2022年考博英語-吉林大學(xué)考前拔高綜合測試題（含答案帶詳解）第5期

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1、2022年考博英語-吉林大學(xué)考前拔高綜合測試題（含答案帶詳解） 1. 單選題 Who won the World Cup 2002 football game? What happened at the United Nations? How did the critics like the new play? （1）an event takes place; newspapers are on the streets（2）the details. Wherever anything happens in the world, reporters are on the spot to（

2、3） the news. Newspapers have one basic（4）, to get the news as quickly as possible from its source, from those who make it to those who want to（5） it. Radio, telegraph, television, the Internet and（6）inventions brought competition for newspapers. So did the development of magazines and other means o

3、f communication （7）, this competition merely spurred the newspapers on. They quickly made use of the newer and faster means of communication to improve the（8）and thus the efficiency of their own operations. Today more newspapers are（9）and read than ever before. Competition also led newspapers to bra

4、nch out into many other fields. Besides keeping readers（10）of the latest news, today's newspapers（11）and influence readers about politics and other important and serious matters. Newspapers influence readers' economic choices （12）advertising. Most newspapers depend on advertising for their very（13）

5、 Newspapers are sold at a price that（14） to cover even a small fraction of the cost of production. The main（15）of income for most newspapers is commercial advertising. The（16） in selling advertising depends on a newspaper's value to advertisers. This（17）in terms of circulation. How many people read

6、the newspaper? Circulation depends（18）on the work of the circulation department and on the services or entertainment（19）in a newspaper's pages. But for the most part, circulation depends on a newspaper’s value to readers as a source of information（20）the community, city, country, slate, nation, and

7、world—and even outer space. 問題1選項 A.Just when B.While C.Soon after D.Before 問題2選項 A.to give B.giving C.given D.being given 問題3選項 A.gather B.spread C.carry D.bring 問題4選項 A.reason B.cause C.problem D.purpose 問題5選項 A.

8、make B.publish C.know D.write 問題6選項 A.another B.other C.one another D.the other 問題7選項 A.However B.And C.Therefore D.So 問題8選項 A.value B.ratio C.rate D.speed 問題9選項 A.spread B.passed C.printed D.completed 問題10選項

9、 A.inform B.be informed C.to be informed D.informed 問題11選項 A.entertain B.encourage C.educate D.edit 問題12選項 A.on B.through C.with D.of 問題13選項 A.forms B.existence C.contents D.purpose 問題14選項 A.tries B.manages C.fails

10、 D.succeeds 問題15選項 A.source B.origin C.course D.finance 問題16選項 A.way B.means C.chance D.success 問題17選項 A.measures B.measured C.is measured D.was measured 問題18選項 A.somewhat B.little C.much D.something 問題19選項 A.off

11、ering B.offered C.which offered D.to be offered 問題20選項 A.by B.with C.at D.about 【答案】第1題:A 第2題:A 第3題:A 第4題:D 第5題:C 第6題:B 第7題:A 第8題:D 第9題:C 第10題:D 第11題:C 第12題:B 第13題:B 第14題:C 第15題:A 第16題:D 第17題:C 第18題:A 第19題:B 第20題:D 【解析】（1）考查副詞的用法。空格處所在句子的句意是：當一個事件

12、剛發(fā)生的時候，報紙就會在街頭進行轉(zhuǎn)播事件的細節(jié)。空格處填寫的單詞或短語是用來形容事件一發(fā)生，就被報道了，just 在這里是副詞，意思是“剛剛”，符合題意。選項A符合題意。 （2）考查?不定式的用法。to give 來表目的，意思是來到街上的目的是為了報道事件的細節(jié)。選項A符合題意。 （3）考查動詞詞義辨析。gather“收集”，spread“傳播”，carry“攜帶”，bring“帶來”。空格處所在的句子的句意：無論世界上哪里有事件，記者都會在現(xiàn)場收集新聞。選項A符合題意。 （4）考查名詞詞義辨析。reason“理由”,cause“原因”， problem“問題”，purpose“目的”

