《閱讀理解解題技巧》PPT課件.ppt

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1、分析題干能力訓練,體裁分析能力訓練,猜詞能力訓練,猜答案能力訓練,教學內(nèi)容,1“指讀” 2“聲讀” 3“譯讀” 4“回讀” 5“析讀” 6“參照讀” 7“視幅過窄” 8“毛病”（bad habits）: 教學過程中，發(fā)現(xiàn)學生在閱讀時常做些不利于閱讀的壞動作。有的同學晃頭、顛腿、轉(zhuǎn)筆、聽音樂、咬指頭、趴在桌子上、揪頭發(fā)等等。,摒棄不良的閱讀習慣。,高考英語考試中閱讀理解的文章一般有這樣幾種文體，即記敘文、描寫文、說明文、應用文和論述文。不同的文體有不同的段落組織方式和脈絡層次。 記敘文往往按時間順序展開段落，文章有明顯表示時間先后的詞語。閱讀時抓住時間這條主線，弄清who、what、where、

2、why與how。 描寫文通過細節(jié)的描寫以畫面的方式來反應事物的特征、性質(zhì)。對這種文章要迅速弄清其主題，主題詞往往出現(xiàn)在各個句子里，貫穿文章的始末；緊圍繞這個主題進行閱讀，找到文章與之有關的信息，并確定信息與主題的關系。,說明文多見于科普文章，用以解釋或揭示事物的狀態(tài)、特征、演變、結(jié)果及其相互之間的關系，這類文體的文章，首句往往是主題句，開門見山，說明文章的關注對象：弄清作者的思路和段落組織的方式；把握次要信息及其與主題的關系。,體裁分析能力,論述文的閱讀難在這種文章處處都滲透作者的個人觀點、態(tài)度。閱讀論述文應該從文體的寫作和結(jié)構(gòu)特點入手. 文章的結(jié)構(gòu)往往容易把握，用主題句開門見山。作者往往通過

3、信號詞(signal words或transitional words)和關聯(lián)詞(referents來組織段落、文章.對信號詞的迅速反應和對關聯(lián)詞的準確判斷是至關重要的；要特別注意區(qū)分作者的觀點與文章里所提到的人物的觀點，同時注意作者所使用的表示贊同、反對等感情色彩的詞匯。,體裁分析能力,細節(jié)類問題的命題方式有以下幾種： 1)Which of the following is NOT true according to the information in the passage? 2) The author mentions all of the following except . .

4、. 3)Which of the following statements is correct according to the passage? 4)The writer mentions all of the items listed below except ______. 5) Which of the following is mentioned in the passage? 6) What is the example of . . . as described in the passage? 7) The reason for . . .is . . . 8) Accor

5、ding to the passage, when (where, why, how, who, etc. ) ... 9)From the passage we know that ______. 10)In the passage, the author states that ______.,分析題干能力,細節(jié)理解題： 細節(jié)理解題就是我們常見的wh-題，它們大多是根據(jù) 文章中的具體信息如事實、例證、原因、過程、論述等進行提問的。有些問題可以在文章中直接找到答案，有些則要我們在理解的基礎上將有關內(nèi)容系統(tǒng)化才能找到，比如計算、排序、是非判斷、圖形比較等。做此類題的方法一般是先用尋讀法找出與問

6、題相關的詞語或句子，再對相關的部分進行細讀，找出正確答案。,1、是非題出題形式：a.三正一誤： Which of the following is true except? Which of the following is mentioned exceptb.三誤一正： Which of the following is true? 這種做題方法主要與三正一誤的下列問法相聯(lián)系： Which of the following mentioned except Which of the following is not mentioned? 這種問題的正確選項所包含的信息通常連續(xù)出現(xiàn)在同一段，而

