汽車轉(zhuǎn)向橋的設(shè)計【JY1061A型采用前置后輪驅(qū)動的載貨汽車轉(zhuǎn)向橋】

汽車轉(zhuǎn)向橋的設(shè)計【JY1061A型采用前置后輪驅(qū)動的載貨汽車轉(zhuǎn)向橋】,JY1061A型采用前置后輪驅(qū)動的載貨汽車轉(zhuǎn)向橋,汽車轉(zhuǎn)向橋的設(shè)計【JY1061A型采用前置后輪驅(qū)動的載貨汽車轉(zhuǎn)向橋】,汽車,轉(zhuǎn)向,設(shè)計,jy1061a,采用,采取,采納,前置,后輪,驅(qū)動,載貨 汽車轉(zhuǎn)向橋設(shè)計說明書 學(xué) 院： 專 業(yè)： 學(xué)生姓名: 學(xué) 號: 設(shè)計題目：汽車轉(zhuǎn)向橋的設(shè)計 指 導(dǎo) 教 師: 任務(wù)書要求： （1）了解汽車轉(zhuǎn)向橋的結(jié)構(gòu)，功能 （2）進行汽車轉(zhuǎn)向橋的受力分析 （3）總體方案設(shè)計 （4）畫出轉(zhuǎn)向節(jié)的零件圖 （5）畫出轉(zhuǎn)向橋的總裝圖 一、 概述 轉(zhuǎn)向橋是利用轉(zhuǎn)向節(jié)使車輪偏轉(zhuǎn)一定的角度以實現(xiàn)汽車的轉(zhuǎn)向，同時還承受和傳遞汽車與車架及車架之間的垂直載荷、 縱向力和側(cè)向力以及這些力形成的力矩。轉(zhuǎn)向橋通常位于汽車的前部，因此也常稱為前橋。 各類汽車的轉(zhuǎn)向橋結(jié)構(gòu)基本相同，主要有前軸（梁）、轉(zhuǎn)向節(jié)、主銷和輪轂 ?(1)前軸：由中碳鋼鍛造，采用抗彎性較好的工字形斷面。為了提高抗扭強度，接近兩端略呈方形。前軸中部下凹使發(fā)動機的位置得以降低，進而降低汽車質(zhì)心，擴展駕駛員視野，減小傳動軸與變速器輸出軸之間的夾角。下凹部分的兩端制有帶通孔的加寬平面，用以安裝鋼板彈簧。前軸兩端向上翹起，各有一個呈拳形的加粗部分，并制有通孔。 ?(2)主銷：即插入前軸的主銷孔內(nèi)。為防止主銷在孔內(nèi)轉(zhuǎn)動，用帶有螺紋的楔形銷將其固定。 ??? (3)轉(zhuǎn)向節(jié)：轉(zhuǎn)向節(jié)上的兩耳制有銷孔，銷孔套裝在主銷伸出的兩端頭，使轉(zhuǎn)向節(jié)連同前輪可以繞主銷偏轉(zhuǎn)，實現(xiàn)汽車轉(zhuǎn)向。為了限制前輪最大偏轉(zhuǎn)角，在前軸兩端還制有最大轉(zhuǎn)向角限位凸塊(或安裝限位螺釘)。 ?轉(zhuǎn)向節(jié)的兩個銷孔，要求有較高的同心度，以保證主銷的安裝精度和轉(zhuǎn)向靈活。為了減少磨損，在銷孔內(nèi)壓入青銅或尼龍襯套。襯套上開有潤滑油槽，由安裝在轉(zhuǎn)向節(jié)上的油嘴注入潤滑脂潤滑。為使轉(zhuǎn)向靈活輕便，還在轉(zhuǎn)向節(jié)下耳的上方與前軸之間裝有推力軸承11；在轉(zhuǎn)向節(jié)上耳與前軸之間，裝有調(diào)整墊片8，用以調(diào)整軸向間隙。 ?左轉(zhuǎn)向節(jié)的上耳裝有與轉(zhuǎn)向節(jié)臂9制成一體的凸緣，在下耳上裝有與轉(zhuǎn)向節(jié)下臂制成一體的凸緣。兩凸緣上均制有一矩形鍵與左轉(zhuǎn)向節(jié)上、下耳處的鍵槽相配合，轉(zhuǎn)向節(jié)即通過矩形鍵及帶有鍵形套的雙頭螺栓與轉(zhuǎn)向節(jié)上下臂連接。 ?(4)輪轂：輪轂通過內(nèi)外兩個滾錐軸承套裝在轉(zhuǎn)向節(jié)軸頸上。軸承的松緊度可以由調(diào)整螺母調(diào)整，調(diào)好后的輪轂應(yīng)能正、反方向自由轉(zhuǎn)動而無明顯的擺動。然后用鎖緊墊圈鎖緊。在鎖緊墊圈外端還裝有止推墊圈和鎖緊螺母，擰緊后應(yīng)把止推墊圈彎曲包住鎖緊螺母或用開口銷鎖住，以防自行松動。 ?輪轂外端裝有沖壓的金屬端蓋，防止泥水或塵土浸入。輪轂內(nèi)側(cè)裝有油封 (有的油封裝在轉(zhuǎn)向節(jié)軸頸的根部)，有的還裝有擋油盤。一旦油封失效，則外面的擋油盤仍可防止?jié)櫥M入制動器內(nèi)。 本文設(shè)計的是JY1061A型采用前置后輪驅(qū)動的載貨汽車轉(zhuǎn)向橋，因此該轉(zhuǎn)向橋為從動橋。從動橋的功用：從動橋也稱非驅(qū)動橋，又稱從動車軸。它通過懸架與車架（或承載式車身）相聯(lián)，兩端安裝從動車輪，用以承受和傳遞車輪與車架之間的力（垂直力、縱向力、橫向力）和力矩。并保證轉(zhuǎn)向輪作正確的轉(zhuǎn)向運動 1、設(shè)計要求： （1）保證有足夠的強度：以保證可靠的承受車輪與車架之間的作用力。 （2）保證有足夠的剛度：以使車輪定位參數(shù)不變。 （3）保證轉(zhuǎn)向輪有正確的定位角度：以使轉(zhuǎn)向輪運動穩(wěn)定，操縱輕便并減輕輪胎的磨損。 （4）轉(zhuǎn)向橋的質(zhì)量應(yīng)盡可能?。阂詼p少非簧上質(zhì)量，提高汽車行駛平順性。 通過對CJ1061A型前橋的設(shè)計，可以加深我們的設(shè)計思想，即： （1） 處理好設(shè)計的先進性和生產(chǎn)的可能性之間的關(guān)系； （2） 協(xié)調(diào)好產(chǎn)品的繼承性和產(chǎn)品的“三化”之間的關(guān)系。 2、結(jié)構(gòu)參數(shù)選擇 JY1061A型汽車總布置整車參數(shù)見表1： 表1 汽車總質(zhì)量Ga（N） 前軸軸載質(zhì)量G1（N） 汽車質(zhì)心至前軸中民線距離L1（mm） 汽車質(zhì)心至后軸中心線距離L2(mm) 軸距L（mm） 汽車質(zhì)心高度hg(mm) 前鋼板彈簧座中心距B〞(mm) 58359 20727 2133 1175 3308 1060 780 主銷中心距B′(mm) 前輪距B1(mm) 車輪滾動半徑rr(mm) 主銷內(nèi)傾角β 主銷后傾角?? 