13、?？崭裉幩诘木渥拥木湟馐牵簣蠹堄幸粋€基本的目的，就是盡快從它的來源處獲得新聞，并且將新聞從來源處傳播給那些想要了解它的人。選項D符合題意。 （5）考查動詞詞義辨析。 空格處所在的句子的句意是：報紙有一個基本的目的，就是盡快從它的來源處獲得新聞，并且將新聞從來源處傳播給那些想要了解它的人。選項C符合題意。 （6）考查 other 與 another的用法?？崭裉幩诰渥拥囊馑际牵簭V播、電視、電報和因特網(wǎng)以及其他發(fā)明為報紙帶來了競爭。another指泛指三個或以上的其他事物；other 泛指別的人或物，所以other 符合題意。選項B符合題意。 （7）考查連詞的用法?？崭竦那昂罂梢钥闯鍪且?/p>

14、個轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系，所以選項A符合題意。 （8）考查名詞詞義辨析?？崭裉幒竺姘刖湓挼囊馑际翘岣咦陨磉\作的效率，可以判斷出前文是提高速度，選項D符合題意。 （9）考查動詞詞義辨析?？崭裉幩诰渥拥木湟馐牵含F(xiàn)在更多的報紙被印刷并被人閱讀，選項C符合題意。 （10）考查固定搭配。keep sb informed of 保持對…知情。選項D符合題意。 （11）考查動詞詞義辨析。entertain“娛樂，取悅”，encourage“鼓勵”，educate“教育”，edit“編輯”。空格處所在句子的句意是：現(xiàn)在的報紙在政治或者其它重要并且嚴肅的問題上教育并且影響著讀者。選項C符合題意。 （12）考查介詞

15、詞義辨析。influence through“通過...影響”，influence with“對—有影響”，influence on“對—影響”，influence of “某種影響”?？崭裉幩诰渥拥木湟馐牵簣蠹埻ㄟ^廣告影響讀者的經(jīng)濟選擇。選項B符合題意。 （13）考查名詞詞義辨析?？崭裉幩诰渥拥木湟馐牵捍蠖鄶?shù)報紙的生存都是依靠廣告。選項B符合題意。 （14）考查動詞詞義辨析?？崭裉幩诰渥拥木湟馐牵簣蠹埑鍪鄣膬r格甚至不夠支付生產(chǎn)成本的一小部分。選項C符合題意。 （15）考查名詞詞義辨析?？崭裉幩诰渥拥木湟馐牵捍蠖鄶?shù)報紙的主要收入來源是商業(yè)廣告。選項A符合題意。 （16）考查名詞

16、詞義辨析。空格處所在句子的句意是：報紙出售廣告能否成功取決于報紙對于廣告商的價值。success in “在—的成功”。選項D符合題意。 （17）考查固定搭配。be measured in terms of “以—為標準衡量”。選項C符合題意。 （18）考查副詞詞義辨析。somewhat“多少有點”，little“幾乎沒有”，much“很大程度”，something “有點，大約”。這句講的是報紙的流通受哪些因素制約，文章最后一句提到最重要的因素（for the most part），可以知道這里的因素不是最重要的。選項A符合題意。 （19）考查非謂語動詞?？崭裉幩畹脑~與前面的serv

17、ice 和 entertainment 是被動關(guān)系，選項B符合題意。 （20）考查介詞詞義辨析。information about “關(guān)于—的信息”。選項D符合題意。 2. 單選題 ?Mary was taken in on more than one occasion, for she would （? ）any story. 問題1選項 A.swallow B.speculate C.grope D.distort 【答案】A 【解析】考查動詞詞義辨析。swallow “忍受，吞沒”；speculate “推測，投機，思索