7、且往往無列舉標志詞，如first，second，third等。做題時只需閱讀有關段落，根據(jù)一個選項中的關鍵詞在其前后找其他兩個正確先項，剩下一個原文中未提到的，為正確答案。,分析題干能力,2、例證題 例子為高考閱讀理解的常見考點之一，這類題的基本結(jié)構(gòu)為: The author provides in line(或Paragraph)an example in order to 意思是問文中舉出某現(xiàn)象或例子的目的。 文章中舉出一些例子無非是為了說明一定的道理。關鍵在于這個例子在原文出現(xiàn)的位置，但不管如何，這個例子之前或之后不遠處通常都有一句總結(jié)說明性的話，這句話就是答案，即舉例的目的。如果例子

8、與全文主題有關，則例證主題，答案為主題句。如果例子與段落主題有關，就例證段落主題，則答案為段落主題句；此外，答案為例子前后總結(jié)說明性的話。,分析題干能力,3、年代與數(shù)字: 這個考點有幾種出題方式，但不管以何種形式出現(xiàn)，只要題干問年代與數(shù)字，答案就對應于文章中的年代與數(shù)字。 4、比較: 比較考點的表現(xiàn)形式主要有： a.比較級與含有比較意義的詞匯手段和句型結(jié)構(gòu)； b.表示絕對意義的字眼： first(第一)，least(最不)，most(最)等； c.表示惟一性的詞匯：only, unique等；閱讀最好能圈出表示最高級、惟一性和絕對意義的詞匯，便于做題時回原文定位。,分析題干能力,5、原因： 這

9、種題的答案在原文通常有一些表示因果關系的詞匯手段提示： result, reason; result in(結(jié)果)，result from(由于， baseon(以為基礎)，be due to (由于)； because, for, why; as a result, consequently等。 閱讀時對這些提示詞應該予以注意。原文相關句出現(xiàn)的格式都是先說原因，后說結(jié)果，而在題干中通常給出結(jié)果，就其原因提問。,分析題干能力,Invited by Mr. Ye Huixian, host of the well received TV programme “Stars Tonight”，Mis

10、s Luo Lin, Miss Asia of 1991，appeared as the guest hostess on the Shanghai TV screen last Sunday. Born in Shanghai and taken to Hong Kong when she was only six years old， Luo Lin has never dreamed of being Miss Asia. Her childhood dream was to be an air hostess. Before she took part in the competiti

11、on, she had been an airhostess in Cat hay Airline for seven years. However，it still took her three months to learn the art of walking on the stage, dancing, singing, making-up and other proper manners, designed by the Asia TV Station. “Its really a hard job for me. I wont enter for such competition

12、any more. Anyhow, I am quite lucky. I am also glad to have had more chance to work for the social welfare since I won the title. This time, in Shanghai, Id love to make a deep impression on my TV audience, said Luo Lin with a sweet smile. Q： Which of the following is NOT true? A. Luo Lin is a native

13、 of Shanghai. B. Luo Lin moved to Hong Kong with her parents. C. Luo Lin won the title of Miss Asia in 1991. D. Asia TV Station helped Luo Lin to become Miss Asia.,解析： A、C 和D都可在原文找到答案，而B項原文列的是： taken to Hong Kong可判斷不是moved to Hong Kong with her parents，因此選B。,,,,return,,,主旨大意題的提問方式有以下幾種： 1）The genera

14、l/main idea of the passage is about ____ 2）Which of the following best states the theme of the passage？ 3）In this passage the author discusses primarily ____ 4）The passage is mostly about ____ 5）The passage is mainly concerned about ____ 6）What is the main topic of the passage？ 7）What is the best ti

15、tle for the passage？ 8）The subject discussed in this text is _____ 9）The authors main purpose in writing the passage is to 10）The passage is meant to . 11）The purpose of this article is to ,分析題干能力,在解主題大意時，以下方法可供參考。 1.認真閱讀文章的第一段或每段的第一個句子。 2.文章的主題作者往往有意識地反復論述。抓住反復出現(xiàn)的中心詞，即高頻詞，也叫做主題詞。（04年全國卷1（河南等）E篇中maj

16、or出現(xiàn)過八次，盡管其詞性、詞義有所不同，但它就是關鍵詞）。 3.文章或段落的主題句常常會出現(xiàn)在一些標志性的提示后。 例如：On the whole , in short, therefore I agree with the opinion that Given all these points above , I would support the idea that For all the reasons mentioned above ,I would prefer 掌握了找主題句的方法，就可以依據(jù)主題句歸納主題。但歸納主題容易出現(xiàn)以下三種錯誤，需要同學們注意。 1以偏概全。即只抓住了

