關(guān)系代詞在從句中作主語時(shí)，那么定語從句中的謂語動(dòng)詞在人稱、數(shù)的方面，應(yīng)該與先行詞保持一致。 1．one of+復(fù)數(shù)名詞+關(guān)系代詞+動(dòng)詞復(fù)數(shù)形式。如： The Great Wall is one of the world-famous buildings that draw lots of visitors. 長(zhǎng)城是吸引大批游客的世界著名的建筑之一。 Titanic is one of the most wonderful movies that have been produced in Ho

38、llywood. 《泰坦尼克號(hào)》是好萊塢制作的最精彩的電影之一。 2．the only one of+復(fù)數(shù)名詞+關(guān)系代詞+動(dòng)詞單數(shù)形式。如： The Great Wall is the only one of the buildings on the earth that is seen from the moon. 長(zhǎng)城是地球上唯一一個(gè)能從月球上看到的建筑物。 Titanic is the only one of these wonderful movies that has been produced in Hollywood. 在這些精彩的電影中，《泰坦尼克號(hào)》是唯一一部由好

39、萊塢制作的電影。 注意：not the only one of…=one of…如： Tom isn't the only one of the boys who have passed the exam. = Tom is one of the boys who have passed the exam. 湯姆并非唯一通過考試的男孩。 =湯姆只是通過考試的男孩中的一個(gè)。 3．當(dāng)關(guān)系代詞as與which引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句，修飾主句內(nèi)容時(shí)，若as與which作主語，則從句的謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式。如： Great changes have taken place in China

40、, as is known to all. 眾所周知，中國(guó)發(fā)生了巨大的變化。 He has passed the college entrance examination, which makes his parents quite happy. 他通過了高考，這讓父母很高興。 4．其他情況： I, who am your teacher, will try my best to help you. 我——你的老師，將盡全力幫助你。 To own a computer in families, which we thought was impossible twenty year

41、s ago, now becomes true. 家里有臺(tái)電腦，在20年前我們認(rèn)為不可能的事，現(xiàn)在變成真事兒了。 [題組訓(xùn)練] 用所給動(dòng)詞的適當(dāng)形式填空： He is one of the students who ________ (have) passed the exam. He is the only one of the students who ________ (have)passed the exam. He is not the only one of the students who ________ (have) passed the exam. I, wh

42、o ________ (be) very busy, can't help them at the moment. As ________ (be) known to everybody, Taiwan is a part of China. We must unify it. The idea, which I think ________ (be) reasonable, was brought up by Professor Li yesterday. I still remember the teachers and the school that ________ (be) t

43、alked of yesterday evening. (三)注意way和time后接定語從句的情況 1．當(dāng)先行詞是way(意為“方式、方法”)時(shí)，引導(dǎo)定語從句的關(guān)系詞有下列三種形式。如： said it. 最讓我吃驚的不是他說的話，而是他說話的方式。 注意下面兩個(gè)句子中關(guān)系詞的不同，試比較： 他向我們解釋的那種方法很簡(jiǎn)單。 他向我們解釋句子的那種方法不難理解。 2．先行詞是time時(shí)，若time作“次數(shù)”講時(shí)，應(yīng)用關(guān)系代詞that引導(dǎo)定語從句，that可省略；若time作“一段時(shí)間，時(shí)代”講時(shí)，應(yīng)用關(guān)系副詞when或介詞at/during + which引導(dǎo)定語

44、從句。如： This is the second time(that) the President has visited the country. 這是總統(tǒng)第二次訪問這個(gè)國(guó)家了。 I could hardly remember how many times(that) I've failed. 我?guī)缀跤洸磺逶∵^多少次了。 This was at a time when/during which there were no radios, no telephones or no TV sets. 曾經(jīng)有一個(gè)時(shí)期，沒有收音機(jī)，沒有電話，也沒有電視。 [題組訓(xùn)練] 用適當(dāng)?shù)年P(guān)系

45、代詞或關(guān)系副詞填空： I don't like the way ________ you laugh at her. This is the second time ________ I have been here. Can you still remember the time ________ we spent together in our childhood? The first time ________ he saw her, he fell in love with her. [常考點(diǎn)清單一答案] ①Who ②because/for he ③which④that

46、 ⑤that ⑥that ⑦that ⑧which ⑨whose ⑩who/ whom/that ⑾who/that ⑿whose ⒀A ⒁C ⒂D ⒃as ⒄that ⒅What ⒆It ⒇As which when where that/which/不填 when that/which why/for which that/which where that/which have has have am is is were that/in which/不填 that/不填 that/which/不填 that/不填 ?？键c(diǎn)清單二 名詞性從句 一、名詞性從句的結(jié)構(gòu)和功能總述

