水面垃圾自動打撈船的設(shè)計

水面垃圾自動打撈船的設(shè)計,水面垃圾自動打撈船的設(shè)計,水面,垃圾,自動,打撈,設(shè)計 畢業(yè)設(shè)計（論文）任務(wù)書 系 部 機(jī)械工程系 指導(dǎo)教師 宋庭新 職 稱 教授 學(xué)生姓名 張荃 專業(yè)班級 09機(jī)制一班 學(xué) 號 0915011106 論文題目 水面垃圾自動打撈船的設(shè)計 論 文 內(nèi) 容 目 標(biāo) 及 進(jìn) 度 要 求 1.設(shè)計內(nèi)容 （1）完成水面垃圾打撈船的船體結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計； （2）完成水面垃圾打撈船的打撈結(jié)構(gòu)和傳動機(jī)構(gòu)設(shè)計； 2.要求 （1）完成水面垃圾打撈船的總體結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計，繪制A0圖紙一張； （2）完成水面垃圾打撈船的打撈結(jié)構(gòu)和傳動機(jī)構(gòu)設(shè)計； （3）繪制關(guān)鍵零部件圖紙3張（A2兩張，A3一張）； （4）圖紙要求手繪1張，其余在AutoCAD或Pro/E中繪制；； （5）在以上工作的基礎(chǔ)上完成畢業(yè)論文一篇(要求打印)； （6）翻譯一篇與論文有關(guān)的外文資料（3000字左右）； 指導(dǎo)教師簽名： 年 月 日 系 部 審 核 此表由指導(dǎo)教師填寫 由所在系部審核 畢業(yè)設(shè)計（論文）學(xué)生開題報告 課題名稱 水面垃圾自動打撈船的設(shè)計 課題類型 AY 指導(dǎo)教師 宋庭新 學(xué)生姓名 張荃 學(xué) 號 0915011106 專業(yè)班級 09機(jī)制一班 本課題的研究現(xiàn)狀、研究目的及意義： 20世紀(jì)以來,隨著人口的急劇膨脹和科學(xué)技術(shù)的迅猛發(fā)展,人類的活動極大地影響著它賴以生存的環(huán)境:自然資源過度開發(fā),污染物大量排放,全球資源短缺,生態(tài)惡化,環(huán)境嚴(yán)重污染等。這些都是大自然給人類敲響的警鐘。人類在審視過去和展望未來的同時,已經(jīng)深刻認(rèn)識到環(huán)境保護(hù)對于人類的意義,解決環(huán)境問題,科學(xué)手段是必需的,但是要“標(biāo)本兼治”必須通過人類自身環(huán)保意識的提高和自覺的環(huán)境保護(hù)行動,因此,環(huán)境教育成為提高人類環(huán)境保護(hù)意識的一個有力手段和有效措施。特別是在武漢這樣的城市，湖泊較多但是污染嚴(yán)重的城市，就急需像水面自動打撈船這樣的高效的工具，來完成這項任務(wù)。其中打撈船可分為：內(nèi)河打撈船是一種小型打撈船，排水量一般為20～200噸，只配備吊桿、絞車及簡易潛水設(shè)備，用于河流、湖泊沉船、沉物的打撈；海洋打撈船是一種大型打撈船，排水量幾百噸，甚至在千噸以上，一般后者配備大型起吊設(shè)備，以及潛水、壓縮空氣、水下電焊、水下切割等設(shè)備。打撈船的特點也很明顯：一是打撈船吃力淺，定位準(zhǔn)確。有盡量多的舷高，有較寬的甲板可以布置吊桿、絞車及大型起吊設(shè)備。.二是航速高，耐波性良好，可以快速駛往打撈作業(yè)水域，盡快投入打撈作業(yè)。三是有足夠大的貨艙容量，用來儲藏打撈裝備，有的打撈船還要裝隱身,以及加鎖定速度的裝備以及打撈改裝設(shè)備。因此研究自動打撈船的意義重大，這樣不僅在科研方面可以推進(jìn)科學(xué)技術(shù)的進(jìn)步，在環(huán)境方面也可以還可以還給我們干凈的湖泊、美麗的武漢。 課題類型：課題類型： A-理論探究型 B-實踐應(yīng)用型 本課題的研究內(nèi)容： 1.完成水面垃圾打撈船的船體結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計:從總體上設(shè)計水面垃圾自動打撈裝置的機(jī)械系統(tǒng)，并畫出其總體裝配圖. 2.完成各機(jī)械零件裝置的檢驗工作:設(shè)計內(nèi)容.主要利用自己的機(jī)械設(shè)計和機(jī)械原理知識,對各機(jī)械零件進(jìn)行強(qiáng)度;剛度校核.更改相關(guān)的不合格零件。 本課題研究的實施方案、進(jìn)度安排： 實施方案：運用所學(xué)的機(jī)械原理和機(jī)械設(shè)計知識，查閱相關(guān)資料繪制船體的機(jī)械結(jié)構(gòu)裝配總圖；主要利用自己的機(jī)械設(shè)計和機(jī)械原理知識,對各機(jī)械零件進(jìn)行合理的設(shè)計，進(jìn)行強(qiáng)度;剛度校核.檢驗其是否合格. 進(jìn)度安排： 4月2號 開題報告 4月3號-4月15號 查閱相關(guān)的機(jī)械裝置的資料,并進(jìn)行概述和文獻(xiàn)綜合。 4月16號-4月30號 簡單設(shè)計數(shù)據(jù) 5月1號-5月14號 對各機(jī)械零件進(jìn)行強(qiáng)度;剛度校核.檢驗其是否合格. 5月15號-5月31號 繪制各個零件圖 6月1號-6月4號 繪制船體結(jié)構(gòu)總裝配圖 6月5號-6月7號 答辯準(zhǔn)備。 6月8號 答辯。  已查閱的主要參考文獻(xiàn)： 參考文獻(xiàn) [1]濮良貴，紀(jì)名剛主編．機(jī)械設(shè)計（第七版）．北京：高等教育出版社，2002． [2]陳秀寧，施高義主編． 機(jī)械設(shè)計課程設(shè)計．杭州：浙江大學(xué)出版社，1995． [3]吳宗澤，羅圣國主編．機(jī)械設(shè)計課程設(shè)計手冊．北京：高等教育出版社，1992． [4]濮良貴，紀(jì)名剛主編． 機(jī)械設(shè)計學(xué)習(xí)指南．北京：高等教育出版社，2002． [5]彭文生等主編．機(jī)械設(shè)計與機(jī)械原理．武漢： 華中理工大學(xué)出版社，1998．. [6]機(jī)械設(shè)計手冊 （軟件版）V3.0．北京：化學(xué)工業(yè)出版社，2005． [7]徐灝主編 .機(jī)械設(shè)計手冊[M]. 北京：機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社，2004. [8]孟憲源主編. 現(xiàn)代機(jī)構(gòu)手冊下冊．.北京：機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社,1994． [9] 王為主編． 機(jī)械設(shè)計．武漢：華中科技大學(xué)出版社 ，2007 ． [10]余清肅主編．機(jī)械設(shè)計課程設(shè)計．