18、”；grope “摸索，探索”；distort “扭曲，使失真”。句意：瑪麗不止一次被騙，因為她容易輕信任何故事。選項A符合題意。 3. 單選題 Human beings are animals. We breathe, eat and digest, and reproduce the same life （1）common to all animals. In a biological laboratory, rats, monkeys, and humans seem very much the same. However, biological understandi

19、ng is not enough: （2）itself, it can never tell us what human beings are.（3）to our physical equipment — the naked human body ― we are not an（4）animal. We are tropical creatures,（5）hairless and sensitive to cold. We are not fast and have neither claws nor sharp teeth to defend ourselves. We need a lot

20、 of food but have almost no physical equipment to help us to get it. In the purely physical（6） our species seems a poor （7） for survival. But we have survived-survived and multiplied and（8） the earth. Some day we will have a（9）living on the moon, a place with neither air nor water and with temperat

21、ures that turn gases into solids. How can we have done all these things? Part of the answer is physical. （10） its limitations, our physical equipment has some important （11） We have excellent vision and hands that can（12）objects with a precision unmatched by any other （13）. Most importantly, we have

22、 a large brain with an almost （14） number of neural （15） . We have used this physical equipment to create culture, the key to our survival and success. If we live in the Arctic, we supply the warmth our tropical bodies need （16） clothing, shelter, and（17） heat. If a million people want to live in a

23、 desert that supplies natural food for only a few hundred, we find water to grow food and（18） deficits by transporting supplies from distant places. Inhabitants of our eventual moon colony will bring their own food and oxygen and then create an artificial earth environment to supply necessities. Wit

24、h culture, we can overcome our natural limitations. It was not always （19）. Our distant ancestors were just animals, faced with the limits of their physical equipment. They had no （20）and lacked the physical capacity to use it. 問題1選項 A.processes B.acts C.modes D.procedures

25、 問題2選項 A.On B.With C.For D.By 問題3選項 A.Stripped B.Pared C.Peeled D.Removed 問題4選項 A.intelligent B.impressive C.influential D.incentive 問題5選項 A.barely B.hardly C.nearly D.scarcely 問題6選項 A.meaning B.judgment C.perspecti

26、ve D.sense 問題7選項 A.bet B.chance C.fact D.luck 問題8選項 A.filled B.loaded C.stuffed D.scattered 問題9選項 A.residence B.colony C.home D.empire 問題10選項 A.Apart from B.With regard to C.With the exception of D.In spite of 問題11

27、選項 A.abilities B.potentials C.capabilities D.possibilities 問題12選項 A.maneuver B.manage C.manipulate D.manufacture 問題13選項 A.animal B.animals C.creatures D.creature44. 問題14選項 A.infinite B.unknown C.boundless D.ceaseless 問題15選項

28、 A.connections B.relations C.activities D.accesses 問題16選項 A.for B.to C.with D.by 問題17選項 A.artificial B.fake C.unreal D.unauthentic 問題18選項 A.add up B.break up C.make up D.cut up 問題19選項 A.this B.thus C.hence D.that

29、 問題20選項 A.intellect B.equipment C.competence D.culture 【答案】第1題:C 第2題:D 第3題:A 第4題:B 第5題:C 第6題:D 第7題:A 第8題:A 第9題:B 第10題:D 第11題:B 第12題:C 第13題:A 第14題:A 第15題:A 第16題:D 第17題:A 第18題:C 第19題:B 第20題:D 【解析】（1）考查名詞詞義辨析。process “過程；進行；步驟”；act “行動；法令，法案；（戲劇，歌劇的）一幕”；mode “

