英語知識(shí)運(yùn)用 (完 形 填 空)
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1、2011年備考全國研究生入學(xué)考試英語講義 丁雪明 ? Use of English 英語知識(shí)運(yùn)用 (完 形 填 空) ? “大家好,當(dāng)你走進(jìn)我的課堂,我們便被命運(yùn)緊密地聯(lián)系在了一起。因?yàn)樵谶@里我們將吹起戰(zhàn)斗的號(hào)角!用知識(shí)與技能武裝自己的頭腦,用辛勤與汗水磨礪自己的意志,用樂觀與理智塑造自己的心態(tài)……只要我們共同奮進(jìn),配有合理的復(fù)習(xí)方法,勝利終究屬于你我!” ? 下面我們就先要走進(jìn)令大多數(shù)考生頭疼的“Use of English(完形填空)”的講解! ? 新大綱將這一部分改為“英語知識(shí)運(yùn)用”,題型仍是完形填空,出現(xiàn)在試卷的第一部分。完形填空是標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化出題方式的一種常用形式,強(qiáng)調(diào)
2、知覺、思維和動(dòng)機(jī)的結(jié)合。在英語測試中強(qiáng)調(diào)“語感”,即考查學(xué)生閱讀理解和語言知識(shí)的綜合應(yīng)用能力。 ? 第一節(jié)?? ??完形填空出題、評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和題材內(nèi)容 根據(jù)新大綱規(guī)定,完形填空滿分為10分,短文長度為240-280個(gè)詞左右,共有20個(gè)空,每空0.5分。每個(gè)空即為1個(gè)題,每個(gè)題有4個(gè)備選答案,主要測試詞匯、語法和結(jié)構(gòu)。 短文的題材涉及社會(huì)生活、人物傳記、科普、文化、史地、政治、經(jīng)濟(jì)、心理、新聞等。文章體裁多為論說文或說明文。 ? 第二節(jié)?? ??完形填空解題方法 完形填空不同于單句填空,單句雖是孤立的,但也是完整的,考生容易把握住要旨。完形填空卻是從語篇水平上測試考生對(duì)整篇文章的理解
3、能力和語言基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)的運(yùn)用能力。這就要求考生具有扎實(shí)的語言基礎(chǔ)和一定的語感能力,即在具體環(huán)境下用詞的能力。 ? 一、本世紀(jì)初經(jīng)典的啟示 ??? If a farmer wishes to succeed, he must try to keep a wide gap between his consumption and his production. He must storea large quantity of grain ??1 ??consumingall his grain immediately. He can continue to support himself and
4、his family ??2 ??he produces a surplus. He must use this surplus in three ways: as seed for sowing, as an insurance ???3 ??the unpredictable effects of bad weather and as a modity which he must sell in order to ??4 ??old agricultural implements and obtain chemical fertilizers to ??5 ??the soil. He m
5、ay also need money to construct irrigation ??6 ??and improve his farm in other ways. If no surplus is available, a farmer cannot be ??7 ??. He must either sell some of his property or ??8 ??extra funds in the form of loans. Naturally he will try to borrow money at a low ??9 ??of interest, but loans
6、of this kind are not ??10 ??obtainable.(2000年真題) 1.[A]other than ????????????? ????[B]as well as ?????????? [C]instead of ????????? [D]more than 2.[A]only if ??????????? ?????? [B]much as ??????????? [C]long before????????? [D]ever since 3.[A]for ???????????????? ?????? [B]against?????????????
7、?? [C]of ????????????? ?????? ?????? [D]towards 4.[A]replace ????????????????? [B]purchase ??????????? [C]supplement ??????? [D]dispose 5.[A]enhance ???????????????? [B]mix ?????????????????? [C]feed ????????????????? [D]raise 6.[A]vessels ????????????????? [B]routes ??????????????? [C]paths ??
