CA6140后托架831001的鉆三杠孔夾具設(shè)計(jì)及機(jī)械加工工藝裝備-工裝含4張CAD圖
CA6140后托架831001的鉆三杠孔夾具設(shè)計(jì)及機(jī)械加工工藝裝備-工裝含4張CAD圖,CA6140,托架,831001,鉆三杠孔,夾具,設(shè)計(jì),機(jī)械,加工,工藝,裝備,工裝,CAD
Lathe
A lathe is a machine tool used to remove metal from the surface of a circular workpiece. The workpiece is mounted between the two centers of the lathe and rotates around the center axis. When turning the workpiece, the turning tool moves along the axis of rotation of the workpiece in parallel or with the axis of rotation of the workpiece into a bevel, to remove the metal on the surface of the workpiece. This displacement of the turning tool is called feed. Turning tool holder is clamped on the tool holder, and the tool holder is fixed on the slide. The slide plate is a mechanism for feeding the cutting tool in the desired direction. The lathe handle can be used to control the tool feed, and can also be used to achieve automatic feed with the help of special transmission device.
The largest part of the lathe is called the bed, and its two ends are respectively fitted with a headstock and a tailstock. The surface of the bed has a special guide rail, and the slide plate and tail seat can slide on the guide rail.
The two centers of the lathe are mounted in two main spindles: the live center in the headstock spindle and the dead center in the tailstock spindle.
The lathe chuck is used to clamp the work piece, its purpose is to make the work piece does not shake when turning. In general, the chucks mounted on the main shaft of the bed head box may have different sizes and constructions. If the workpiece is a complete circle, it can be clamped in the so-called three-jaw universal chuck, the chuck's three claws by rotating the spiral mechanism can simultaneously move to the middle. However, if the workpiece is a non-complete circle, four jaw independent chuck should be used.
Lathes must run at different speeds when turning parts of different materials and diameters. The gear system in the headstock enables the lathe to run at different speeds.
Before the lathe turns the workpiece, its center should be aligned, that is, the axes of the two centers must be on the same - straight line. To test the coaxiality of the lathe tip, a turning can be performed, and then the ends of the turning can be measured with a micrometer. Not all work pieces must be sandwiched between the two centers of the lathe. The turning of short work parts does not use the dead center, but simply clamps it properly on the headstock spindle.
Milling machine
A milling machine is a machine tool in which the milling cutter rotates to remove metal from the surface of the workpiece as the workpiece is fed to it. The milling cutter is mounted on the cutter shaft and positioned by bushing or bushing. One end of the tool bar is mounted on the main shaft and the other end can be rotated in a bearing mounted on the tool bar bracket.
Milling cutters are usually made of high speed steel and come in various sizes and shapes. Milling cutter can be divided into cylindrical milling cutter, end milling cutter (milling face), forming milling cutter, Angle milling cutter, three edge milling cutter, saw blade milling cutter, etc.. These cutters may be cut in different directions; for example, they may rotate clockwise or counterclockwise during cutting.
In the milling machine can process regular or irregular workpiece, the structure of the milling machine depends on the type of workpiece to be processed characteristics. According to the spindle position, milling machine can be divided into vertical milling machine and horizontal milling machine two categories. There are many types of milling machines.
According to the overall structure of the different, milling machine can be divided into lifting table milling machine, special milling machine, gantry milling machine; According to the structure of the table, the milling machine can be divided into universal milling machine and ordinary milling machine.
The main parts of the milling machine are starting handle, spindle, column, lifting platform, lifting screw, table, indexing table, speed control handle, feed handle, table moving handle, bed and knife bar support.
The spindle of the milling machine is driven by an electric motor through a series of gears mounted in the column. Ordinary milling machine table can only along perpendicular to the direction of the spindle movement, and universal milling machine in milling gear teeth, threads, etc., the table can be in the transverse slide. On the turn.
The various accessories used in the milling machine increase the processing range of the milling machine.
Dividing head is a device for equidividing the workpiece in the circumferential direction and holding the workpiece in the desired position during cutting.