17、主題的一個側(cè)面就誤以為是主題。 2過于籠統(tǒng)。即歸納的主題太泛，與細節(jié)脫節(jié)或是沒有對細節(jié)加以充分論證。 3把觀點強加給作者。讀者往往根據(jù)自己的常識對文章進行判斷而忽視了作者的見解。,分析題干能力,如何尋找主題句,Sample 1 People have different tastes in food. Some feel that they havent eaten a meal unless they have had steak or other red meat. Some prefer chicken or fish and eat one or the other at every

18、 meal. Others prefer vegetables and fruits or grains and would enjoy a meal of spaghetti, eggplant, and fresh fruit. Others could live on what were called fast--foods: a hamburger or hot dog, French fries and a soft drink.,（1）主題句在段首 一個主題句常常是一個段落的開頭，其后的句子則是論證性細節(jié)。在論說文，科技文獻和新聞報道中多采用這種格式。,,Sample 2 Some

19、 students prefer a strict teacher who tells them exactly what to do. Others prefer to be left to work on their own. Still others like a democratic discussion type of class. No one teaching method can be devised to satisfy all students at the same time.,（2）主題句也會出現(xiàn)在段尾。作者先擺出事實依據(jù), 層層推理論證, 最后自然得出結(jié)論, 即段落的

20、主題。本段的中心思想在結(jié)尾句得到體現(xiàn),它是此段內(nèi)容的結(jié)論。,,,,Sample 3 Nothing is as useful as a flashlight on a dark night if a tire goes flat. Few inventions are so helpful to a child who is afraid of the dark. In fact, the modern flashlight brings light to many dark situations. Finding something in the back of a closet is ea

21、sy with a flashlight in hand . A camper also needs one after the light of the campfire has been out.,（3）在短文中間當主題句被安排在段中間時, 通常前面只提出問題， 文中的主題由隨之陳述的細節(jié)或合乎邏輯的引申在文中導出, 而后又作進一步的解釋, 支撐或發(fā)展.,,,return,有關推理的試題常常包括以下類型： 1) It can be inferred from the text that ______. 2) From the text we know that ______. 3) The

22、 story implies that ______. 4) The paragraph following the passage will most probably be ___. 5) The writers attitude toward...is ______. 6)The author implied（suggested）that 7)It may be concluded from the passage that 8)Which of the following statements does the passage support？ 9)With which of the

23、following does the author agree？,分析題干能力,考作者觀點態(tài)度的提問方式有： 1)The author seems to think that ______. 2)The writer is trying to present a point of view in ______. 3)The author wants to appeal to _______ . 4)The authors style is ______ . 5)The authors tone would be best described as _______ .6)What is the

24、authors opinion of ______? 7)The writer believe that________? 8) What is the authors main purpose in the passage? 9）In the authors opinion_________?,分析題干能力,推斷題,1.解推斷題應注意： (1)不能以自己的觀點代替作者的觀點； (2)推理的根據(jù)來自于上下文。,2.解推斷題的方法： 解推斷題最主要的方法是根據(jù)詞義關系推斷具體細節(jié)。,確定作者態(tài)度，可以有兩種思路： 1、問全文主體事物的(包括主題)，可以根據(jù)闡述主題或有關主體事物的相關句中的形容詞

25、、副詞或動詞確定作者的態(tài)度； 2、如果問的是對某一具體事物的態(tài)度，則可以定位到具體相關句，然后確定答案。,分析題干能力,Example 1 One day a man walked into a pet shop and said to the shop assistant，“I need two small mice and about five dozen roaches (蟑螂) and two spiders.” “What do you need these things for?” the shop assistant was very surprised. “Well，”

26、replied the man，“Im moving out of my apartment and the landlord insists that I should leave the house in exactly the same condition as I found it.” Q： The passage suggests that when the writer moved into the house, it was ______. A. very clean B. just cleaned by the landlord C. tidy and comfor