8、?????????????? [D]channels 7.[A]self-confident?????????????????????????????????????? ???? [B]self-sufficient? ?? [C]self-satisfied???????????????????????????????? ? ??????[D]self-restrained 8.[A]search ?????????????????? [B]save ????????????????? [C]offer ???????????????? [D]seek 9.[A]proport
9、ion ????????????? [B]percentage ????????????? [C]rate ?????????????????? [D]ratio 10.[A]genuinely ???????????? [B]obviously ???????? [C]presumably ??????? [D]frequently (溫馨提示:請(qǐng)考生留意文中被加黑并且有下劃線的已知信息。) 【譯文賞析】 一個(gè)農(nóng)民要想成功,就必須在消費(fèi)和生產(chǎn)之間盡量保持著較大的余地。他必須存儲(chǔ)大量的糧食而不是立即把所有的糧食都吃掉。農(nóng)民只有有了余糧才能繼續(xù)養(yǎng)活自己及家人。他必須用以下三種方式來使
10、用這些余糧:留作種子用于播種,留作應(yīng)對(duì)惡劣天氣影響的保障,作為商品賣掉來替換舊農(nóng)具和購買化肥給土壤施肥。他可能還需要錢來修建灌溉水渠,或在其他方面改善自己的農(nóng)田。如果沒有余糧,他就不能自給自足,他就得要么賣掉部分財(cái)產(chǎn)要么以貸款的方式尋求額外資金。自然他會(huì)努力爭取低息貸款,但這種貸款不是經(jīng)常能夠得到的。 ? 【標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案】C,A,B,A,C,D,B,D,C,D ? 二、完形總有路可走 要使考生從所給的選項(xiàng)中選出正確的答案,使補(bǔ)足后短文的意思和結(jié)構(gòu)恢復(fù)完整,考生須從文章通篇考慮,掌握大意,綜合運(yùn)用所學(xué)到的詞匯和語法知識(shí),選出最佳答案。要做到這一點(diǎn),考生應(yīng)學(xué)會(huì)掌握一套相應(yīng)的科學(xué)解題方法,這將
11、使準(zhǔn)確率明顯提高。 1.先讀第一句,然后跳過所有空格,速讀全文。在快速瀏覽中了解信息,初步掌握全文的中心思想,確定短文的題材內(nèi)容和體裁。 注意:完形填空試題的出題特點(diǎn)是第一句不含空格,為一完整的句子。而這類短文的第一個(gè)句子通常為主題句子,為理解全文提供了重要的線索。例如: ? 1999年試題第一句:Industrial safety does not just happen. 工業(yè)生產(chǎn)安全并不會(huì)自然產(chǎn)生。(很明確,該短文將討論工業(yè)生產(chǎn)安全問題。) ? 1998年試題第一句:Until recently most historians spoke very critically of
12、 the Industrial Revolution. 不久以前,大多數(shù)歷史學(xué)家對(duì)工業(yè)革命持強(qiáng)烈的批評(píng)態(tài)度。(很顯然,本句為短文的主題句,它意味著本文將圍繞歷史學(xué)家對(duì)工業(yè)革命的評(píng)價(jià)來論述。) ? 1997年試題第一句:Manpower Inc. with 560,000 workers is the world’s largest temporary employment agency. 人力資源公司擁有56萬員工,為世界上最大的臨時(shí)就業(yè)代理機(jī)構(gòu)。(本句概括出了短文的主要內(nèi)容,它將敘述人力資源公司為什么會(huì)成為世界上最大的臨時(shí)就業(yè)代理機(jī)構(gòu)。) ? 1996年試題第一句:Vitamins
13、are organic pounds necessary in small amounts in the diet for the normal growth and maintenance of life animals, including man. 維生素為有機(jī)化合物,少量存在于食物當(dāng)中,為動(dòng)物和人類維持正常生長和生命所必需。(很顯然,本文將討論維生素的作用。) ? 以上分析說明,每一年的完形填空試題都會(huì)套用這一固定模式,考生應(yīng)掌握這一規(guī)律。 ? 2.細(xì)讀全文,邊讀邊動(dòng)手解題,找出正確答案。 ? A.????? 根據(jù)上下文意思并聯(lián)系短文中心思想,全面思考,進(jìn)行推論和判斷。
14、? B.????? 結(jié)合上下文,尋找信息詞。 信息詞包括上下文中出現(xiàn)過的詞、固定搭配、習(xí)慣用語、特定句型中有關(guān)詞語,或者相關(guān)句子。有的選項(xiàng)在孤立的語法條件下看是正確的,但如果結(jié)合上下文提供的信息來判斷,卻是錯(cuò)誤的。信息詞會(huì)直接或間接地提示我們尋找正確答案的線索。例如: ? 1)When the work is well done,a ??43 ?of accident-free operations is established where time lost due to injuries is kept at a minimum.(1999年第43題) [A] regulatio
15、n?? [B] climate?? [C] circumstance? [D] requirement ? 【獨(dú)辟蹊徑】 從上下文來看,信息詞“the work”是指上文提到的“制訂和實(shí)施安全計(jì)劃”的工作,這項(xiàng)工作做好,才會(huì)建立起一種“安全的環(huán)境”。A regulation 和 D. requirement 顯然不符合題意,而C. circumstance 指“環(huán)境,情形”時(shí)通常用復(fù)數(shù),B. climate 則有“環(huán)境、氣候、氣氛”等意義,故climate在此適合表達(dá)上下文含義。 ? 2)parisons were drawn between the development of t