前輪外傾角a 前輪前束（mm） 1415 1584 480 8° 2.5° 1° 2 2.1、轉(zhuǎn)向橋結(jié)構(gòu)形式 本前橋采用非斷開式轉(zhuǎn)向橋 2.2、選擇前橋結(jié)構(gòu)型式及參數(shù) （1）前軸結(jié)構(gòu)形式：工字形斷面加叉形轉(zhuǎn)向節(jié)主銷固定在前軸兩端的拳部里。 （2）轉(zhuǎn)向節(jié)結(jié)構(gòu)型式：整體鍛造式。 （3）主銷結(jié)構(gòu)型式:圓柱實心主銷。 （4）轉(zhuǎn)向節(jié)止推軸承結(jié)構(gòu)形式：止推滾柱軸承。 （5）主銷軸承結(jié)構(gòu)形式：滾針軸承 （6）輪轂軸承結(jié)構(gòu)形式：單列向心球軸承 2.3、前輪定位角 本型前輪定位角選擇見 ‘表1’ 二、轉(zhuǎn)向橋強度計算 1、前軸強度計算 1.1、前軸受力簡圖 如圖1所示： 圖1 汽車向左側(cè)滑時前軸受力圖 1.2、前軸載荷計算 ?。┚o急制動 工 汽車緊急制動時，縱向力制動力達到最大值，因質(zhì)量重新分配，而使前軸上的垂直載荷增大，對后輪接地點取矩得 取路面附著糸數(shù)Ф=0.7 制動時前軸軸載千質(zhì)量重新分配分配糸數(shù)m1===1.63 垂直反作用力：Z1l= Z1r==16891.6N 橫向反作用力：X1l=X1r= Ф=11824.1N ⅱ）側(cè)滑 汽車側(cè)滑時，因橫向力的作用，汽車前橋左右車輪上的垂直載荷發(fā)生轉(zhuǎn)移。 （1）確定側(cè)向滑移附著糸數(shù)： 在側(cè)滑的臨界狀態(tài)，橫向反作用力等于離心力F離，并達到最大值F離=,Ymax=G1Ф′ ,為保證不橫向翻車，須使V滑A工字形斷面前軸 a) 斷面簡圖 本汽車前軸簡化為換算斷面形狀后如圖3所示 圖3 前軸簡化圖 b)計算斷面糸數(shù) i)Ⅰ-Ⅰ斷面 如圖3所示 ①垂直面內(nèi)抗彎斷面糸數(shù) =37003.48N.mm ②水平面內(nèi)抗彎斷面糸數(shù) ⅱ）Ⅱ--Ⅱ 斷面 ① 換算斷面簡圖如圖4 圖4 II—II斷面計算簡圖 ② 垂直面內(nèi)抗彎斷面系數(shù) Ⅱ--Ⅱ斷面為上，下翼緣不等長的工字形斷面。計算其垂直面內(nèi)抗彎斷面系數(shù)的關(guān)系是確定出形心軸坐標(biāo)。 形心軸Xc-Xc的坐標(biāo)： = =30.796 該斷面對形心軸的慣性矩： 上翼面的抗彎斷面系數(shù)： 下翼面的抗彎斷面系數(shù)： ③水平面內(nèi)抗彎斷面系數(shù)： ③ 抗扭斷面系數(shù) 由經(jīng)驗公式得 iii) Ⅲ-Ⅲ斷面 III-III斷面計算簡圖如圖5 如圖5 III-III斷面計算簡圖 1）垂直面內(nèi)，水平面內(nèi)的抗彎斷面系數(shù)： 2）抗扭斷面系數(shù)： iv) Ⅳ-Ⅳ斷面 1）垂直面內(nèi)，水平面內(nèi)抗彎斷面系數(shù)： 2）抗扭斷面系數(shù)： v) 各斷面尺寸參數(shù)見表5： 表5 單位： JY1061 Ⅰ-Ⅰ Ⅱ-Ⅱ Ⅲ-Ⅲ Ⅳ-Ⅳ B 72 92 B1 60 50 12.5 12.5 b 72 58 43 43 60 16 12.5 12.5 t 12 42 h 36 43 15 H 61 68 52 52 vi)斷面系數(shù)計算結(jié)果列表見表6 表6 單位： Ⅰ-Ⅰ Ⅱ-Ⅱ Ⅲ-Ⅲ Ⅳ-Ⅳ W' 37003.48 34347.214 18913.52 19378.7 W" 21744 27822.97 11402.2 16024.7 62935.57 17173.512 20910.34 （5）應(yīng)力計算 a)計算公式 i)汽車緊急制動時 垂直面內(nèi)彎曲應(yīng)力 水平面內(nèi)彎曲應(yīng)力 合成應(yīng)力 扭轉(zhuǎn)應(yīng)力： 在矩形長邊中點上的扭轉(zhuǎn)應(yīng)力 在矩形短邊中點上的扭轉(zhuǎn)應(yīng)力 工字形斷面中所產(chǎn)生的最大應(yīng)力和最大扭轉(zhuǎn)應(yīng)力是作用在梁斷面上的不同點處。對于上翼面長邊中點，其相當(dāng)應(yīng)力： ii)汽車側(cè)滑時 垂直面彎曲應(yīng)力 iii)汽車越過不平路面時 垂直面彎曲應(yīng)力 b) 應(yīng)力值計算結(jié)果列表： 表7 單位： Ⅰ-Ⅰ Ⅱ-Ⅱ Ⅲ-Ⅲ Ⅳ-Ⅳ 緊急制動 183.508 155.406 149.147 120.289 218.602 134.293 173.179 101.826 66.696 307.075 271.424 402.110 300.300 357.270 496.140 側(cè) 滑 90.960 40.053 -125.804 -173.836 越不平路 281.197 238.135 228.545 184.324 （6）JY1061 前軸材料的許用應(yīng)力 材料：30Cr 調(diào)質(zhì)硬度 ： HB241—281 ：800—937 許用應(yīng)力： 2、轉(zhuǎn)向節(jié)強度計算 作用力、、按表1-1取值 2.1、截面系數(shù)計算 取輪轂內(nèi)軸承根部處指軸為計算斷面 2.2、彎矩計算 A緊急制動時 B側(cè)滑時 C超越不平路面時 計算用參數(shù)JY1061 ， ， 2.3、應(yīng)力計算 A）緊急制動時 B）側(cè)滑時 C）超越不平路面時 彎矩、應(yīng)力計算結(jié)果列表見表8 表8 功況 M 緊急制動 825303.22 155.8 側(cè)滑 -5658732.69 -63285 超越不平路 518175 57.951 2.4、轉(zhuǎn)向節(jié)的材料、許用應(yīng)力及強度校核 材料 JY1061 40Gr 許用應(yīng)力 查YB6-71： 3、主銷強度計算 3.1、主銷作用力計算簡圖如圖6 如圖6 主銷作用力計算簡圖 主銷受力計算參數(shù)見表9 表9 參數(shù)車行 a b c e f l n D h H JY1061 67 70 20 497 360 165 480 30 37 40 3.2、計算載荷 計算時，忽略主銷傾角的影響，并假定力的作用點位于主銷襯套中點。 