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1、單擊此處編輯母版標(biāo)題樣式,單擊此處編輯母版文本樣式,第二級,第三級,第四級,第五級,*,Schooling and Education上學(xué)與受教育,It is commonly believed in the United States that school is where people go to get an education.Nevertheless,it has been said that today children interrupt their education to go to school.The distinction between schooling and
2、education implied by this remark is important.,在美國，人們通常認(rèn)為上學(xué)是為了受教育。而現(xiàn)在卻有人認(rèn)為孩子們上學(xué)打斷了他們受教育的過程。這種觀念中的上學(xué)與受教育之間的區(qū)分特殊重要。,Education is much more open-ended and all-inclusive than schooling.Education knows no bounds.It can take place anywhere,whether in the shower or in the job,whether in a kitchen or on a t
3、ractor.It includes both the formal learning that takes place in schools and the whole universe of informal learning.,與上學(xué)相比,教育更具開放性，內(nèi)容更廣泛。教育不受任何限制。它可以在任何場合下進展，在淋浴時，在工作時，在廚房里或拖拉機上。它既包括在學(xué)校所受的正規(guī)教育，也包括一切非正規(guī)教育。,The agents of education can range from a revered grandparent to the people debating politics on
4、 the radio,from a child to a distinguished scientist.,Whereas schooling has a certain predictability,education quite often produces surprises.A chance conversation with a stranger may lead a person,to discover how little is known of other religions.,傳 授學(xué)問的人可以是德高望重的老者，可以是收音機里進展政治辯論的人們，可以是小孩子，也可以是知名的科
5、學(xué)家。上學(xué)讀書多少有點可預(yù)見性，而教育往往能帶來意外的覺察。與 生疏人的一次任憑談話可能會使人生疏到自己對其它宗教其實所知甚少。,People are engaged in education from infancy on.Education,then,is a very broad,inclusive term.It is a lifelong process,a process that starts long before the start of school,and one that should be an integral part of one”s entire life.S
6、chooling,on the other hand,is a specific,formalized process,whose general pattern varies little from one setting to the next.,人們從幼時起就 開頭受教育。因此，教育是一個內(nèi)涵很豐富的詞，它自始至終伴隨人的一生，早在人們上 學(xué)之前就開頭了。教育應(yīng)成為人生命中不行缺少的一局部。然而，上學(xué)卻是一個特定的形 式化了的過程。在不同場合下，它的根本形式大同小異。,Throughout a country,children arrive at school at approximat
7、ely the same time,take assigned seats,are taught by an adult,use similar textbooks,do homework,take exams,and so on.The slices of reality that are to be learned,whether they are the alphabet or an understanding of the workings of government,have usually been limited by the boundaries of the subject
8、being taught.,在全國各地，孩子們幾乎在同一 時刻到達學(xué)校，坐在指定的座位上，由一位成年人傳授學(xué)問，使用大致一樣的教材，做作業(yè)，考試等等。他們所學(xué)的現(xiàn)實生活中的一些片斷，如字母表或政府的運作，往往受到科目范 圍的限制。,For example,high school students know that they are not likely to find out in their classes the truth about political problems in their communities or what the newest filmmakers are ex
9、perimenting with.There are definite conditions surrounding the formalized process of schooling.,例如，高中生們知道，在課堂上他們沒法弄清晰他們社區(qū)里政治問題的真情，也不會了解到最新潮的電影制片人在做哪些嘗試。學(xué)校教育這一形式化的過程是有特定的 限制的。,Electricity電,The modern age is an age of electricity.People are so used to electric lights,radio,televisions,and telephones t
10、hat it is hard to imagine what life would be like without them.,當(dāng)今時代是電氣時代。人們對電燈、收音機、電視和 早已司空見慣,以致很難想象沒有它們生活會變成什么樣。,When there is a power failure,people grope暗中摸,摸索 about in flickering candlelight,cars hesitate in the streets because there are no traffic lights to guide them,and food spoils in silent
11、 refrigerators.,當(dāng)停電時，人們在搖曳不定的燭光下暗中摸索；因沒有紅 綠燈的指示，汽車在道路上遲疑不前；冰箱也停頓工作，導(dǎo)致食物變質(zhì)。,Yet,people began to understand how electricity works only a little more than two centuries ago.Nature has apparently been experimenting in this field for millions of years.,人們只是在兩個世紀(jì)前一點才開頭了解電的使用原理，自然界卻明顯在這方面經(jīng)受過了數(shù)百萬年。,Scientis
12、ts are discovering more and more that the living world may hold many interesting secrets of electricity that could benefit humanity.All living cells send out tiny pulses of electricity.,科學(xué)家不斷覺察很多生物世界里可能有益于人類的關(guān)于電的好玩隱秘。全部生物細(xì)胞都會發(fā)出微小的電脈沖。,As the heart beats,it sends out pulses of record;they form an ele
13、ctrocardiogram心電圖,which a doctor can study to determine how well the heart is working.The brain,too,sends out brain waves of electricity,which can be recorded in an electroencephalogram lektrenseflgrm.,留神臟跳動時，把它發(fā)出的脈沖記錄下來就成了心電圖，這可讓醫(yī)生了解心臟的 工作狀況。大腦也發(fā)出腦電波，這可在腦電圖上記錄下來。,The electric currents generated by
14、most living cells are extremely small-often so small that sensitive instruments are needed to record them.But in some animals,certain muscle cells have become so specialized as electrical generators that they do not work as,muscle cells at all.,很多生物細(xì)胞發(fā)出的電流都是極微小的，小到要用靈敏儀器才能記錄和測量。但一些動物的某些肌肉細(xì)胞能轉(zhuǎn)化成一個 個發(fā)
15、電機，以致完全失去肌肉細(xì)胞的功能。,When large numbers of these cells are linked,together,the effects can be astonishing.The electric eel is an amazing storage battery.It can send a jolt of as much as eight hundred volts of electricity through the water in which it lives.(An electric house current is only one hundred
16、 twenty volts.),這種細(xì)胞大量地連接在一起時產(chǎn)生的效果將是 特殊令人驚異的。電鰻就是一種令人驚異的蓄電池。它可以在水中發(fā)出相當(dāng)于 800 伏特電,壓電流(家庭用戶的電壓只有 120 伏特)。,As many as four-fifths of all the cells in the electric eel”s body are specialized for generating electricity,and the strength of the shock it can deliver corresponds roughly to the length of its body.,在電鰻的身體里，多至五分之四的細(xì)胞都特地用 來發(fā)電，而且發(fā)出的電流的強度大約和它身體的長度成正比。,Television,Television-the most pervasive and persuasive of modern technologies,marked by rapid change and growth-is moving into a new era,an era
Schooling-and-Education