16、elevision in the 20th centuryand the diffusion of printing in the 15th and 16th centuries. Yet much had happened??21? ?. As was discussed before, it was not ??22? ??the 19th centurythat the newspaper became the dominant pre-electronic ??23? ?,following in the wake of the pamphlet and the book and in
17、 the ?24? ??of the periodical. It was during the same time that the munications revolution??25? ?up, beginning with transport, the railway, and leading??26? ?through the telegraph, the telephone, radio, and motion pictures ??27? ??the 20th-century world of the motor car and the airplane. Not everyon
18、e sees that process in ??28? ?. It is important to do so. (2002年真題) ? 21. [A] between??????????? [B] before???????????????????? [C] since????????????????????? [D] later 22. [A] after???????????????? [B] by????????????????????????? [C] during??????????????????? [D] until 23. [A] means????????????
19、?? [B] method?????????????????? [C] medium????????????????? [D] measure 24. [A] process???????????? [B] pany???????????????? [C] light?????????????????????? [D] form 25. [A] gathered??????????? [B] speeded????????????????? [C] worked?????????????????? [D] picked 26. [A] on??????????????????? [B]
20、out???????????????????????? [C] over?????????????????????? [D] off 27. [A] of???????????????????? [B] for???????????????????????? [C] beyond?????????????????? [D] into 28. [A] concept???????????? [B] dimension?????????????? [C] effect???????????????????? [D] perspective ? 【獨(dú)辟蹊徑】 考生要注意文中加黑劃線的已知信
21、息,尤其是段首的幾個(gè)表示時(shí)間概念的短語:the 20th century,the 15th and 16th centuries,the 19th century。第21題所在句首有Yet(然而),表明該句與段首句有轉(zhuǎn)折邏輯關(guān)系,參看選項(xiàng),答案在句中做狀語,修飾謂語had happened,選擇A,表明在這兩個(gè)時(shí)段之間(段首句中表明)發(fā)生的事情很多。第22題出現(xiàn)在一個(gè)強(qiáng)調(diào)句式中,結(jié)合上文的時(shí)間概念,參看選項(xiàng),正確答案為D。第23題的暗示是該空白所在句子內(nèi)部的newspaper,眾所周知,報(bào)紙就是一種medium。第24題是固定搭配。第25題考查動(dòng)詞短語搭配,結(jié)合該空白所在句子中的the mun
22、ications revolution(通信革命)暗示,以及下文述及了“從運(yùn)輸方面的鐵路開始,發(fā)展到電報(bào)、、收音機(jī)和電影,一直到二十世紀(jì)的汽車和飛機(jī)”,考生可判斷這種革命是加速發(fā)展的。第26、27題是固定搭配,同樣可以從文中得到暗示,lead on though…to…。第28題仍然是固定搭配,考生分析可知,該結(jié)構(gòu)在句中做狀語,修飾謂語sees(看待),結(jié)合上下文暗示和選項(xiàng),可以得出正確答案。 ? 【譯文賞析】 人們?cè)容^過二十世紀(jì)電視的發(fā)展和十五、十六世紀(jì)印刷術(shù)的傳播。然而,在這兩個(gè)時(shí)段之間發(fā)生過很多事情。正如前面所討論過的,直到十九世紀(jì),報(bào)紙才繼宣傳冊(cè)和書之后,與期刊一起,成為電子時(shí)
23、代之前主要的傳媒。正是這段時(shí)間,通信革命加速發(fā)展,從運(yùn)輸方面的鐵路開始,發(fā)展到電報(bào)、、收音機(jī)和電影,一直到二十世紀(jì)的汽車和飛機(jī)。并不是每一個(gè)都能正確地看待這一進(jìn)程,但是這樣做是非常重要的。 ? 【標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案】A,D,C,B,B,A,D,D ? 3)Many theories concerning the causes of juvenile delinquency (crimes mitted by young people) focus either onthe individualor onsociety as the major contributing influence. Th