A）、、按表1取值 B）汽車緊急制動時 力在主銷的支承反力和。 主銷受到和u的作用，力u由下式求得： 力在主銷的兩個支承上反作用力和 力u在主銷的兩個支承上反作用力和 由制動力矩的作用，在主銷的兩個支撐上產(chǎn)生反作用力和 作用在主銷下端的 合力（圖14） C)汽車側(cè)滑時 左主銷上支承的 反作用力 左主銷下支承的 反作用力 右主銷上支承的 反作用力 右主銷下支承的 反作用力 D）汽車越過不平路面時 動載荷在主銷上、下支承上產(chǎn)生的作用反力和。 3.3、彎矩計算 在緊急制動和側(cè)滑時，主銷下支承的反作用力為最大，在越過不平路面時，因主銷下端的作用力臂大于上端，所以只需要計算主銷下支承處的彎矩（圖15） A) 汽車緊急制動時 =1816786.99N.mm B) 汽車側(cè)滑時 =1248525.04N.mm C) 汽車越過不平路面時 =2650.72N.mm （5）抗彎斷面系數(shù)、剪切面積和主銷襯套擠壓面積的計算 A)主銷抗彎斷面系數(shù) =2650.72mm3 B)主銷剪切面積 =706.86mm2 D) 主銷襯套擠壓面積 =1200mm2 D:主銷外徑，d：主銷內(nèi)徑 3.4應(yīng)力計算 分別計算個工況下的彎曲應(yīng)力、剪切應(yīng)力、擠壓應(yīng)力見表10。 表10 彎曲應(yīng)力 剪切應(yīng)力 擠壓應(yīng)力 緊急制動時 側(cè)滑時 越過不平路面時 公式編號 67 68 69 載荷、彎矩、應(yīng)力計算結(jié)果列表見表11：88 表11 主銷受力單位：N M單位： 其余量單位： 主銷受力 M 緊急制動 49102.27 1216783.99 685.74 69.5 40.920 側(cè)滑 24602 38676 越過不平路面 5980.21 591267.77 223.06 22.61 13.32 3.5、主銷材料及許用應(yīng)力 JY1061: 許用應(yīng)力 按力作靜載荷計算時， 參考文獻： 1、《汽車設(shè)計》 劉惟信 2001.7 清華大學(xué)出版社 2、《汽車車橋設(shè)計》 劉惟信 2004.4 清華大學(xué)出版社 3、CA1080,NJ130,BJ130前橋總成圖，零件圖。 4、《汽車設(shè)計》郭學(xué)訊，鄧亞東 2005.8 人民交通出版社 5、《汽車設(shè)計》吉林工業(yè)大學(xué)出版社 王望予 2004.5 機械工業(yè)出版社 6、《汽車構(gòu)造》吉林大學(xué)汽車工程系 陳家瑞 2006.5 人民交通出版社 18  附錄 1 英文原文 Hyundai Motor on the steering control of the request is lightweight, safe, reliable, and should have sufficient life. In order to meet these requirements, the design of the steering gear should have a reasonable transmission ratio characteristics, the correct gap eating together, a higher transmission efficiency, sufficient rigidity and strength. If the steering gear in the design is reasonable, then the product is good and bad parts of the key issues of manufacturing and assembly. How to control the quality of the product? The key problem is that a reasonable detection methods, the key to strictly control the passing rate of time, such products will be able to guarantee the quality of parts and components. First of all, the quality of shifting ASSY, should control the assembly and to ensure that turning the steering shaft torque and rotational axis and the transmission gap between components. Followed by testing the performance of steering gear, steering gear must also be adopted by all types of test-bed to verify the established angle transmission ratio, transmission efficiency, rotational torque, rigid. In addition to examination other than the above-mentioned steering performance, but also in the pilot stage of its life nuclear reliability and life expectancy that is static torsion test: a thin red hammer, hit test, fatigue life test. To determine whether the quality