30、模式；方式；風格”；procedure “程序；手續(xù)；步驟”?？崭裉幩诰渥拥木湟馐牵何覀兒粑⑦M食、消化和重現(xiàn)生命過程的這些模式與動物非常像。選項C符合題意。 （2）考查固定搭配。by itself “獨自”。選項D符合題意。 （3）考查動詞詞義辨析。strip “剝奪；剝?nèi)ァ?；pare “消減；削皮；剪；修掉（邊等）”；peel “剝落；削”；remove “移動；遷移”?？崭裉幩诰渥拥木湟馐牵好摰粑覀兊囊路冻龀嗦愕娜祟惿眢w，我們不再是給人印象深刻的一種動物。選項A符合題意。 （4）考查形容詞詞義辨析?？崭裉幩诰渥拥木湟鈪⒖嫉?3題，選項B符合題意。 （5）考查副詞詞義辨析

31、。barely “僅僅”；hardly “幾乎不”；nearly “幾乎；密切地”；scarcely “幾乎不”?？崭裉幩诰渥拥木湟馐牵何覀兪且环N熱情的生物，身上幾乎沒有毛，對冷很敏感。選項C符合題意。 （6）考查固定搭配。in the sense “從這種意義上來說”。選項D符合題意。 （7）考查名詞詞義辨析。bet “打賭，賭注”；chance “機會”； fact “事實”；luck “運氣”。空格處所在句子的句意是：從物體的意義上來說，我們這個物種在生存上似乎不是一個好的賭注。選項A符合題意。 （8）考查動詞詞義辨析。fill “裝滿；充滿；擠滿”；load “使擔負”；stu

32、ff “塞滿；填塞”；scatter“使散開；使散播”?？崭裉幩诰渥拥木湟馐牵寒敃r我們生存下來了，數(shù)量不斷增加，并且擠滿在世界的各個地方。選項A符合題意。 （9）考查邏輯關(guān)系。文章倒數(shù)第二段提到 our eventual moon colony “我們最后的月球聚居地”。所以選項B符合題意。 （10）考查介詞詞組辨析。apart from “除··· ···之外”；with regard to “關(guān)于，至于”；with the exception of “除了··· ···之外”；in spite of “盡管”?？崭裉幩诰渥拥木湟馐牵罕M管我們的身體有很多局限，但是我們的身體設(shè)備有很多

33、的潛能。選項D符合題意。 （11）考查名詞詞義辨析。ability “能力”；potential “潛能”；capability “才能，能力”；possibility “可能性”?？崭裉幩诰渥拥木湟鈪⒖嫉?0題，選項B符合題意。 （12）考查動詞詞義辨析。maneuver “機動；演習(xí)”；manage “管理；經(jīng)營”；manipulate “操縱；操作”；manufacture “制造；加工；捏造”?？崭裉幘渥铀诰湟猓何覀冇兄鴺O好的視力和一雙能精確使用物體上的雙手，這是其他動物無法相比的。選項C符合題意。 （13）考查名詞詞義辨析?？崭裉幩诰渥拥木湟鈪⒖嫉?2題。根據(jù)空格前的 a

34、ny other 可知空格處需要填入一個可數(shù)名詞的單數(shù)形式，選項A符合題意。 （14）考查形容詞詞義辨析。infinite “無限的，無窮的”；unknown “未知的；不出名的”；boundless“無限的，無邊無際的”；ceaseless“不斷的；不停的”?？崭裉幩诰渥拥木湟馐牵焊匾氖?，我們擁有幾乎無限數(shù)量神經(jīng)連接的大腦。選項A符合題意。 （15）考查名詞詞義辨析?？崭裉幩诰渥拥木湟鈪⒖嫉?4題。選項A符合題意。 （16）考查介詞辨析。for “為了；因為；給”；to “到；向”；with “用；隨著；和··· ···在一起”；by “通過；被；經(jīng)由”。空格處所在句子的句意是

35、：如果我們居住在北極區(qū)，我們通過衣服、遮蓋物和人造的取暖設(shè)備來供應(yīng)我們熱帶身體所需的保暖。可知空格處需要填的介詞有“通過”的意思，選項D符合題意。 （17）考查形容詞詞義辨析。artificial “人造的；仿造的；虛偽的”；fake “偽造的”；unreal “不真實的；假的”；unauthentic “不確實的；不真實的”?？崭裉幩诰渥拥木湟鈪⒖嫉?6題，選項A符合題意。 （18）考查動詞詞組辨析。add up “合計；加起來”；break up “打碎；結(jié)束”；make up “組成；補足；編造”；cut up “切碎”。___ deficits(差額) 與 “by transpo