24、eories ? 21? ?on the individual suggest that children engage in criminal behavior ??22? ?they were not sufficiently penalized for previous misdeeds or that they have learned criminal behavior through? 23? with others. Theories focusing on the role of society suggest that children mit crimes in ??24
25、? ?to their failure to rise above their socioeconomic status?25? ?as a rejection of middle-class values. (2004年真題) ? 21. [A] acting?????????????? [B] relying ????????????????? [C] centering?? ?????????? [D] menting 22. [A] before??? ??????? [B] unless? ???????????????? [C] until???????? ????? [D]
26、 because 23. [A] interaction? ????? [B] assimilation???????????? [C] cooperation???? ??? [D] consultation 24. [A] return??? ??????? [B] reply???????? ?????? [C] reference?????? ??? [D] response 25. [A] or???????? ???? [B] but rather?? ?????????? [C] but??????? ?????????? [D] or else ? 【獨(dú)辟蹊徑】 ?
27、?? 考生要注意文中加黑劃線的已知信息,首句為該段主題句,其它句子是擴(kuò)展句。第21題的暗示來自首句的謂語focus on。第22題的暗示在于該空白前后的內(nèi)容暗示:前面講兒童犯罪,后面講他們以往的錯(cuò)誤行為沒有得到足夠的懲罰;二者之間是因果邏輯。第23題的暗示是該句述及兒童學(xué)會(huì)犯罪的途徑,空白后面有with others(與別人),結(jié)合選項(xiàng)可知正確答案為A。第24題考查固定短語搭配,結(jié)合前后內(nèi)容可以得知,空白前后仍是因果邏輯,正確答案為D。第25題為選擇邏輯,答案為A,請(qǐng)記住but rather(相反地)。 ? 【譯文賞析】 很多有關(guān)青少年犯罪原因的理論,要么把個(gè)人當(dāng)成主要的影響因素,要么把
28、社會(huì)當(dāng)成主要的影響因素。強(qiáng)調(diào)個(gè)人因素的理論認(rèn)為兒童犯罪是因?yàn)樗麄円酝腻e(cuò)誤行為沒有得到足夠的懲罰,或者因?yàn)樗麄兪軇e人的影響而學(xué)會(huì)了犯罪行為。強(qiáng)調(diào)社會(huì)因素的理論認(rèn)為兒童犯罪是因?yàn)樗麄儗?duì)自己不能提升自己的社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)地位而作出的反應(yīng),或者是因?yàn)樗麄兙芙^接受中產(chǎn)階級(jí)價(jià)值觀。 ? 【標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案】C,D,A,D,A ? 4)The human nose is an underrated tool. Humans are often thought to be insensitive smellers pared with animals, ??1? ?this is largely because,
29、??2? ?animals, we stand upright. This means that our noses are?? 3?? to perceiving those smells which float through the air, ??4?? the majority of smells which stick to surfaces. In fact, ??5? ?, we are extremely sensitive to the smells, ??6? ?we do not generally realize it. Our noses are capable of
30、??7? ?human smells even when these are ??8? ?to far below one part in one million. (2005年真題) ? 1. [A] although????????????? [B] as?????????????????????????? [C] but???????????????????????? [D] while 2. [A] above???????????????? [B] unlike???????????????????? [C] excluding??????????????? [D] besid
31、es 3. [A] limited??????????????? [B] mitted?????????????? [C] dedicated??????????????? [D] confined 4. [A] catching????????????? [B] ignoring????????????????? [C] missing?????????????????? [D] tracking 5. [A] anyway?????????????? [B] though??????????????????? [C] instead??????????????????? [D] th
32、erefore 6. [A] even if??????????????? [B] if only???????????????????? [C] only if??????????????????? [D] as if 7. [A] distinguishing????? [B] discovering???????????? [C] determining???????????? [D] detecting 8. [A] diluted??????????????? [B] dissolved???????????????? [C] dispersed???????????????