of the product in hand national standards. Noise from the steering angle repair cream, which is also a test method to detect and can learn from the J class machinery manufacturing industry in China''in the past only means to recognize the importance of detection, and the lack of''lack of testing and testing of the poor law awareness. So have some of the parts is a qualified products l materials, and assembly of products from the pilot test proved to be defective, or: The test can verify the quality of products and design for the steering gear (1) the accuracy of parts of the foot only, finish second, two-phase - the location of the elite "Measuring the content of L ① steering shaft loaded journal bearings Department feet 'inch accuracy and smoothness, anti-worm or worm-inch accuracy, smoothness and surface hardness and magnetic → for testing; ② steering vertical axis arm journal dimensional accuracy and smoothness, the worm wheel roller bearing of the journal center hole distance, wheel bearing and the journal''hole angle from the Chinese side, the block size, finish and degree of asymmetry; ③ circulating ball tooth-type radial fan, big-law length, journal hardness, the magnetic; ④ browser to Min Xuan cochlear aperture wheel size precision, smoothness, tooth surface roughness, intermediate thick teeth, tooth, tooth degree of asymmetry; ⑤ ball rolling circle diameter, smooth, cylindrical roller Road''degree of accuracy and bias, raceway adjacent pitch error, cumulative error section of grass lines and sub-rack section from Rolling Road Center, rack section Road center line and the roll of injustice: line degrees; ? carburizing layer thickness, hardness; magnetic flaw detection; ⑦ shift steering shaft shell aperture, roughness, different degree of heart; ⑧ shift towards vertical axis aperture arm flying finish, different degree of heart; ⑨ chaos and steering shaft steering arm hole down the center distance, steering shaft-hole axes and steering arm hole down the center line of the non-verticality (2) parts of cleanliness. Detection of the site is turning - browser shell surface and the surface parts. Detection method is to use cleaning fluid to clean parts, and then the cleaning fluid with impurities, and vacuum membrane leaching; further 120 weeks of petrol industrial solvents the membrane will be washed with impurities. To be volatile after the membrane cleaning fluid, together with the impurities from weighing, with the magnet cellophane packets are sorted in the iron impurities, said the weight of a scrap-iron. The iron filings and then 40 times on the microscope with a disability in