27、table D. dirty and full of insects,解析：他要搬出所租的房子，而房東要求房屋必須是他租進來時的原樣，所以他須買些老鼠和蟑螂等昆蟲對房屋進行“恢復”，因此推出答案為D。,,,,Example 2 Some people are never right. They never have good luck. They usually do the wrong thing and say the wrong thing. And even if what they say or do is OK，they as a rule say it or do it at

28、the wrong time. So these people always have problems. They often break dishes. They sometimes miss buses and airplanes. Mr. Neff is different. He is always right. He is never wrong. He usually has good luck. He seldom has problems. He never breaks dishes. He never misses buses or airplanes. Even if

29、 he does miss them，it is always the fault of the buses or air planes. Mr. Neff knows almost everything. He doesnt ask questions；he answers questions. He never says，“I dont know.” Q： Which of the following best describes the writers attitude to Mr. Neff? A. He finds Mr. Neff hard to understand. B. He

30、 thinks Mr. Neff wonderful. C. He feels pity for Mr. Neff. D. He does not like Mr. Neff.,解析：從作者的語氣中我們可以體會他的態(tài)度，特別是Even if he does miss them，it is always the fault of the buses or the airplanes. 誤了車或飛機本該是人的失誤怎能歸咎于車或飛機呢？明顯是譏諷，也是暗示他對Mr. Neff的討厭之情。答案為D。,,,,return,如何根據(jù)上下文判斷詞語的涵義這種題型常見的設題方式有： 1）The underli

31、ned word（phrase）in the passage means ____ 2）The word it（them）in the first paragraph refers to ____ 3）The underlined sentence in the last paragraph means ____ 4）Which of the following is closest in meaning to the underlined word in the second paragraph？,分析題干能力,（一）根據(jù)常識、經(jīng)驗猜生詞 例如： The old man put on h

32、is spectacles and began to read The door was so low that I hit the head on the lintel,猜詞能力,（二）根據(jù)上下文解釋做出判斷：其方法主要有： 1根據(jù)文中的定義、解釋猜生詞 。例如： Skimming means looking over a passage quickly to get the main idea before you begin to read it carefully The harbor is protected by a jettya wall built out into the w

33、ater 2利用事例或解釋猜生詞 。例如： The doctor is studying glaucoma and other diseases of the eye 3利用重復解釋的信息猜生詞 。例如： Mr. Smith always arrives home punctually，neither early nor late,猜詞能力,4根據(jù)同位關系進行判斷： 閱讀中出現(xiàn)一些難詞，有時后面就是一個同位語，對前面的詞進行解釋，這種解釋有時也用連詞“or”連接。 a）（NMET2001，D篇），and other Germanic and Nordic peoples，who spoke w

34、hat we now call Anglo-Saxon（or Old English），a Germanic language b）（NMET2002，A篇）The Chunnel，a tunnel（隧道）connecting England and France，is now complete,猜詞能力,（三）利用標點符號和提示詞猜測詞義 One of the obstacles to false reading is vocalizingsaying the words to themselves in a low voice The early scientific study of c

35、hemistry，known as alchemy，grew up in Egypt in the first few centuries AD,猜詞能力,（四）根據(jù)上下文的指代關系進行選擇 文章中的代詞it，that，he，him或them可以指上文提到的人或物，其中it和that還可以指一件事。有時代詞指代的對象相隔較遠，要認真查找；也有時需要對前面提到的內(nèi)容進行總結(jié)，才能得出代詞所指代的事。 例如（NMET2002，A篇）原題第57題： What does the underlined word it（paragraph 2）refer to？ ADiscovering the moon

36、s inner space BUsing the earths inner space CMeeting the moon people“ again DTraveling to outer space 原文：However，the question that moon people asked is still an interesting oneA growing number of scientists are seriously thinking about it,猜詞能力,由此可以看出it指上句中的the question，而the question又指第一段中月球人所提的問題。所以