33、[D] diffused ? 【獨(dú)辟蹊徑】 ??? 考生要注意文中加黑劃線的已知信息。首句為主系表結(jié)構(gòu),為該段主題句,其意思是人類的鼻子是一個(gè)被低估的工具。這就說明,人類鼻子的功能還沒有被我們充分了解。第1個(gè)空白前面部分的意思為“與動(dòng)物相比,人類的鼻子被認(rèn)為是不敏感的”,而空白的后面給出了這種認(rèn)為產(chǎn)生的原因——我們是站立的。參看首句underrated,考生可判斷作者此處應(yīng)該選用轉(zhuǎn)折邏輯來表明“錯(cuò)誤認(rèn)識(shí)”產(chǎn)生的理由。結(jié)合選項(xiàng),可以得出正確答案為C,其中干擾項(xiàng)為A,although是讓步邏輯引導(dǎo)詞。第2題為前后暗示。第3題所在句子的主語This指代上句中的內(nèi)容,結(jié)合本句和選項(xiàng)可以得出正確答
34、案,干擾項(xiàng)為confined(被控制)。第4題前面是飄浮于空中的氣味,后面是粘附于地表的大多數(shù)氣味,結(jié)合上文暗示和選項(xiàng)得出正確答案missing(無意識(shí)地錯(cuò)過,忽略),干擾項(xiàng)為ignoring(主觀地不理睬、無知)。第5題所在句子的句首有表示強(qiáng)調(diào)、轉(zhuǎn)折的短語In fact,該句的意思與上述信息之間是轉(zhuǎn)折邏輯,考生可參看加黑劃線信息詞;該題正確選項(xiàng)為B,干擾項(xiàng)為instead,雖然該詞有“然而,相反”的意思,但是所連接的前后內(nèi)容往往是一種相互替代的關(guān)系。第6題為前后內(nèi)容暗示,考生可參看加黑劃線信息詞。第7題為動(dòng)名詞辨析,可利用上下文暗示得出答案detecting(察覺),干擾項(xiàng)為distingu
35、ishing(區(qū)分,分辨)。最后一題為動(dòng)詞辨析,結(jié)合far below one part in one million和四個(gè)選項(xiàng),可以得出答案A(稀釋),干擾項(xiàng)的意思為dissolved(溶解),dispersed(分散,疏散),diffused(擴(kuò)散,傳播)。 ? 【譯文賞析】 人類的鼻子是一個(gè)被低估的工具。與動(dòng)物相比,人類的鼻子是不敏感的,但是這很大程度上因?yàn)槲覀兪钦玖⒌?,這一點(diǎn)與動(dòng)物不一樣。這意味著我們的鼻子僅是有限度地感知到飄浮于空中的氣味,而抓不住粘附于地表的大多數(shù)氣味。不過,事實(shí)上,我們對(duì)氣味是非常敏感的,即使我們沒有普遍地認(rèn)識(shí)到這一點(diǎn)。即使當(dāng)人類的氣味被稀釋到百萬分之一以下
36、,我們的鼻子仍有能力察覺到這些氣味。 ? 【標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案】C,B,A,C,B,A,D,A ? 5)Intelligence, it ??5? , is a high-priced option. It takes more upkeep, burns more fuel and is slow ??6? ?the starting line because it depends on learning—a(n) ??7? ?process—instead of instinct. Plenty of other species are able to learn, and one of t
37、he things they’ve apparently learned is when to ??8? . (2009年真題) ? 5. [A]insists on???????????? [B]sums up?????????????????? [C]turns out????????????????? [D]puts forward 6. [A]off????????????????????? [B]behind???????????????????? [C]over??????????????????????? [D]along 7. [A]incredible????????