Milling machines use a variety of vice to hold the workpiece, the most common being the flat jaw vice and the rotary seat vice.
Grinding machine
Grinding, or lapping, is the fastest growing method of cutting metal in manufacturing. A variety of grinders now perform many machining jobs that were previously performed by traditional milling machines, lathes and planers.
There are many general categories of grinders. The most common are tool grinder, common grinder, centerless grinder, cylindrical grinder, internal grinding machine and tool grinder.
Five types of grinding can be performed on the grinder:
(1) Plane grinding. Surface grinding is used for machining flat, angular and irregular surfaces. In surface grinding, the grinding wheel rotates on a shaft and the workpiece is mounted on a reciprocating or rotating workbench. The workpiece is driven to contact the grinding wheel with each other.
(2) Cylindrical grinding. Cylindrical grinding is the process of grinding the outer surface of a cylinder. These surfaces can be cylindrical, conical, and contoured. The operation of cylindrical grinding is similar to that of lathe turning. Circular grinding can replace lathes when the workpiece is very hard or when very high precision and high finish are required. The workpiece rotates, the grinding wheel rotates in the opposite direction to the workpiece and speeds faster, and is brought to the part in contact with the workpiece. The workpiece reciprocates with the worktable, grinding the material when in contact with the grinding wheel.
(3)Centerless cylindrical grinding. Centerless cylindrical grinders operate without central holes or clamping devices. In a centerless cylindrical grinder, the workpiece rests on a stationary knifelike plate and is supported by another wheel called a regulating wheel. On the cutter support, the grinding wheel pushes the workpiece downward and against the adjusting wheel. The adjusting wheel is often made of rubber combined with wear-resistant materials. The direction of rotation is the same as that of the driving wheel. At the same time, when the substance is a small tilt Angle, it can control the longitudinal feed of the workpiece. By changing this Angle and the speed of the grinding wheel, the workpiece feed speed can also be changed.
(4) Internal grinding machine. Internal grinders are used to complete precise machining of cylindrical, conical and shaped holes. The operation of most general purpose internal grinders is very similar to the boring operation on a lathe. A work piece is held by a work-piece fixture, usually a chuck or jaw set: the chuck is clamped and rotated by a headstock drive. -- A separate motor drives the grinding wheel in the same direction as the workpiece. It can advance and retreat the workpiece and adjust the depth of cutting.
(5) Special grinding. Special grinding machine is a kind of grinding equipment for processing special type of workpiece and special operation function.
Mechanical processing
Turning As one of the earliest metal-cutting machine tools, the turning lathe still has many useful and desirable features. These machines are now mostly used in smaller factories to make small batches rather than large ones.
In today's production shop, the plain lathe has been replaced by a wide variety of automatic lathes, such as the automatic copying lathe, the hexagonal lathe and the automatic screw lathe. Designers are now well aware of the advantages of using a single-edged tool to remove a large amount of metal margin and then using a molded tool to achieve surface finish and precision. The production speed of this process is equal to that of the fastest processing equipment in use in today's factories.
The machining deviation of the lathe mainly depends on the technical proficiency of the operator. The design engineer should carefully determine the tolerances of test parts machined by skilled workers on a plain lathe. Economical tolerances should be used when redesigning test parts into production parts.
Milling After turning and drilling, milling is undoubtedly the most widely used method of cutting metal. Milling is very suitable and easy to use in the economical production of any number of parts. In the process of product manufacture, a great many kinds of milling processes are worthy of careful consideration and selection of designers.
As with other types of machining, for parts to be milling, the tolerances should be to the tolerances that are economical to be achieved by design or milling production. If the tolerances of a part are designed to be smaller than required, additional procedures may need to be added to ensure that these tolerances are achieved - which increases the cost of the part.