most dogs measured particle size (length X width). ? (3) assembly of the leakage. Does not allow any leakage of the phenomenon of steering. Because of internal lubricants in the steering gear is used to turn parts lubricated friction pair, and if as a result of damage caused by leaking seals, lubrication will be affected, resulting in increased friction and wear parts and reduce the life span of steering gear; transmission efficiency at the same time will lower. The use of conventional vibration and temperature +40 ° C under the conditions of inspection, the shell and shell cap shaft oil seal joints as well as whether the spill, and water to observe whether there are leakages. (4) after a good tune steering assembly should check the technical requirements flexible and comfortable when turning the steering wheel, there is no axial gap I turn the steering wheel of the total value of the number required to turn around a few cars in line with the original request. Steering gear shift, also known as machine, machine direction, which is steering the most important parts. Its role is to: increase the spread to turn steering wheel and transmission mechanism to change the direction of power transfer. Hydraulic Steering Hydraulic steering vehicles are widely used in marine hydraulic steering and rudder. Drivers can be used through its ability to manipulate smaller shift power to achieve greater control and performance of safe, reliable, flexible manipulation, light. The manipulation of steering is hydraulic, that is in the steering column and steering wheel there is no mechanical connection between the steering gear is between the fuel tank and steering hydraulic pipes or hoses link. When turning the steering wheel, steering wheel rotation in accordance with the relative proportion of transport fuel, the fuel tank directly into the corresponding control side, while the other side of the oil back to tank. BZZ steering is a switch-type full-hydraulic steering valve with the following characteristics: the elimination of mechanical linkage device, the host can reduce costs, provide a reliable, lightweight structures, manipulation of a flexible lightweight, safe, reliable, and can be very small continuous torque stepless control of rotation, provided to the control loop, as well as a wide range of host size choice, able to shift and a variety of pumps and hydraulic supply system. Steering by the structure can be divided into many types. History, there have been many forms of steering, there is currently more commonly used rack and pinion, worm means crank pins, recycling the ball - rack fan gear type, recycling