38、???? [B]spontaneous???????????? [C]inevitable???????????????? [D]gradual 8. [A]fight??????????????????? [B]doubt?????????????????????? [C]stop??????????????????????? [D]think ? 【獨(dú)辟蹊徑】 ??? 考生要注意文中加黑劃線的已知信息,首句為該段主題句,其它句子是擴(kuò)展句。第5題需要利用上文暗示,it指代的是上段中的實(shí)驗(yàn)研究,答案為C(證明)。第6題所在句子的主語it指代intelligence,該句為帶有原因狀語從
39、句的主從復(fù)合句,考生可以先作答第7題。因?yàn)橹橇θQ于學(xué)習(xí),而不是本能,從而考生可以判斷,第7題是對(duì)學(xué)習(xí)是一個(gè)漫長的過程這一特征的描寫,參看選項(xiàng),可以得出正確答案為D。那么第6題就是結(jié)論,參看選項(xiàng)可以得出答案A,off the starting line可譯為開始形成。第8題難度較高,考生通過上文了解作者在述及要想獲得智力,必須付出昂貴的代價(jià)。人類是通過了漫長的、漸進(jìn)的學(xué)習(xí)過程才有了今天的智力。順理成章,作者隨后要把其它的物種與人類比較。許多其它的物種能夠?qū)W習(xí)(請(qǐng)考生務(wù)必接受這一事實(shí),因?yàn)檫@是作者原話?。?。并列句后一個(gè)分句述及動(dòng)物們學(xué)會(huì)了何時(shí)去什么。這個(gè)答案必須使得最后這句話支持該段首句的意思,
40、又能突出人類為了達(dá)到今天的智力所付出的巨大的代價(jià),參看選項(xiàng)得出答案C。這就暗示了,動(dòng)物們雖然能夠?qū)W習(xí),但是它們?cè)诼L的繁衍進(jìn)化中,停止了學(xué)習(xí)這一行為,從而今天的人類永遠(yuǎn)是比其它物種聰明的,因?yàn)槿祟悰]有停止學(xué)習(xí)。 ? 【譯文賞析】 結(jié)果證明,智力是一種高價(jià)選擇。它需要花去更多的“給養(yǎng)”,消耗掉更過的燃料,緩慢地開始形成,因?yàn)檫@取決于學(xué)習(xí)——一種漸進(jìn)的過程——而不是本能。許多別的物種能夠?qū)W習(xí),而且它們已經(jīng)明顯學(xué)會(huì)的事情之一就是何時(shí)停止學(xué)習(xí)。 ? 【標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案】C,A,D,C ? C.????? 根據(jù)語法規(guī)則和語法結(jié)構(gòu)判斷。 ??語法結(jié)構(gòu)是完形填空的必考內(nèi)容,常出現(xiàn)的有主從句的關(guān)系、連
41、接詞或過渡詞的選擇、主被動(dòng)語態(tài)、虛擬語氣等。 ?注意:對(duì)于選填哪個(gè)詞,不僅要看所給4個(gè)選項(xiàng)詞的性、數(shù)、格及其在空格中充當(dāng)什么語法成分而定,而且還要看它與空格前后的詞語之間的語法關(guān)系或組合關(guān)系。 ? D.???? 根據(jù)詞語的搭配關(guān)系,包括邏輯、結(jié)構(gòu)、慣用和語義的搭配關(guān)系。 詞匯無疑是完形填空的另一個(gè)考查重點(diǎn),詞組搭配和慣用搭配可以說是每次必考。對(duì)于邏輯搭配和語義搭配須根據(jù)上下文來判斷。同義詞與近義詞的辨析也時(shí)有出現(xiàn),形似詞或音似詞等詞匯干擾項(xiàng)也很常見。有時(shí)還會(huì)出現(xiàn)有關(guān)背景知識(shí)和常識(shí)方面的選詞。 ? 3.通讀全文。 認(rèn)真檢查所選答案在內(nèi)容上、結(jié)構(gòu)上、邏輯關(guān)系上是否合理。對(duì)于曾有疑問的
42、選項(xiàng)進(jìn)一步通過上下文的理解最后敲定。 ? 第三節(jié)?? 培養(yǎng)??? 解題的三種能力 完形填空是測試考生綜合運(yùn)用語言能力的客觀題,這種語言能力表現(xiàn)在三個(gè)方面,即文章的閱讀理解能力,詞匯的語感能力,語法的應(yīng)用能力。 1.閱讀理解能力 完形填空試題的閱讀理解與單純的閱讀理解試題有所不同。這種閱讀是對(duì)抽出了若干關(guān)鍵詞匯的短文的閱讀(270字左右的短文,20個(gè)空格),這要求你能以敏銳的眼光,良好的語感在必要的時(shí)間內(nèi)從80個(gè)選項(xiàng)中準(zhǔn)確地做出選擇。考生必須在上下文環(huán)境下熟練地運(yùn)用語法知識(shí)和詞匯知識(shí),不要只是孤立地去推敲一個(gè)句子或一個(gè)填空。 通過跳過空格的首次快速閱讀,抓住文章主題,了解文章