36、rting supplies from distant places”(通過從遠方運送補給) 可知對應(yīng)的是“補足差額”。選項 C符合題意。 （19）考查固定搭配。It was not always thus / that way “事情也不總是那樣”。選項B符合題意。 （20）考查名詞詞義辨析。intellect “智力；知識分子”；equipment “設(shè)備，裝備；器材”；competence “勝任；能力”；culture “文化”。文章倒數(shù)第二段提到“我們?nèi)祟愑蒙眢w設(shè)備，比如手和大腦等創(chuàng)造了對我們生存和成功至關(guān)重要的文化”，而最后一段提到我們的祖先不會使用這些設(shè)備，可以推斷是缺乏相應(yīng)

37、的文化?？崭裉幩诰渥拥木湟馐牵核麄儧]有文化，也缺乏使用自身身體設(shè)備的能力。選項D符合題意。 4. 單選題 If hockey players are too （? ）,they are penalized. 問題1選項 A.clumsy B.aggressive C.brisk D.flexible 【答案】B 【解析】考查形容詞詞義辨析。clumsy “笨拙的”；aggressive “侵略性的，好斗的”；brisk “敏銳的，活潑的”；flexible “靈活的，柔韌的，易彎曲的”。句意：如果曲棍球選手太過于具有攻擊性，將

38、會被處罰。選項B符合題意。 5. 單選題 If you are always sitting up at night, I’m afraid you may （? ）from overwork soon. 問題1選項 A.fall B.descend C.sicken D.collapse 【答案】D 【解析】考查動詞詞義辨析。fall “落下；降落”；descend “下降；下來”；sicken “生病”；collapse “倒塌；瓦解”。句意：如果你晚上總是熬夜，那么我擔心你可能會因為過度勞累而倒下。選項D符合題意。

39、 6. 單選題 He opened his lips as if （ ）something. 問題1選項 A.saying B.having said C.to have said D.to say 【答案】D 【解析】考查as if的用法。as if引導(dǎo)從句，結(jié)構(gòu)是“主語+系動詞”，并且主語跟系動詞都可以省略。本句完整的句子應(yīng)該是：he opened his lips as if he was going to say something. 其中as if引導(dǎo)的從句的主語跟系動詞可以省略，所以選項D符合題意。 7. 單選題 “

40、The ancient Hawaiians were astronomers”, wrote Queen Liliuokalani, Hawaii’s last reigning monarch, in 1897. Star watchers were among the most esteemed members of Hawaiian society. Sadly, all is not well with astronomy in Hawaii today. Protests have erupted over construction of the Thirty Meter Tele

41、scope (TMT), a giant observatory that promises to revolutionize humanity’s view of the cosmos. At issue is the TMT’s planned location on Mauna Kea, dormant volcano worshiped by some Hawaiians as the piko that connects the Hawaiian Islands to the heavens. But Mauna Kea is also home to some of the wo

42、rld’s most powerful telescopes. Rested in the Pacific Ocean, Mauna Kea’s peak rises above the bulk of our planet’s dense atmosphere, where conditions allow telescopes to obtain images of unsurpassed clarity. Opposition to telescopes on Mauna Kea is nothing new. A small but vocal group of Hawaiians

43、and environments have long viewed their presence as disrespect for sacred land and a painful reminder of the occupation of what was once a sovereign nation. Some blame for the current controversy belongs to astronomers. In their eagerness to build bigger telescopes, they forgot that science is the