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Grinding is one of the most widely used finishing methods of parts to achieve very small tolerances and very low surface roughness. At present, there are almost all kinds of grinding processes suitable for grinding. The design characteristics of a part largely determine the type of grinding required. When machining costs are too high, it is worthwhile to redesign parts so that they can be produced economically by using a cheap and highly productive grinding method. Although grinding is generally considered suitable for finishing processes, for those workpieces that are suitable for rough and finish processes by grinding, grinding is often used to complete the work without turning or other processing methods. As a result, many types of forgings and other parts can be grinding from the blank to the finished product, which can result in significant time and cost savings.
車(chē)床
車(chē)床是用來(lái)從圓形工件表面切除金屬的機(jī)床，工件安裝在車(chē)床的兩個(gè)頂尖之間，并繞頂尖軸線旋轉(zhuǎn)。車(chē)削工件時(shí)，車(chē)刀沿著工件的旋轉(zhuǎn)軸線平行移動(dòng)或與工件的旋轉(zhuǎn)軸線成一-斜角移動(dòng)，將工件表面的金屬切除。車(chē)刀的這種位移稱(chēng)為進(jìn)給。車(chē)刀裝夾在刀架上，刀架則固定在溜板上。溜板是使刀具沿所需方向進(jìn)行進(jìn)給的機(jī)構(gòu)。用于操縱車(chē)床手柄可使車(chē)刀實(shí)現(xiàn)進(jìn)給，也可以借助專(zhuān)門(mén)的傳動(dòng)裝置實(shí)現(xiàn)自動(dòng)進(jìn)給。
車(chē)床的最大部件稱(chēng)為床身，它的兩端分別裝有床頭箱和尾座。床身表面有專(zhuān)門(mén)的導(dǎo)軌，溜板和尾座可以在導(dǎo)軌上滑行。
車(chē)床的兩個(gè)頂尖分別裝在兩根主軸中:活頂尖裝在床頭箱主軸中，另一個(gè)死頂尖則裝在尾座的主軸中。
車(chē)床卡盤(pán)用于夾緊工件，其目的在于使工件在車(chē)削時(shí)不搖晃。通常，安裝在床 頭箱主軸上的卡盤(pán)可具有不同的尺寸和結(jié)構(gòu)。如果工件是一完整的圓， 可將其夾緊在所謂的三爪通用卡盤(pán)中，卡盤(pán)的三個(gè)爪靠轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)螺旋機(jī)構(gòu)能同時(shí)向中間移動(dòng)。但是如果工件系非完整的圓，則應(yīng)使用四爪相互獨(dú)立的四爪卡盤(pán)。
車(chē)床在車(chē)削不同材料和不同直徑的工件時(shí)，必須以不同的速度運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)。裝在床頭箱內(nèi)的齒輪系統(tǒng)能使車(chē)床以不同的速度運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)。