the ball crank pins means, such as worm-type wheel. The second, fourth, respectively, is the first, the third form of the deformation, and the worm wheel is even more rare type. If the form in accordance with assistance, but also can be divided into mechanical (no help), and power-style (with help) two types of power steering which can be divided into pressure and motivation, hydraulic-power, electric power-type, electro-hydraulic power types of blocks. 1) It is a rack and pinion of steering one of the most common. The basic structure is a pair of mutually meshing rack and pinion. Pinion steering drive shaft rotates, rack linear motion would be done. In some cases, directly driven by the rack cross-bar, you can make of steering wheel shift. So, this is one of the most simple steering. Its advantage is simple structure, low-cost, steering sensitivity, small size, can be directly cross-link. In widely used vehicle. It is a worm for the active parts, crank pin for the steering gear follower. Worm has a trapezoidal thread, referring to a finger-shaped pin with tapered bearings in the crank bearings, the crank shaft and the shift into one arm. Shifted through steering wheel rotating worm, helical worm embedded in the cone-shaped slot means the marketing side of the rotation, the side rocker shaft to do around the shifted arc movement, thereby stimulating and steering crank arm swing down and then turning to make shift transmission wheel deflection. This steering is usually used to turn power on a larger truck. Circulating ball-type: This device is turned by the gear mechanism from the steering wheel to slow down the rotation of power, so that the rotation of steering wheel movement into rotary movement of the turbine worm, ball screw and nut holding the ball engagement, which Ball screw linear motion into rotary movement, with the fan-shaped nut meshing gears, linear motion into rotary movement again to shake the rod arm, link arm moving again so that even the bar and cross bar to do a straight-line movement to change the wheels direction. This is a classical institutions, most modern cars no longer have to use, but the way was the latest by the application of power steering device. It is equivalent to the principle use of nuts and bolts in the rotation process of relative movement, and in between the thread and thread the ball into the folder to reduce the resistance, all the ball, both connected in a closed loop of the spiral curve rolling ball club is named after the cycle. Hydraulic rack and pinion steering gear is relative to the case of rack and pinion steering gear machinery, mainly