武漢： 華中科技大學(xué)出版社，2001 指導(dǎo)教師意見 指導(dǎo)教師簽名： 年 月 日  畢業(yè)設(shè)計（論文）學(xué)生申請答辯表 課 題 名 稱 水面垃圾自動打撈船的設(shè)計 指導(dǎo)教師(職稱) 宋庭新 申 請 理 由 畢業(yè)設(shè)計 學(xué)生所在系部 機(jī)械工程系 專業(yè)班級 09機(jī)制一班 學(xué)號 0915011106 學(xué)生簽名： 日期： 畢業(yè)設(shè)計（論文）指導(dǎo)教師評審表 序號 評分項目（理工類） 滿分 評分 1 工作量 15 2 文獻(xiàn)閱讀與外文翻譯 10 3 技術(shù)水平與實際能力 25 4 研究成果基礎(chǔ)理論與專業(yè)知識 25 5 文字表達(dá) 10 6 學(xué)習(xí)態(tài)度與規(guī)范要求 15 總 分 100 評 語 （是否同意參加答辯） 指導(dǎo)教師簽名： 另附《畢業(yè)設(shè)計（論文）指導(dǎo)記錄冊》 年 月 日  畢業(yè)設(shè)計（論文）評閱人評審表 學(xué)生姓名 張荃 專業(yè)班級 09機(jī)制一班 學(xué)號 0915011106 設(shè)計(論文)題目 水面垃圾自動打撈船的設(shè)計 評閱人 宋庭新 評閱人職稱 教授 序號 評分項目（理工類） 滿分 評分 1 工作量 15 2 文獻(xiàn)閱讀與外文翻譯 10 3 技術(shù)水平與實際能力 25 4 研究成果基礎(chǔ)理論與專業(yè)知識 25 5 文字表達(dá) 10 6 學(xué)習(xí)態(tài)度與規(guī)范要求 15 總 分 100 評 語 評閱人簽名： 年 月 日  畢業(yè)設(shè)計（論文）答辯表 學(xué)生姓名 張荃 專業(yè)班級 09機(jī)制一班 學(xué)號 0915011106 設(shè)計(論文)題目 水面垃圾自動打撈船的設(shè)計 序號 評審項目 指 標(biāo) 滿分 評分 1 報告內(nèi)容 思路清晰；語言表達(dá)準(zhǔn)確，概念清楚，論點正確；實驗方法科學(xué)，分析歸納合理；結(jié)論有應(yīng)用價值。 40 2 報告過程 準(zhǔn)備工作充分,時間符合要求。 10 3 創(chuàng) 新 對前人工作有改進(jìn)或突破，或有獨特見解。 10 4 答 辯 回答問題有理論依據(jù)，基本概念清楚。主要問題回答準(zhǔn)確，深入。 40 總 分 100 答 辯 組 評 語 答辯組組長（簽字）： 年 月 日 答辯 委員會 意見 答辯委員會負(fù)責(zé)人（簽字）： 年 月 日 6-1 畢業(yè)設(shè)計（論文）答辯記錄表 學(xué)生姓名 張荃 專業(yè)班級 09機(jī)制一班 學(xué)號 0915011106 設(shè)計(論文)題目 水面垃圾自動打撈船的設(shè)計 答辯時間 2013年6月8日 答辯地點 工--A--601 答辯委員會名單 問題1 提問人： 問題： 回答（要點）： 問題2 提問人： 問題： 回答（要點）： 問題3 提問人： 問題： 回答（要點）： 記錄人簽名 （不足加附頁） 問題4 提問人： 問題： 回答（要點）： 問題5 提問人： 問題： 回答（要點）： 問題6 提問人： 問題： 回答（要點）： 問題7 提問人： 問題： 回答（要點）： 問題8 提問人： 問題： 回答（要點）： 記錄人簽名  畢業(yè)設(shè)計（論文）成績評定總表 學(xué)生姓名： 張荃 專業(yè)班級：09機(jī)制一班 畢業(yè)設(shè)計（論文）題目：水面垃圾自動打撈船的設(shè)計 成績類別 成績評定 Ⅰ指導(dǎo)教師評定成績 Ⅱ評閱人評定成績 Ⅲ答辯組評定成績 總評成績 Ⅰ×40%+Ⅱ×20%+Ⅲ×40% 評定等級 注：成績評定由指導(dǎo)教師、評閱人和答辯組分別給分(以百分記)，最后按“優(yōu)(90--100)”、“良(80--89)”、“中(70--79)”、“及格(60--69)”、“不及格(60 以下)”評定等級。其中，指導(dǎo)教師評定成績占40%，評閱人評定成績占20%，答辯組評定成績占40%。 畢 業(yè) 設(shè) 計（論 文） 水面垃圾自動打撈船 學(xué)生姓名： 張荃 學(xué) 號： 0915011106 所在系部： 機(jī)械工程系 專業(yè)班級： 09機(jī)制1班 指導(dǎo)教師： 宋庭新 教授 日 期： 二○一三年六月 The garbage salvage ship automatically By Zhang Quan May 2013  學(xué)位論文原創(chuàng)性聲明 本人鄭重聲明：所呈交的學(xué)位論文是本人在導(dǎo)師的指導(dǎo)下獨立進(jìn)行研究所取得的研究成果。除了文中特別加以標(biāo)注引用的內(nèi)容外，本論文不包含任何其他個人或集體已經(jīng)發(fā)表或撰寫的成果作品。本人完全意識到本聲明的法律后果由本人承擔(dān)。 作者簽名： 年 月 日 學(xué)位論文版權(quán)使用授權(quán)書 本學(xué)位論文作者完全了解學(xué)院有關(guān)保管、使用學(xué)位論文的規(guī)定，同意學(xué)院保留并向有關(guān)學(xué)位論文管理部門或機(jī)構(gòu)送交論文的復(fù)印件和電子版，允許論文被查閱和借閱。本人授權(quán)省級優(yōu)秀學(xué)士學(xué)位論文評選機(jī)構(gòu)將本學(xué)位論文的全部或部分內(nèi)容編入有關(guān)數(shù)據(jù)庫進(jìn)行檢索，可以采用影印、縮印或掃描等復(fù)制手段保存和匯編本學(xué)位論文。 本學(xué)位論文屬于 1、保密 □，在 年解密后適用本授權(quán)書。 2、不保密 □。 （請在以上相應(yīng)方框內(nèi)打“√”） 作者簽名： 年 月 日 導(dǎo)師簽名： 年 月 日 附五： 畢業(yè)論文附件材料 學(xué)生姓名： 張荃 學(xué) 號： 0915011106 所在系部： 機(jī)械工程系 專業(yè)班級： 09機(jī)制1班 指導(dǎo)教師： 宋庭新 教授 日 期： 二○一三年六月 （ 1． The history of the ship Ships can refers to the voyage or anchor in waters transportation tools or homework, according to the requirements of the use of different and have different technical performance, equipment and structure. Ship in the defense, national economy and ocean development occupies very important position. Ship from prehistoric Ku wood for boat, canoe and wooden boats, 1879 years after the advent of the world's first steel ship era began, which is mainly composed of steel ships. Ship propulsion also by rely on manpower and animal power and wind power in the 19th century (i.e., a pole, paddle, sculling, against and windsurfing) development to use machine driver. In 1807, the United States of Fulton in building its first forward using paddle steamer "clay montmorillonite, speed is about 8 km/hour; In 1839, the first steam engine with propeller ship "Archimedes", host power is 58.8 kw. This