43、主要講什么,文章體裁是論說文說明文還是敘述文。通過第二遍的細(xì)讀,把握住文章的主線和主要細(xì)節(jié),以主線和細(xì)節(jié)為線索,確定自己的解題思路。 ? 2.詞匯的語感能力 由于出題方式與所出題目的特點(diǎn),完形填空的空白正確答案選擇的根據(jù)和理由,完全存在于段落之中甚至全文之中。這種詞匯的運(yùn)用能力是在閱讀理解過程中培養(yǎng)出來的。我們所說的語感能力即是在一定的語言環(huán)境下,你對(duì)某個(gè)詞匯是否適合于放在這個(gè)位置的判斷能力。 綜合近幾年的試題,完形填空主要涉及到詞的固定搭配、習(xí)慣用語、詞形與詞義辨析。頻率高低排列為動(dòng)詞、名詞、形容詞、介詞、副詞、代詞、連詞。要培養(yǎng)這些詞匯的語感能力,唯一的辦法是將它們放到閱讀中去學(xué)習(xí)
44、、去體會(huì),而不是孤立地死記硬背。詞匯中的習(xí)慣用語和固定搭配是出題的一大重點(diǎn),包括介詞組、名詞組、形容詞組、動(dòng)詞組;動(dòng)詞+介詞;動(dòng)詞+副詞;名詞+介詞;形容詞+介詞等。在搭配關(guān)系上有邏輯搭配,習(xí)慣搭配和語義搭配等各種形式,考生須細(xì)心加以區(qū)別。 ? 3.語法的運(yùn)用能力 完形填空中的語法測試試題與常規(guī)的語法測試試題有所不同,它不是單純地測試語法,而是結(jié)合詞匯的使用和對(duì)文章的理解設(shè)定,所以是一種結(jié)合上下文的語法測試題。這種試題測試考生在語境中運(yùn)用語法與詞匯能力,而考生的這種能力普遍較弱。據(jù)統(tǒng)計(jì),平均準(zhǔn)確率為35%。 1)????????????? 動(dòng)詞、形容詞、介詞、副詞、代詞的搭配,習(xí)慣用法
45、、詞形詞義的辨析; 2)????????????? 句子的響應(yīng),主謂一致關(guān)系; 3)????????????? 名詞從句:由that(或略去that)引導(dǎo)的名詞從句;由what(=the thing that)引導(dǎo)的名詞從句;由where, why ,how, how much, how often引導(dǎo)的名詞從句; 4)????????????? 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+動(dòng)詞或被動(dòng)語態(tài); 5)????????????? 倒裝句(用only+狀語位于句首的句子等); 6)????????????? 冠詞(the, a, an); 7)????????????? 特殊狀語從句(包括主式從句、比較從句
46、、條件從句、讓步從句等); 8)????????????? 非限定動(dòng)詞: ●???? 動(dòng)詞作介詞賓語或作及物動(dòng)詞賓語; ●???? 動(dòng)詞不定式作狀語(目的,結(jié)果); ●???? 過去分詞、現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語、補(bǔ)語,分詞獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)作狀語等。 9)????????????? 邏輯接承詞:在文章中起承上啟下、邏輯轉(zhuǎn)承作用,包括對(duì)比、讓步、結(jié)果、推論、補(bǔ)充、過渡、轉(zhuǎn)折、列舉、并列、遞進(jìn)等關(guān)系,多為連詞、副詞或介詞組成。例如: ●???? 表示因果:since, as, therefore, so…that…, thus, hence, then, consequently, accordingl
47、y, in short, in brief, in sum, to conclude等。 ●???? 表示比較:by contrast, like, similarly, not so…as…, than, rather, pared with, in contrast, but 等。 ●???? 表示例舉:for example, for instance, first, firstly; next, last(ly), namely, to start with, in the first (second)place, that is, that is to say等。 ●????