車(chē)床在車(chē)削工件前，它的頂尖要對(duì)準(zhǔn)，即兩個(gè)頂尖的軸線必須在同-直線上。為檢驗(yàn)車(chē)床頂尖的同軸度,可進(jìn)行一次車(chē)削，然后用千分尺測(cè)量車(chē)削物的兩端。并非所有的工件都必須裝夾在車(chē)床的兩個(gè)頂尖之間。短工件的車(chē)削可不使用死頂尖，而是簡(jiǎn)單的將其適當(dāng)夾緊在床頭箱的主軸上。
銑床
銑床是一種當(dāng)工件向銑刀進(jìn)給時(shí)，銑刀旋轉(zhuǎn)著從工件表面切除金屬的機(jī)床。銑刀安裝在刀桿上并由襯套或軸套定位。刀桿的一端安裝在主軸上，而另一端則可在安裝在刀桿支架的軸承里旋轉(zhuǎn)。
銑刀通常有高速鋼制成，有不同的尺寸和形狀。銑刀可分為圓柱銑刀、立銑刀(銑端面)、成形銑刀、角度銑刀、三面刃銑刀、鋸片銑刀等。這些銑刀的銑削方向可能不同，例如，在切削時(shí)，它們可以順時(shí)針轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)，也可以逆時(shí)針轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)。
在銑床可以加工規(guī)則的或不規(guī)則的工件，銑床結(jié)構(gòu)的不同取決于要加工工件的類(lèi)型特點(diǎn)。根據(jù)主軸的位置，銑床可分為立式銑床和臥式銑床兩大類(lèi)，銑床可分為許多種。
根據(jù)總體結(jié)構(gòu)的不同，銑床可分為升降臺(tái)式銑床、專(zhuān)用銑床、龍門(mén)銑床;根據(jù)工作臺(tái)的結(jié)構(gòu)，銑床可分為萬(wàn)能銑床和普通銑床。
銑床主要的零部件有啟動(dòng)手柄、主軸、立柱、升降臺(tái)、升降螺桿、工作臺(tái)、分度臺(tái)、調(diào)速手柄、進(jìn)給手柄、工作臺(tái)移動(dòng)手柄、床身和刀桿支架。
銑床主軸由電動(dòng)機(jī)通過(guò)安裝在立柱里的一系列齒輪驅(qū)動(dòng)。普通銑床的工作臺(tái)只能沿垂直于主軸的方向運(yùn)動(dòng)，而萬(wàn)能銑床在銑削輪齒、螺紋等時(shí)，工作臺(tái)可以在橫向滑板.上轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)。
銑床上所用的各種附件增加了銑床的加工范圍。
分度頭是一種在工件圓周方向上進(jìn)行等分，以及切削時(shí)把工件夾持在所需位置的裝置。
銑床用各種虎鉗來(lái)夾持工件，最常見(jiàn)的是平口鉗及旋轉(zhuǎn)座虎鉗。
磨床
磨削，或研磨加工，是制造業(yè)發(fā)展最快的金屬切削方法。很多以前由傳統(tǒng)銑床，車(chē)床和刨床作的機(jī)械加工作業(yè)，現(xiàn)在由各種磨床來(lái)完成。
磨床的總類(lèi)很多。常見(jiàn)的有刀具磨床、普通磨床、無(wú)心磨床、外圓磨床、內(nèi)圓磨床及工具磨床。
在磨床上可進(jìn)行五種類(lèi)型的磨削:
（1）平面磨削。平面磨削是用于加工平面，角平面和不規(guī)則的表面。在平面磨削過(guò)程中，砂輪在軸上旋轉(zhuǎn)，工件安裝在-一個(gè)往復(fù)移動(dòng)或轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)的工作臺(tái)上，工件被帶動(dòng)與砂輪互相接觸。
（2）外圓磨削。外圓磨削是磨削圓柱體的外表面的過(guò)程。這些表面可以是圓柱面的，圓錐形的和外輪廓曲面。外圓磨削操作類(lèi)似車(chē)床車(chē)削的操作。當(dāng)工件是很硬或當(dāng)需要極高精度和較高光潔度時(shí)，外圓磨削可代替車(chē)床。工件旋轉(zhuǎn)，砂輪與工件旋轉(zhuǎn)方向相反且轉(zhuǎn)速更快，被帶到與工件接觸的部件。工件與工作臺(tái)往復(fù)運(yùn)動(dòng)，當(dāng)與砂輪接觸就對(duì)材料進(jìn)行磨削。