propeller fully shows its superiority, and was quickly promoted. In 1868, China's first aircraft load 600 tons, the power of 288 kw steam engine warships "HuiJi" build successful. In 1894, parsons in Britain with his invention of the reaction turbine as a host, installed on the yacht "turbine Virginia", on the river Thames trial is successful, speed of more than 60 kilometers. Early steam turbine steam turbine ship and propeller is the same speed. After about 1910 years, a gear reduction, power reduction gear and hydraulic speed reducer. Marine steam turbines are adopted, for example, after this reduction drive way. In France from 1902 to 1903 in building a ship diesel engine the channel boats; Built in 1903, the Russian ship diesel engine "state" in the water. The middle of the 20th century, the diesel engine power plant become the main power plant of transport ships. Britain in 1947, the first will be used in aviation gas turbine retrofit, then install on coast yacht "lick", instead of the original gasoline engine, its host power is 1837 kw, speed to 3600 r/min, the gear reducer and propeller shaft drive. The unit weight of the device is only 2.08 kg/kw, far more than any other device and lighter. Successively, the 60 s and emerged with a combined gas turbine and steam turbine power plant of medium and large surface warship. Contemporary naval power, the stronger countries, in large and medium-sized ship, except the power big adopts steam turbine power plant, almost all use gas turbine power plant. In the civilian vessels, gas turbine efficiency is lower than diesel engine, with very little. The discovery and use of atomic energy for ship power has opened up a new way. Built in 1954, the us nuclear submarine "nautilus", the water power of 11025 kilowatts, speed 33 km; In 1959, the Soviet union built nuclear-powered icebreaker "Lenin", the power of 32340 kw; That same year, the United States nuclear-powered ship "savannah, water power of 14700 kilowatts. Existing nuclear power plant are using pressurized water reactor, steam turbine, mainly used in submarines and aircraft carriers, and in civilian vessels, didn't get development for economic reasons. 70 s ~ 80 s, in order to save energy, some countries absorb the advantage of the motorized boats, and develop a machine primarily, navigation of the ship to sail. Use electronic computers for joint control, built by the Japanese "new Ed pill" is the representative of energy-saving ship. Ancient China was a pioneer of the shipbuilding and navigation. The spring and autumn period and the warring states period had shipbuilding factory, can manufacture warships; The han dynasty have been able to manufacture with rudder ship; Tang and song period, river boats and ships have prominent development, invented the watertight door; Ming dynasty zheng he's treasure ships to the western seas seven times, in terms of scale, performance, and sailing range, is the world leading position. In modern times, the development of China's shipbuilding industry is slow. 1865 ~ 1866, the qing government successively founded the jiangnan manufacturing bureau and fuzhou ship-building bureau, built the "" "" build "sea" flat "such as warships and jiang" new "on" the "Yangtze river passenger-cargo ship. After the founding of new China, the shipping industry has made great