47、 名詞性從句包括主語從句、賓語從句、表語從句、同位語從句。名詞性從句是一種具有名詞功能的非獨(dú)立分句。名詞性從句主要有四種從句結(jié)構(gòu)：以that引導(dǎo)的從句；以whether/if引導(dǎo)的從句；以特殊疑問詞引導(dǎo)的從句；以what或wh-ever等連接代詞引導(dǎo)的名詞性關(guān)系從句。此外，as if/as though也可引導(dǎo)表語從句。具體用法見下表： 賓語從句 主語從句 作及物動(dòng)詞賓語 作介詞賓語 表語從句 同位語從句 that 一般不省略 可以省略 一般不省略 一般不省略 一般不省略 whether/if(是否) 放于句首時(shí)只用whether 用whethe

48、r/if均可，但有區(qū)別 只用whether 只用whether 只用whether 特殊疑問詞 注意語序要用陳述語序 名詞性關(guān)系從句 注意語序要用陳述語序 [題組訓(xùn)練] 完成下列句子： ①Can you tell me ________ (我如何)get to the railway station? ②These photographs will show you ________. (我們村看上去是什么樣子的)． 二、that (一)主語從句 1．that從句作主語時(shí)，常用it作形式主語，常見的句型有： (1)It + be+形容詞(obvious，tr

49、ue，natural，surprising，good，wonderful，funny，possible，likely，certain，probable，etc.)+that從句。如： It is certain that she will do well in her exam． 可以肯定她會(huì)考得很好。 It is probable that he told her everything． 很可能他把一切告訴了她。 (2)It + be+名詞詞組(no wonder，an honor，a good thing，a pity，no surprise，etc.)+that從句。如： I

50、t's no surprise that our team has won the game． 我們隊(duì)贏了比賽并不驚奇。 (3)It +be+過去分詞(said，reposed，thought，expected， decided，announced，arranged，etc.)+that從句。如： It is said that Mr. Green has arrived in Beijing． 據(jù)說格林先生已經(jīng)到北京了。 It is decided that the meeting has been put off till next Monday． 已經(jīng)定下來了，會(huì)議推遲到了下

51、周一。 2．在口語和非正式文體中，that?？墒÷?，尤其是在非常短的句子中，that總是不必要的，但that從句位于句首時(shí)，連詞that是絕對(duì)不能省略的。如： It's a pity(that)you're leaving． 你要走，真遺憾。 That we are invited to a concert this evening is good news to us． 我們被邀請(qǐng)去參加今晚的音樂會(huì)，這對(duì)我們來說是個(gè)好消息。 (二)賓語從句 1．常見的可以接that從句作賓語的動(dòng)詞有see，say，know，imagine，discover，believe，tell，show，

52、think，consider，be sure，be afraid等。在可以接復(fù)合賓語的動(dòng)詞之后，如think，make，consider等，可以用it作形式賓語。如： Do you know (that) be has joined the army? 你知道他參軍了嗎? I'm sure (that) he will pass the exam． 我確信他會(huì)通過考試． We think it highly probable that he is dead． 我們認(rèn)為他已經(jīng)死了，這是非?？赡艿摹? We consider it necessary that he should im

53、prove his pronunciation． 他應(yīng)當(dāng)改進(jìn)他的發(fā)音，我們認(rèn)為這是必要的。 He has made it clear that he will not give in． 他不會(huì)屈服的，這一點(diǎn)他已明確表示了。 2．that從句一般不能充當(dāng)介詞賓語，偶爾可作except，in的賓語。如： He is a good student except that he is a little bit careless． 他是個(gè)好學(xué)生，就是有點(diǎn)粗心。 He differed from his classmates in that he devoted his spare time

54、 to reading． 他和他的同學(xué)不同的地方在于他把課余時(shí)間用在了讀書上。 其他介詞后面需要用that從句作賓語時(shí)，必須用it作形式賓語。如： You may depend on it that I shall always help you． 你要相信我會(huì)一直幫助你的。 (三)表語從句 that引導(dǎo)表語從句時(shí)，不可省略。如： My decision is that all of us are to start at 6 o'clock tomorrow morning． 我的決定是我們所有人明天早上6點(diǎn)出發(fā)。 (四)同位語從句 連詞that引導(dǎo)同位語從句時(shí)，應(yīng)在某些抽

55、象名詞之后，如： fact，hope，desire，thought，suggestion，idea，news，problem，possibility等，對(duì)前面的名詞起補(bǔ)充說明的作用，連詞that只起引導(dǎo)同位語從句的作用，在從句中不充當(dāng)任何成分，不能省略。如： There's a feeling in me that we'll never know what a UFO is-not ever． 我有一種感覺。我們將永遠(yuǎn)不會(huì)知道不明飛行物是什么——永遠(yuǎn)都不會(huì)。 [題組訓(xùn)練] 單項(xiàng)填空： ③ ________ fashion differs from country to countr

56、y may reflect the cultural differences from one aspect. A. What B. That C. This D. Which ④It's still a complete mystery ________ caused the accident. A. what B. that C. how D. where 三、whether/if(是否) (一)表語從句和同位語從句只能用whether引導(dǎo)不能用if；當(dāng)主語從句放于句首時(shí)，也只能用whether引導(dǎo)不用if；