(3)無(wú)心外圓磨削。無(wú)心外圓磨床運(yùn)行不需要中心孔或夾緊裝置。在無(wú)心外圓磨床上，工件停在靜止的刀形托板上，且被另一個(gè)稱(chēng)為導(dǎo)輪的輪子支撐著。在刀形支撐上，砂輪推動(dòng)工件向下，且靠在調(diào)節(jié)輪上。調(diào)節(jié)輪經(jīng)常用橡膠結(jié)合耐磨材料做成，旋轉(zhuǎn)的方向與主動(dòng)輪相同，同時(shí)當(dāng)實(shí)質(zhì)一個(gè)微小的傾斜角度時(shí)，能控制工件的縱向進(jìn)給。改變這個(gè)角度和砂輪的速度，工件的進(jìn)給速度也能改變。
(4)內(nèi)圓磨床。內(nèi)圓磨床是被用于完成精準(zhǔn)的圓柱形的，圓錐形的和成形孔的加工。大多數(shù)通用的內(nèi)圓磨床的操作與車(chē)床上的鏜孔操作非常相似。工件是被工件夾具所夾持，工件夾具通常是卡盤(pán)或套爪:卡盤(pán)夾緊由主軸箱驅(qū)動(dòng)旋轉(zhuǎn)。--臺(tái)單獨(dú)的電動(dòng)機(jī)與工件同一一個(gè)方向驅(qū)動(dòng)砂輪旋轉(zhuǎn)。它能進(jìn)退工件也能調(diào)整切削深度。
(5)特種磨削加工。特種磨床是加工特殊類(lèi)型的工件及具有特殊操作功能的磨削設(shè)備。
機(jī)械加工
車(chē)削普通車(chē)床作為最早的金屬切削機(jī)床中的一種，目前仍然有許多有用的和為人們所需要的特性?，F(xiàn)在，這些機(jī)床主要用在規(guī)模較小的工廠“中，進(jìn)行小批量的生產(chǎn)，而不是進(jìn)行大批量的生產(chǎn)。
在現(xiàn)在的生產(chǎn)車(chē)間中，普通車(chē)床已經(jīng)被種類(lèi)繁多的自動(dòng)車(chē)床所取代，諸如自動(dòng)仿形車(chē)床，六角車(chē)床和自動(dòng)螺絲車(chē)床?，F(xiàn)在，設(shè)計(jì)人員已經(jīng)熟知先利用單刃刀具去除大量的金屬余量，然后利用成型刀具獲得表面光潔度和精度這種加工方法的優(yōu)點(diǎn)。這種加工方法的生產(chǎn)速度與現(xiàn)在工廠中使用的最快的加工設(shè)備的速度相等。
普通車(chē)床的加工偏差主要依賴(lài)于操作者的技術(shù)熟練程度。設(shè)計(jì)工程師應(yīng)該認(rèn)真地確定由熟練工人在普通車(chē)床上加工的試驗(yàn)零件的公差。在把試驗(yàn)零件重新設(shè)計(jì)為生產(chǎn)零件時(shí),應(yīng)該選用經(jīng)濟(jì)的公差。
銑削除了車(chē)削和鉆削，銑削無(wú)疑是應(yīng)用最廣泛的金屬切削方法。銑削非常適合于而且也易于應(yīng)用在任何數(shù)量的零件的經(jīng)濟(jì)生產(chǎn)中。在產(chǎn)品制造過(guò)程中，許許多多種類(lèi)的銑削加工是值得設(shè)計(jì)人員認(rèn)真考慮和選擇的。
與其他種類(lèi)的加工一樣，對(duì)于進(jìn)行銑削加工的零件，其公差應(yīng)該被設(shè)計(jì)或銑削生產(chǎn)所能達(dá)到的經(jīng)濟(jì)公差。如果零件的公差設(shè)計(jì)得比需要的要小，就需要增加額外的工序，以保 證獲得這些公差一-這將 增加零件的成本。
磨削是一種應(yīng)用最廣泛的零件精加工方法，用來(lái)獲得非常小的公差和非常低的表面粗糙度。目前，幾乎存在著適合于各種磨削工序的磨削。零件的設(shè)計(jì)特征在很大程度上決定了需要采用的磨削的種類(lèi)。當(dāng)加工成本太高時(shí)，就值得對(duì)零件進(jìn)行重新設(shè)計(jì)，使其能夠通過(guò)采用既便宜又具有高生產(chǎn)率的磨削方法加工出來(lái)，以獲得經(jīng)濟(jì)效益。盡管通常認(rèn)為磨削適用于精加工工序，對(duì)那些適合于采用磨削來(lái)完成粗、精加工工序的工件，也經(jīng)常采用磨削方法完成全部加工工作，而不采用車(chē)削或者其他加工方法。因此，許多種類(lèi)的鍛件和其他零件，可以采用磨削的方法完成其從毛坯到成品的全部加工，這可以顯著地節(jié)約時(shí)間和費(fèi)用。
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