development, build a batch of 50 s coastal passenger ships, cargo ships and tankers. In the '60 s, after China's shipbuilding capacity increase fast, appeared many type Marine ships, the Yangtze river transport ships, offshore oil development and military vessels, ocean survey ship, large Marine shipping tonnage has amounted to more than 300000 deadweight tonnage. With a few special shipping, China has been able to design and manufacture all kinds of military ship and civil ship. Vessel is made up of many parts, according to the function and purpose of each part, can be summarized as hull, ship power plant, such as ship outfitting three parts. Is the basic part of the ship hull, superstructure and can be divided into the main body part. Usually under deck on the part of the body, it is made of the hull (bottom and side) and the upper deck of a specific shape of the hollow body, is to ensure that the ship has the required buoyancy, navigation and a key part of the hull strength performance. Hull is commonly used in power plant layout, loading goods, storage of fuel and fresh water, and other various cabin layout. In order to guarantee the resistance of the hull strength, improve the ship sank and arrangement of cabin, usually set a number of strong watertight bulkhead and inner bottom, forming a certain number of watertight compartment within the main body, and set up according to the need to intermediate deck or platform, the main body level is divided into several layers. Superstructure is located in the upper deck above, from left, right side, front and back end wall and into the layers of deck, the cabin inside it is mainly used to decorate a variety of purposes, such as work room, living room, storage room, equipment cabin, etc. Superstructure, floors, and the size of the pattern for shipping purpose and scale. Ship power equipment including: propulsion -- host through the reduction gear, transmission shaft to drive the propeller (propeller is the main type); Serve for the operation of the propulsion system auxiliary mechanical equipment and systems, such as fuel pump, oil pump, cooling water pump, filter, cooler, heater, etc.; Ship power station, it for ship deck machinery and ancillary machinery and ship cabin lighting power; Other auxiliary machinery and equipment, such as boiler, blower, shipping each system of the pump, lifting machinery and equipment, maintenance tools, etc. Usually outside of the host (boiler) and are collectively referred to as auxiliary machinery. Ship outfitting include the booth structure (wall, ceiling, floor, etc.), furniture and living facilities (kitchen, health, etc.), coating and paint, doors and Windows, stairs and railings, mast, hatch cover, etc. Ships of other devices and equipment, in addition to the propulsion system, and the anchor and mooring equipment; The rudder equipment and steering gear; Life-saving equipment; Fire fighting equipment; Ship the internal and external communications equipment; Lighting equipment; Signal devices; Navigation equipment; For cargo gear; Ventilation, air conditioning and refrigeration equipment; Sea water with fresh water and life system; The ballast water system; Liquid tank of sounding system and ventilation system; Bilge water drainage system; Marine electrical equipment; Other special equipment (in accordance with the special