to increase the steering pump, steering oiler, steering pipeline, steering valve, steering components, such as fuel tanks, with a view to improve the pilot hand, the purpose of increasing power steering of the steering device. After 10 years of internal development, has become a mature R & D and manufacturing technology manufacturers have Yubei Koyo Steering Gear Co., Ltd. and other enterprises. [1] With the rapid development of automobile industry, as well as for comfort, safety and continuous improvement in performance, steering systems are also changing with the advance of technology. For the time being, electric power steering system is turning the forefront of the industry research projects, in accordance with its distribution of the form of string can be divided into power, gear Power, power rack, power bar, the form of electro-hydraulic power. Ago in some sci-fi movies of the unmanned aircraft can occur, such as unmanned aerial vehicle is now a reality, steering systems are moving in the direction of the development of more advanced, such as research and development from Japan JTEKT advanced by the steer-by-wire systems. 2 中文翻譯 現(xiàn)代汽車對轉(zhuǎn)向器的要求是操縱輕便，安全、可靠，并應(yīng)具有足夠的使用壽命。為了滿足上述要求，在轉(zhuǎn)向器設(shè)計上應(yīng)具有合理的傳動比特性，正確的嚙合間隙，較高的傳動效率，足夠的剛性和強度。如果轉(zhuǎn)向器在設(shè)計上是合理的，那么決定產(chǎn)品好壞的關(guān)鍵問題就是零部件的制造和裝配。如何控制產(chǎn)品的質(zhì)量?關(guān)鍵問題在于合理的檢測方法，嚴(yán)格控制關(guān)鍵項次的合格率，這樣就能保證產(chǎn)品零部件的質(zhì)量。首先轉(zhuǎn)向器總成的質(zhì)量，應(yīng)在裝配時控制并保證轉(zhuǎn)向軸的轉(zhuǎn)向力矩和轉(zhuǎn)動軸與被傳動部件之間的問隙。其次檢測轉(zhuǎn)向器的性能，還必須通過各類轉(zhuǎn)向器試驗臺來驗證力的角傳動比、傳動效率、轉(zhuǎn)動力矩、剛性。除考核上述轉(zhuǎn)向器性能指標(biāo)以外，還應(yīng)在，試驗臺上校核它的可靠性和壽命即靜扭試驗：薄錘沖、擊試驗、疲勞壽命試驗?？梢源_定產(chǎn)品的質(zhì)量是否符合國家標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。從轉(zhuǎn)向囂修理的角度來講，這些檢測和試驗方法也是可以借鑒的，我國班機械制造行業(yè)中，過去僅僅認(rèn)識到檢測手段的重要性，而缺乏對試驗和試驗方法的認(rèn)識。所以造成一些產(chǎn)品的零件是合格品，而裝配出來的產(chǎn)品通過檢驗或者試驗證明是次品：通過試驗可以驗證產(chǎn)品的好壞，并可以為轉(zhuǎn)向器的設(shè)計 (1)零件的尺才精度、光潔度、相位置精度檢測內(nèi)容：①轉(zhuǎn)向器軸裝軸承處的軸頸尺寸精度和光潔度，蝸桿或蝸桿的反寸精度、光潔度和表面硬度與磁為探傷；②轉(zhuǎn)向器垂臂軸軸頸尺寸精度和光潔度，蝸桿滾輪式的滾輪軸承孔到軸頸中心的距離，滾輪軸承孔與軸頸中必夾角，開擋尺寸，光潔度和不對稱度；③循環(huán)球式的扇齒徑向跳動，大端公法線長度，軸頸硬度，磁力探傷；④轉(zhuǎn)閩器蝸軒滾輪的孔徑尺寸精度，光潔度，齒面光潔度，中間齒齒厚，齒形，齒形不對稱度；⑤循環(huán)球式滾道直徑、光潔度，滾道圓柱準(zhǔn)確度及偏差、滾道相鄰節(jié)距誤差、節(jié)草累積誤差子齒條節(jié)線與滾道中心距，齒條節(jié)線與滾道中心的不平：行度；滲碳層厚度、硬度；磁力探傷；⑦轉(zhuǎn)向器殼轉(zhuǎn)向軸孔徑，光潔度、不同心度；⑧轉(zhuǎn)向軸轉(zhuǎn)向垂臂孔徑飛光潔度、不同心度；⑨轉(zhuǎn)向軸亂與轉(zhuǎn)向垂臂孔中心距，轉(zhuǎn)向軸孔與轉(zhuǎn)向垂臂軸孔中心線的不垂直度 (2)零件的清潔度。檢測部位是轉(zhuǎn)向器殼內(nèi)表面及零件表面。檢測方法是將零件用清洗液清洗，然后將帶有雜質(zhì)的清洗液，用濾膜進行真空抽濾；再用120號工業(yè)溶劑汽油將帶有雜質(zhì)的濾膜洗凈。待清洗液揮發(fā)后將濾膜連同雜質(zhì)起稱重，用包有玻璃紙的磁鐵分揀雜質(zhì)中的鐵屑，稱得鐵屑重量。了然后將鐵屑放在40倍以士的顯微鏡上測出最犬顆粒尺寸(長X寬)。 (3)總成的滲漏。轉(zhuǎn)向器不允許有滲漏現(xiàn)象。