57、當(dāng)it作形式主語。主語從句放在句末時(shí)用whether或if引導(dǎo)均可；discuss后必須用whether引導(dǎo)的賓語從句。如： Whether the meeting will be given is still a problem．(主語從句放于句首) =The problem is whether the meeting will be given．(表語從句) =I have no idea whether the meeting will be given．(同位語從句) 是否要開會(huì)仍然是個(gè)問題。 It is doubtful whether/if he will come h

58、ere．(主語從句放于句末) 他是否要來還令人懷疑。 (二)在賓語從句中 1．在及物動(dòng)詞后： (×)I don't care whether he doesn't come．(whether從句中不能用否定式) (√)I don't care whether/if he comes or not． (√)I don't care whether or not he comes． (×)I don't care if or not he comes． (×)I don't know whether to go there． 2．在介詞后： 在介詞后只用whether，不用if

59、。如： It depends on whether you can do the work well． 那要取決于你是否能做好這項(xiàng)工作。 [題組訓(xùn)練] 用whether或if填空： ⑤ ________ we'll go camping tomorrow depends on the weather. ⑥I am not sure ________ he will come here or not. ⑦This decision will have effect on ________ or not he will succeed. 四、特殊疑問詞 (一)主語從句 特殊疑問

60、詞引導(dǎo)主語從句時(shí)，常用it作形式主語。如： It makes no difference where we shall have the meeting． 我們?cè)谀膬洪_會(huì)都無所謂。 It has not been decided yet who will preside over the meeting。 由誰來主持會(huì)議還沒有確定。 (二)賓語從句 1．能接特殊疑問詞引導(dǎo)的賓語從句的動(dòng)詞很多，常見的有see，tell，ask，answer，know，decide，find out，imagine，suggest，doubt， wonder，show，discuss，understa

61、nd，inform，advise等。如： I can't imagine how he did it． 我不能想象他是如何做的這件事。 They couldn't understand why I refused it． 他們不明白我為什么拒絕。 2．作介詞賓語。如： It all depends(on)how we solve the problem． 這完全要看我們?nèi)绾谓鉀Q這個(gè)問題。 We are worrying about what we should do next． 我們正在為下一步該做什么而煩惱。 (三)表語從句、同位語從句 The problem is w

62、here we should stay． 問題是我們應(yīng)該待在哪里。(表語從句) My question how I shall get in touch with him has not been answered． 我如何能和他取得聯(lián)系的問題沒有得到答復(fù)。(同位語從句) 五、名詞性關(guān)系從句 名詞性關(guān)系從句實(shí)際上是先行詞與在其后的定語從句的結(jié)合。what是最常用來引導(dǎo)名詞性關(guān)系從句的關(guān)系代詞，此時(shí)what=the thing(s)which/that，有時(shí)what可以用作前置定語，如what help ， what funny stories 等。此外， whoever = anyo

63、ne who ；whichever=anyone/anything that(whichever也可指人)；whatever=anything that(whichever和whatever也可作定語)。有時(shí)where=the place where和when=the time when也可以用來引導(dǎo)名詞性關(guān)系從句。 (一)主語從句 What they need is a good textbook． 他們需要的是一本好課本。 Whichever he likes will be given to him． 他喜歡的任何東西都給了他。 Whichever book he bough

64、t would be paid for． 無論他買了哪一本書都要(替他)付款。 Whoever did this job must be rewarded． 無論誰干了這件工作一定要得到酬謝。 (二)賓語從句 She will give whoever (=anyone who) needs help a warm support. 凡需要幫助的人，她都會(huì)給予熱情的支持。(作動(dòng)詞賓語) She walked up to where(=the place where)he stood． 她走到他站著的地方。(作介詞賓語) I can judge by what(=the thi

65、ngs that)I know of him． 我可以根據(jù)我對(duì)他的了解來判斷。(作介詞賓語) You can write about whatever topic(=any topic that)you prefer． 你可以寫你喜歡寫的任何題目。(作介詞賓語) (三)表語從句 This is where our problem lies． 這就是我們的問題所在。 Tomorrow is when it would be most convenient． 明天是最方便的時(shí)候。 (四)同位語從句 I gave the girl a big doll，exactly what

66、she longed to have． 我給了這個(gè)女孩一個(gè)大洋娃娃，那正是她渴望擁有的東西。 (五)名詞性關(guān)系從句還可以作賓語補(bǔ)足語 We'll make him whatever he is fit for． 他適合干什么，我們就培養(yǎng)他干什么。 I'll call the baby whatever name you like． 你喜歡什么名字，我就叫小孩什么名字。 He has made the company what it is today． 他把公司辦成了今天這個(gè)樣子。 [題組訓(xùn)練] 完成句子： ⑧Please put the book ________ (在它原來的地方)． ⑨I still remember ________ (我第一次見他的時(shí)候)． ⑩I've no idea ________ (他為什么又遲到了)． [?？键c(diǎn)清單二答案] ①how I can ②what our village looks/is like ③B ④A ⑤Whether ⑥whether/if ⑦whether ⑧(in the place)whe