needs of the ship). Ship classification method are many, according to purpose, navigation condition, hull number, propulsion, such as propeller classification. According to the purpose, generally divided into two major categories of military and civilian ships of the ship. Usually referred to as the ship or ships, military vessels including direct operational capability or waters protection ability called combat vessels, such as aircraft carriers, destroyers, frigates, missile boats and submarines, as well as bray, minesweeper, etc., for logistics guarantor called military auxiliary vessels. Civilian ships generally includes a carrier, engineering ship, fishing boat, port, etc. According to the ship sailing state is usually divided into displacement ships, glider, hydrofoil and hovercraft. According to the number of ship hull can be divided into single ship and multi-body, catamaran is relatively rare in multibody ship type; Can be divided by propulsion powerboat and non powerboat, stated by promoting the host type is divided into steamer (now obsolete), gas turbine, diesel engine, gas turbine ship, ship combined ship, electric propulsion ship power plant, nuclear ship, etc.; Can be divided into the ship propeller according to the ship propeller, jet boat, jet propulsion ship, wheeler, swing boat, air propeller is used only for a few hovercraft; According to the position of the engine room, engine ship with tail (the rear section of the cabin on the ship), the model ship and tail in the model; According to the hull structure materials, steel ship, aluminum alloy, wooden, wire mesh concrete boats, fiberglass boats, rubber boats, mixed structure vessel, etc. Main technical features of ship is ship's tonnage, ship principal dimensions, hull coefficient, capacity and register tonnage, body plan, ship general arrangement, hull structure and main technical specifications of equipment, etc. According to the principle of Archimedes, the weight of the hull below the waterline tier boiled water, is the buoyancy of the ship, and should be equal to the total weight of the ship. Ship is equal to the weight of air displacement. Ship's deadweight and loaded to the ship's the sum total of all kinds of load weight (weight) is variable, which is equal to the total weight of the ship. Ship load including goods, fuel oil and lubricating oil, fresh water, food, personnel, and luggage, spare parts and supplies, etc. The weight of the Usually predetermined design with a predetermined maximum range calculation loads of oil, water, food, etc., the sum of the weight of the known as the design load. When the design load of displacement or displacement is called design load displacement. Ship principal dimensions including length, design the ship line length, vertical long, wide, wide and deep, full load (design) draft, etc. Steel ship owners scale measurement refers to the amount to the inner surface of hull plate size, called type width, and depth, concrete boats, boat, etc is refers to the amount to the outer hull size. Capacity refers to the cargo volume, fuel tank, water tank, etc, it comes from the capacity on characterization of the ship loading capacity, battery life, its effect on the operating capacity of the ship. Register tonnage is left behind in the history of metrics used to measure ship loading capacity, as