因為在轉(zhuǎn)向器內(nèi)部的潤滑油是用來潤滑轉(zhuǎn)向部件摩擦副的，如果由于密封件損壞造成滲漏，就會影響潤滑，從而導(dǎo)致摩擦零件加劇磨損，降低轉(zhuǎn)向器的壽命；同時傳動效率也會降低。利用常規(guī)震動和+40°C加溫條件下檢查，殼體和殼蓋接合面處以及轉(zhuǎn)軸油封處是否漏油，同時浸水，觀察有否滲水現(xiàn)象。 (4)轉(zhuǎn)向器調(diào)好后應(yīng)檢查總成的技術(shù)要求時方向盤轉(zhuǎn)動靈活自如，沒有軸向間隙I方向盤的總轉(zhuǎn)數(shù)符合規(guī)定值，向左右的轉(zhuǎn)數(shù)也符合原車要求。 轉(zhuǎn)向器又名轉(zhuǎn)向機、方向機，它是轉(zhuǎn)向系中最重要的部件。它的作用是：增大轉(zhuǎn)向盤傳到轉(zhuǎn)向傳動機構(gòu)的力和改變力的傳遞方向。 全液壓轉(zhuǎn)向器 全液壓轉(zhuǎn)向器廣泛應(yīng)用于車輛轉(zhuǎn)向和船舶液壓舵。駕駛?cè)藛T通過它可以用較小的操縱力實現(xiàn)較大的轉(zhuǎn)向力控制，并且在性能上安全、可靠、操縱上靈活、輕便。 轉(zhuǎn)向器的操縱是全液壓式，也就是說在轉(zhuǎn)向柱和轉(zhuǎn)向輪之間沒有機械連接，在轉(zhuǎn)向器與轉(zhuǎn)向油缸之間是液壓管或軟管鏈接。 當(dāng)轉(zhuǎn)動方向盤，轉(zhuǎn)向器根據(jù)方向盤轉(zhuǎn)動比例輸送相對的油量，該油量直接流到操縱缸相應(yīng)一側(cè)，同時另一側(cè)的油量回到油箱。 BZZ轉(zhuǎn)向器是一種轉(zhuǎn)閥式全液壓轉(zhuǎn)向器，具有以下特點：消除機械式聯(lián)動裝置，可以降低主機成本，提供可靠輕便的結(jié)構(gòu)，操縱靈活輕便，安全可靠，可以很小的力矩進行連續(xù)無級控制轉(zhuǎn)動，提供給控制回路以及主機尺寸廣泛的選擇面，能和多種轉(zhuǎn)向油泵及液壓供應(yīng)系統(tǒng)連接。 轉(zhuǎn)向器按結(jié)構(gòu)形式可分為多種類型。歷史上曾出現(xiàn)過許多種形式的轉(zhuǎn)向器，目前較常用的有齒輪齒條式、蝸桿曲柄指銷式、循環(huán)球-齒條齒扇式、循環(huán)球曲柄指銷式、蝸桿滾輪式等。其中第二、第四種分別是第一、第三種的變形形式，而蝸桿滾輪式則更少見。如果按照助力形式，又可以分為機械式（無助力），和動力式（有助力）兩種，其中動力轉(zhuǎn)向器又可以分為氣壓動力式、液壓動力式、電動助力式、電液助力式等種類。 1）齒輪齒條式　　它是一種最常見的轉(zhuǎn)向器。其基本結(jié)構(gòu)是一對相互嚙合的小齒輪和齒條。轉(zhuǎn)向軸帶動小齒輪旋轉(zhuǎn)時，齒條便做直線運動。有時，靠齒條來直接帶動橫拉桿，就可使轉(zhuǎn)向輪轉(zhuǎn)向。所以，這是一種最簡單的轉(zhuǎn)向器。它的優(yōu)點是結(jié)構(gòu)簡單，成本低廉，轉(zhuǎn)向靈敏，體積小，可以直接帶動橫拉桿。在汽車上得到廣泛應(yīng)用。 它是以蝸桿為主動件，曲柄銷為從動件的轉(zhuǎn)向器。蝸桿具有梯形螺紋，手指狀的錐形指銷用軸承支承在曲柄上，曲柄與轉(zhuǎn)向搖臂軸制成一體。轉(zhuǎn)向時，通過轉(zhuǎn)向盤轉(zhuǎn)動蝸桿、嵌于蝸桿螺旋槽中的錐形指銷一邊自轉(zhuǎn)，一邊繞轉(zhuǎn)向搖臂軸做圓弧運動，從而帶動曲柄和轉(zhuǎn)向垂臂擺動，再通過轉(zhuǎn)向傳動機構(gòu)使轉(zhuǎn)向輪偏轉(zhuǎn)。這種轉(zhuǎn)向器通常用于轉(zhuǎn)向力較大的載貨汽車上。 循環(huán)球式：這種轉(zhuǎn)向裝置是由齒輪機構(gòu)將來自轉(zhuǎn)向盤的旋轉(zhuǎn)力進行減速，使轉(zhuǎn)向盤的旋轉(zhuǎn)運動變?yōu)闇u輪蝸桿的旋轉(zhuǎn)運動，滾珠螺桿和螺母夾著鋼球嚙合，因而滾珠螺桿的旋轉(zhuǎn)運動變?yōu)橹本€運動，螺母再與扇形齒輪嚙合，直線運動再次變?yōu)樾D(zhuǎn)運動，使連桿臂搖動，連桿臂再使連動拉桿和橫拉桿做直線運動，改變車輪的方向。 這是一種古典的機構(gòu)，現(xiàn)代轎車已大多不再使用，但又被最新方式的助力轉(zhuǎn)向裝置所應(yīng)用。它的原理相當(dāng)于利用了螺母與螺栓在旋轉(zhuǎn)過程中產(chǎn)生的相對移動，而在螺紋與螺紋之間夾入了鋼球以減小阻力，所有鋼球在一個首尾相連的封閉的螺旋曲線內(nèi)循環(huán)滾動，循環(huán)球式故而得名。 齒輪齒條液壓助力轉(zhuǎn)向器，是相對于齒輪齒條機械轉(zhuǎn)向器而言的，主要是增加了轉(zhuǎn)向油泵、轉(zhuǎn)向油壺、轉(zhuǎn)向油管、轉(zhuǎn)向閥、轉(zhuǎn)向油缸等部件，以期達到改善駕駛員手感，增加轉(zhuǎn)向助力的目的的轉(zhuǎn)向裝置。國內(nèi)經(jīng)過10多年來的發(fā)展，已經(jīng)形成成熟的研發(fā)和制造技術(shù)的廠家有豫北光洋轉(zhuǎn)向器有限公司等企業(yè)。[1] 隨著汽車工業(yè)的飛速發(fā)展以及人們對于舒適、安全性能要求的不斷提高，轉(zhuǎn)向系統(tǒng)也隨著科技的發(fā)展日新月異。就目前而言，電動助力轉(zhuǎn)向系統(tǒng)是轉(zhuǎn)向行業(yè)前沿研究項目，按照其布局形式，可以分為管柱助力、齒輪助力、齒條助力、拉桿助力、電液助力等形式。以前在一些科幻電影中才能出現(xiàn)的無人飛機、無人駕駛汽車等現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)成為現(xiàn)實，轉(zhuǎn)向系統(tǒng)也在朝著更加先進的方向發(fā)展，比如由日本JTEKT研究開發(fā)出來的先進線控轉(zhuǎn)向系統(tǒng)