44、only way of understanding the world. They did not always prioritize the protection of Mauna Kea’s fragile ecosystems or its holiness to the island’s inhabitants. Hawaiian culture is not a relic of the past; it is a living culture undergoing a renaissance today. Yet science has a cultural history, t

45、oo, with roots going back to the dawn of civilization. The same curiosity to find to what lies beyond the horizon that first brought early Polynesians to Hawaii’s shores inspires astronomers today to explore the heavens. Calls to disassemble all telescopes on Mauna Kea or to ban future development t

46、here ignore the reality that astronomy and Hawaiian culture both seek to answer big questions about who we are, where we come from and where we are going. Perhaps that is why we explore the starry skies, as if answering a primal calling to know ourselves and our true ancestral homes. The astronomy

47、community is making compromises to change it use of Mauna Kea. The TMT site was chosen to minimize the telescope’s visibility around the island and to avoid archaeological and environmental impact. To limit the number of telescopes on Mauna Kea, old ones will be removed at the end of their lifetimes

48、 and their sites returned to a natural state. There is no reason why everyone cannot be welcomed on Mauna Kea to embrace their cultural heritage and to study the stars. 1.Queen Liliuokalani’s remark in Paragraph 1 indicates,（? ） . 2.Mauna Kea is deemed as an ideal astronomical site due to （? ）. 3

49、.The construction of the TMT is opposed by some locals partly because （? ）. 4.It can be inferred from Paragraph 5 that progress in today’s astronomy（? ） . 5.The author’s attitude toward choosing Mauna Kea as the TMT site is one of （? ）. 問題1選項 A.the conservative view on the historical rol

50、e of astronomy. B.the importance of astronomy in ancient Hawaiian society. C.the regrettable decline of astronomy in ancient times. D.her appreciation of star watchers’ feats in her time. 問題2選項 A.its geographical features B.its protective surroundings C.its religious implica

51、tions D.its existing infrastructure 問題3選項 A.it may risk ruining their intellectual life B.it reminds them of a humiliating history. C.their culture will lose a chance of revival D.they fear losing control of Mauna Kea 問題4選項 A.is fulfilling the dreams of ancient Hawaii

52、ans. B.helps spread Hawaiian culture across the world C.may uncover the origin of Hawaiian culture D.will eventually soften Hawaiian’s hostility. 問題5選項 A.severe criticism B.passive acceptance C.slight hesitancy D.full approval 【答案】第1題:B 第2題:A 第3題:B 第4題:C 第5題:D 【

53、解析】1.文章第一段Star watchers were among the most esteemed members of Hawaiian society提到觀星人曾是夏威夷社會中最受人尊敬的群體，由此可以推測出當時天文學(xué)在夏威夷的重要性，選項B符合題意。 2.文章第二段提到了莫納克亞山的優(yōu)越位置使得它成為理想的天文觀測點（Rested in the Pacific Ocean, Mauna Kea’s peak rises above the bulk of our planet’s dense atmosphere, where conditions allow telescop

54、es to obtain images of unsurpassed clarity）。選項A符合題意。 3.文章第三段A small but vocal group of Hawaiians and environments have long viewed their presence as disrespect for sacred land and a painful reminder of the occupation of what was once a sovereign nation提到少數(shù)夏威夷人和環(huán)保主義者把那些天文望遠鏡看作是對那邊神圣土地的褻瀆，并且會讓他們想到這個曾

55、經(jīng)的主權(quán)國家被占領(lǐng)的慘痛經(jīng)歷，所以選項B “讓人想起一段羞辱的歷史”符合題意。 4.文章第五段the reality that astronomy and Hawaiian culture both seek to answer big questions about who we are, where we come from and where we are going提到天文學(xué)和夏威夷文化都在試圖回答我們是誰，我們從何處來，去往何處這些重大的問題，由此可以推斷現(xiàn)在的天文學(xué)和夏威夷文化一樣都揭示了相關(guān)的起源問題。選項C符合題意。 5.文章最后一段The TMT site was cho