the basis of trading vessels, tax and service charge. Register tonnage and the load respectively reflect the cabin of the ship's capacity and bearing capacity. Although they contact with each other, but belong to different concepts. Ship the size chart is the characterization of the ship main body (including the bulwark, forecastle and poop) the shape and size of the type of surface, is one of the most important drawings to design and build of the ship. It consists of three groups chart: cross-cutting chart, half water lines and wide buttock line graph. Followed by the transverse section, water plane and profile and hull surface are cut. Ship design always is one of the main drawings to design and build of the ship, which reflect the characteristics of ship structures, shapes and sizes, all kinds of the position of the cabin and internal layout, the layout of internal stairway, deck equipment layout. General arrangement by the elevation, the deck floor plan and tank division of figure. Hull structure is reflect the structure of the hull sections, the relevant part of the hull structure is both independent and contact each other. Ship the main structure is the key to guarantee the ship longitudinal and transverse strength, usually put it into a hollow beams to carry on the design, and shipping midship section structure to reflect its parts size and specifications. Vessels are the main performance of buoyancy, stability, resistance to sink, quickness, seakeeping, maneuverability and economy, etc. Buoyancy is refers to the ship in various load cases, can float in the water and keep the first and the ability of the stern draught and freeboard. According to the equilibrium condition of gravity and buoyancy of ship, ship buoyancy is related to the load capacity and the safety of navigation. Stability refers to the ship tilted by external force leave balance position, when the external force disappears, the ship can revert to original balance position. Generally the water stability of ship is mainly refers to when heeling stability. Vessel width and waterline coefficient, freeboard, center of gravity height and side area size and height above the surface, and the stand or fall of hull opening sealing, etc., are the main factors influencing the ship's stability. Heavy resistance refers to the underbody, such as damage, still can float after the cabin flooded but not heavy and not overturn. China's song dynasty shipbuilding when they first invented the watertight bulkhead to ensure ship heavy resistance. Ship main body part of the watertight the rationality of the subdivision, subdivision of the freeboard deck values and complete the stand or fall of ship's stability, etc., are the main factors affecting the heavy resistance. Quickness is the characterization of sailing boat in calm water line speed, the performance of the relationship between it and its host power needed. It is an important technology index of the ship, the ship had a greater influence on the use effect and operating expenses. Ships rapidity involves two aspects of ship resistance and ship propulsion. Reasonably choose ship principal dimensions, hull coefficient (especially square coefficient of G and prismatic coefficient G) lines, and is the key to reducing ship resistance. Seakeeping refers to the degree of ships in waves of oscillation