2012高考英語一輪復(fù)習(xí)同步攻關(guān) 語法部分 第6講 虛擬語氣學(xué)案

第6講 虛擬語氣 用來表示說的話不是事實，或者是不可能發(fā)生的情況，而是一種愿望、建議、假設(shè)的語氣叫虛擬語氣。 (一)if主從句中的虛擬語氣 【完成例句】 (1)如果我是你，我會接受邀請的。 If I were you, I should accept the invitation. (2)如果我有空，我就去那兒。 If I had time, I would go there. 【結(jié)論1】 條件與現(xiàn)在事實相反 從句謂語用一般過去時(be多用were) 主句謂語用 would / should / could / might＋動詞原形 【完成例句】 (3)如果你早點來，你就不會錯過那輛公共汽車了。 If you had come earlier, you couldn't / wouldn't have missed the bus. (4)如果他昨天見到了你，他就會還你的書的。 If he had seen you yesterday, he would have returned your book. 【結(jié)論2】 條件與過去事實相反 從句謂語用had done 主句謂語用would / should / could / might＋have done 【完成例句】 (5)萬一明天下雨，運動會就推遲。(事實上明天下雨的可能性不大。) If it should rain / were to rain / rained tomorrow, the sports meet would be put off. (6)萬一杯子掉下來會打碎的。 If you dropped / should drop / were to drop the glass, it would break. 【結(jié)論3】 條件與將來 事實相反 從句謂語用一般過去時(be多用were)或should ＋動詞原形 / were to do 主句謂語用would / should / could / might＋動詞原形 【疑難1】 含蓄虛擬句(即含有without / but for, otherwise / or等詞的句子) 【例句觀察】 Human beings would die without water. (＝Human beings would die if there were no water. ) I couldn't have succeeded but for your help. (＝I couldn't have succeeded if you hadn't helped me. ) I had no money then. Otherwise I would have bought that book. (＝If I had had money then, I would have bought that book. ) 【疑難剖析1】含有without / but for，otherwise / or等詞的句子謂語結(jié)構(gòu)等同于if主從句中主句的謂語結(jié)構(gòu)。 與現(xiàn)在或?qū)硎聦嵪喾? would / should / could / might＋動詞原形 與過去事實相反 would / should / could / might＋have done 【疑難2】 含有had，should，were這三個詞的虛擬條件狀語從句 Had they had time(＝If they had had time)， they would have certainly come to help us. Should it be fine(＝If it should be fine)，we would go for an outing. Were I you(＝If I were you), I would go. 【疑難剖析2】含有had，should，were這三個詞的虛擬條件狀語從句，在正式或書面語言中可將if省略，把had，should，were 提前放到句首，變?yōu)椴糠值寡b。 【疑難3】 if混合虛擬條件從句(即主從句分別與不同的事實相反) If the weather had been finer, the crops would be growing still better. If you had followed the teacher's advice, you wouldn't be in hospital. 【疑難剖析3】if假設(shè)條件從句謂語動詞發(fā)生的時間與主句所假設(shè)的謂語動詞不一致，叫做錯綜條件虛擬語氣。主句和從句的謂語動詞要依照假設(shè)的時間而定。 (二)用虛擬語氣，從句中謂語時態(tài)相應(yīng)推后(即用相應(yīng)的過去時態(tài))的五種句型 【完成例句】 (7)他多么希望自己是只鳥。 How he wishes that he were a bird. (8)我希望昨晚看了那部電影了。 I wish I had seen the film last night. (9)我們希望有一天能住在月球上。 We wish we would live on the moon one day. 【結(jié)論1】在動詞wish引導(dǎo)的賓語從句中， 表示不太可能實現(xiàn)的愿望，從句必須使用虛擬語氣。 表示愿望與現(xiàn)在事實相反 從句用一般過去時(did或were) 表示愿望與過去事實相反 從句用過去完成時(had done) 表示愿望實現(xiàn)的可能性很小 從句常用could / might / would ＋do 【完成例句】 (10)我寧可你現(xiàn)在不在我身邊。 I would rather you were not here with me now. (11)我寧可你沒做過那件事。 I would rather you hadn't done that. 