56、sen to minimize the telescope’s visibility around the island and to avoid archaeological and environmental impact提到TMT的選址將最大程度縮小天文望遠鏡在島上的可見度，來避免對考古及環(huán)境產(chǎn)生的影響，由此可推測作者對此是全力支持的，選項D符合題意。 8. 單選題 The safari hunter was nearly （? ）to death by a herd of elephants. 問題1選項 A.stampeded B.tramp

57、led C.trod D.stamped 【答案】B 【解析】考查動詞詞義辨析。stampede “逃竄，涌向”；trample “踐踏，蹂躪”；tread “踩， 踏”； stamp “用腳踩踏”。句意：野生動物獵人差點被一群大象踩死。選項B符合題意。 9. 單選題 The wealth of a country should be measured （? ）the health and happiness of its people as well as the material goods it can produce. 問題1選

58、項 A.in line with B.in terms of C.regardless of D.by means of 【答案】B 【解析】考查詞組辨析。In line with “符合，與··· ···一致”；in terms of “依據(jù)，根據(jù)，在··· ···方面”；regardless of “不顧，不管”；by means of “借助于，憑借”。根據(jù)句意“一個國家的財富應(yīng)該依據(jù)人民的健康和幸福以及它所生產(chǎn)的商品來衡量”，選項B符合題意。 10. 翻譯題 The initial fund of general scientific

59、 knowledge is an invaluable asset, but the young research worker should have no illusion about how little it is compared with what he or she should acquire during succeeding years. As to the precise value of this initial fund of knowledge, this depends to a great degree on how it has been acquired a

60、nd on who has been imparting it. (1) Young scientists cannot realize too soon that existing scientific knowledge is not nearly so complete, certain and unalterable as many textbooks seem to imply. The original papers of great scientists describing their discoveries and explaining their theories are

61、 never as rigid and self -confident as the resumes of these discoveries and theories in textbooks by other men often suggest. Young scientists consulting these original works will find in them " it appears that”,“it probably means’’, “it seems likely that”n, more than once, as expressions of element

62、s of doubt which great men felt and honestly put on record. (2) Many statements which have appeared in textbooks as universal and absolute truths have, in their original form, been put forward as only approximately true, or true only in certain circumstances. Immediately upon starting on the first

63、serious piece of research, a young scientist must therefore do two things. (3) The first of these should be a careful reading of original papers or books relating to the problem, written by investigators whose technique and judgment he can trust. While reading these publications in a most attentive

64、and receptive manner, the young scientist must not fall into the error of placing in them a greater confidence than their author would wish him to do. (4) No great scientist ever wants his pupils to be mere tape recorders, faithfully recording his remarks, never questioning anything. Never wanting t

65、o add to or subtract from what he has given them. The second thing a young scientist must do, almost but not quite simultaneously with the first, is to proceed with observations and experiments. (5) The initial observations and experiments will be failures, but they will help the development of appr

66、opriate experimental technique, and they will give a greater understanding of the literature the young scientist is studying. 【答案】1.年輕的科學(xué)家們要盡快意識到現(xiàn)在的科學(xué)知識不像許多教科書所暗示的那樣全面、肯定以及不可改變。2.教科書很多普遍且絕對的真理最初只是作為接近真理或者某種特定情況下的真理而提出來的。 3.第一件事是認真閱讀由那些技術(shù)和評價都值得信任的調(diào)查者寫下的關(guān)于這個問題的原始論文或者書籍。4.沒有哪位偉大的科學(xué)家希望他的學(xué)生僅僅像錄音機似的原原本本地記錄下他的話語，從來不問問題，從不想對他教授的內(nèi)容進行增添或削減。 5.最開始的觀察和實驗會失敗，但它們有助于開發(fā)合適的實驗技術(shù)，并且它們有助于年輕科學(xué)家更好地理解他們正在研究的文獻。 11. 單選題 The environment is everything that surrounds us: plants, animals, buildings