37、根據(jù)第一段中的問題Why are you traveling to outer space when you dont even use your inner space？就可以判斷出答案為B。,（五）根據(jù)轉(zhuǎn)折或?qū)Ρ汝P系進行判斷 根據(jù)上下句的連接詞，如：but，however，otherwise等就可以看到前后句在意義上的差別，從而依據(jù)某一句的含義，來確定另一句的含義。分號（；）還可以表示轉(zhuǎn)折、對比或不相干的意義。 He has been getting better，but during the night his condition deteriorated,猜詞能力,(六) 根據(jù)因果關系

38、進行判斷 根據(jù)原因可以預測結(jié)果，根據(jù)結(jié)果也可以找出原因。 （NMET2001，A篇）Biggest power failure in the citys history All of our ice-cream and frozen foods melted,猜詞能力,后一句承接前一句，前一句的原因?qū)е潞笠痪涞慕Y(jié)果。根據(jù)因果關系，停電很可能導致冰淇淋和冷凍食品溶化，所以melted的詞義應為溶化。,（七）根據(jù)構(gòu)詞法（合成、派生、轉(zhuǎn)化）進行判斷 英語中，有很多詞可以在前面加前綴，后面加后綴，從而構(gòu)成一個詞，乍看起來，這個詞可能是生詞，但掌握了一定的構(gòu)詞法知識，就不難猜出它的詞義。 例如（NMET

39、2002，B篇）Market research shows that Gold and others who buy organic food can generally give clear reasons for their preferences--but their knowledge of organic food is far from complete,猜詞能力,我們知道，prefer的意思是寧愿；愿意，根據(jù)上下文可以判斷prefer的名詞形式preference的含義應是偏愛；愛好。,根據(jù)近年來高考閱讀理解對同學們提出新的要求，建議同學們在以下幾個方面加強自我訓練！ 1猜測熟詞

40、新含義 例1: The major market force rests in t he growing population of white collar employees (白領雇員)，who can afford the new service.例2: “It was the best night we had ever had”, said Angela Carraro, who runs an Italian restaurant. 猜測熟詞含義除了要求同學們有較強的語境分析能力外，還要求同學們有較寬的知識面，對常見有新含義的熟詞要弄清其用法，并將這些詞進行簡要歸納整理。 2猜測

41、詞性變換新詞含義When men and women lived by hunting 50,000 years ago，how could they even begin to picture modern life? 利用熟詞的新詞性來抽象詞義，關鍵應在理解原詞的基礎上，分析它的新詞性，并結(jié)合原詞含義發(fā)揮合理想象，從而概括抽象出它的新詞義。,猜詞能力,反問法； 絕對詞否決法;答案項中有絕對語氣詞的一般不是正確答案項。這些語氣詞有: must, always, never, the most, all, only, have to, any, no, very, completely, no

42、ne, hardly等。 懷疑詞判斷法：選項中含有不十分肯定的語氣詞一般是正確答案項。這些語氣詞有can, could, may, should, usually, might, most(大多數(shù)), more or less, relatively, be likely to, possible, whether or, not necessarily 等。 關鍵詞對應法 (ABC=ABC法; ABC=ABC法; ABC=CBA法; ABCABD法) 選項中照抄原文的一般不是答案項，而同義替換的一般是選項。,猜答案能力,鍋蓋法： 較全面、有針對性地表達文章中心思想的，選項一般是答案項。 A.

43、 to be more successful in his career B. to solve technical problems C. to be more specialized in his field D. to develop his professional skill B“解決技術問題”；C“深化專業(yè)”；D“發(fā)展職業(yè)技能”。這三項表達的意思都比較具體，而A項則概括地有深度，包括了B、C、D三項內(nèi)容。選項中表達意義較具體的、膚淺的（字面意思）一般不是答案項，而概括性的、抽象的、含義深刻的是答案項。,猜答案能力,其他技巧： 1.文長題少 2.文短題多 3. 重點讀段首句和段未句，看是否有主題句 4.問題要求解答案數(shù)字、人名、地名、時間 5. 抓關鍵詞的辦法 6.畫下不懂的難句,猜答案能力,,Thank you,提供：顧燕卿 嘉興英語教學整理,