【結(jié)論2】would rather / prefer ＋ that－從句(從句用虛擬語氣) 表示愿望與現(xiàn)在事實相反 從句用一般過去時 表示愿望與過去事實相反 從句用過去完成時 【完成例句】 (12)她英語說得好像她就是紐約本地人一樣。 She speaks English as though she were a native of New York. 【結(jié)論3】as if / though ＋ 從句中謂語用相應(yīng)的過去時態(tài)(等同于wish從句用法)。 【完成例句】 (13)要是你沒告訴我那個消息就好了。 If only you hadn't told me the news. 【結(jié)論4】if only (要是……就好了)，句中謂語用相應(yīng)的過去時態(tài)(等同于wish從句用法)。 【完成例句】 (14)我本來可以幫你忙的，即使我當(dāng)時很忙。 Even though I had been very busy then, I would have helped you. (15)即使我現(xiàn)在能跑，我也不會那樣做。 Even if I might run, I wouldn't do that. 【結(jié)論5】even if / though 從句中的虛擬 與現(xiàn)在事實相反 用should＋動詞原形 與過去事實相反 用had done (三)從句中所用的虛擬語氣結(jié)構(gòu)為should ＋動詞原形，should可以省略。 【例句觀察】 The doctor suggests I (should) exercise every day. 醫(yī)生建議我每天做運動。(賓語從句) It is suggested that I (should) exercise every day. 我被建議每天做運動。(主語從句) The doctor's suggestion is that I (should) exercise every day. 醫(yī)生給我的建議是每天做運動。(表語從句) The doctor's suggestion that I (should) exercise every day sounds reasonable. 醫(yī)生要我每天做運動的建議聽起來挺合理的。(同位語從句) 【結(jié)論1】名詞性從句中，表示“建議，命令，要求”等意義時，名詞性從句用(should)＋ 動詞原形。 一個堅持：insist 兩個命令：order, command (名詞是order, recommendation) 三個建議：advise, suggest，propose(名詞是advice, suggestion, proposal) 四個要求：demand, require, request, desire(名詞是demand, requirement, request, desire) 注意：1. suggest 意為“表明，暗示”時，不用虛擬語氣； 如：His face suggested that he was very sad. 2. insist意為“堅持認(rèn)為，堅持說”時，不用虛擬語氣； 如：The man insisted my little brother was a thief. 【例句觀察】 我們應(yīng)該掌握電腦知識，這是很重要的。 It is important that we (should) have a good knowledge of computer science. 你居然沒參加會議，真是可惜。 It is a pity that you (should) be absent from the meeting. 他竟然是名醫(yī)生，我們很驚訝。 We are surprised that he (should) be a doctor. 【結(jié)論2】虛擬語氣用在“It's＋形容詞 / 名詞＋that…”這類句型中，表示說話人“強烈”的感情色彩，此時，從句用should ＋動詞原形 / should ＋ have done (表示動作在過去已經(jīng)發(fā)生)，should 可譯為“應(yīng)該；居然，竟然”。should 可以省略。 ①It is important / necessary / strange / surprising / funny / natural ＋ that－從句 ②It is a pity / a shame / an honour / no wonder that－從句 ③主語 ＋ be ＋ sorry / disappointed / surprised ＋ that－從句 【例句觀察】 以防錯過第一班車，我們一大早就起床了。 ①We got up early for fear that we should miss the first bus. ②We got up early lest that we should miss the first bus. 【結(jié)論3】在in case, for fear (that), lest等引導(dǎo)的狀語從句中，謂語動詞用“should＋動詞原形”。 (四)幾種特殊用法 1. 某些簡單句的固定句型 Heaven help him! God bless you! May you succeed! Long live the People's Republic of China! 2. 某些固定的詞組和句型 ①was / were supposed to have done 理應(yīng)做…… ②was / were to have done 本計劃做…… ③had thought / believed…， but…本以為…… ④had planned / intended…，but…本計劃……，本打算…… ⑤had wished / hoped…，but…本希望…… ⑥It's (about / high)time that－從句，某人該做某事了 6 用心 愛心 專心