48、表示并列:and, or, but, besides, likewise等。 ●???? 表示轉(zhuǎn)折:but, yet, however, anyhow, no matter, nevertheless, still, while 等。 ●???? 表示遞進(jìn):moreover, besides, next, then, further, in addition, what’s more 等。 ●???? 表示讓步:anyhow, anyway, besides, else, however, nevertheless, still, though, yet, after all, at a
49、ny rate, in any case, in spite of等。 注意:常用的幾種擴(kuò)展句和段落寫作模式關(guān)聯(lián)表達(dá)方法 ? 1)表示因果關(guān)系常用的表達(dá)方法有: because,? since,? as,? seeing that,? the reason why…, because of,? on account of , due to,? so,? thus,? hence,? therefore,? accordingly,? consequently,? so that,? as a result of,? in consequence of,? result in,? res
50、ult from,? lead to,? so…as to,? owing to,? to have an effect on,? for the reason,? in this way等。 ? 2)表示列舉或例證法常用的表達(dá)方法有: for example,? for instance,? for one thing, for another,? to illustrate,? one example is,? to begin with,? first,? second,? furthermore,? besides,? in addition,? moreover,? final
51、ly,? in conclusion,? in summary,? also,? a case in point,? as an illustration,? incidentally,? namely, that is等。 ? 3)表示比較對(duì)比關(guān)系常用的表達(dá)方法有: similarly, ?likewise, ?like, ?too, ?equally important, ?the same as, ?in mon, ?in the same way, ?on the contrary, ?on one hand, ?on the other hand, ?otherwise, ?i
52、n sharp contrast, ?whereas, ?rather than, ?conversely, ?instead, ?in/by contrast, ?but, ?however, ?yet, ?nevertheless ? 4)表示分類法常用的表達(dá)方法有: to divide…into,? to classify…into,? group…into,? to fall into classes,? there are…kinds(types, groups, classes, categories, sorts ) of,? according to,? in terms
53、 of,? depending on, at the level of等。 ? 5)表示定義常用的表達(dá)方法有: what is…?, to be defined as, to refer to, the definition of…is…, to be used to describe, in a very real sense, this is, this means, be explained, it states that, in other words, namely等。 6)表示總結(jié)關(guān)系常用的表達(dá)方法有: generally speaking, ?generally, ?a
54、s a general rule, ?in general, ?on a larger scale, ?to take the idea further, ?to take the above opinion to an extreme, ?in a sense, ?in one sense, ?in a way, ?to some extent, ?in my opinion, ?in my view, ?as for me, ?as far as I am concerned, ?obviously, ?undoubtedly, ?in terms of, ?in conclusion,
55、?in short, ?in brief, ?in summary, ?in a word, ?on the whole, ?to sum up, ?to conclude. ? 7)表示強(qiáng)調(diào)關(guān)系常用的表達(dá)方法有: ??????????? anyway, ?certainly, ?surely, ?obviously, ?to be sure, ?especially, ?particularly, ?above all, ?indeed,? in fact, ?even worse, ?needless to say, ?most important of all, ?no doubt
56、 ? 8)表示空間順序常用的表達(dá)方法有: beyond, above, under, nearby, outside, in here, across, close to, on(to, at)the left(right),? ahead of, ?in front of,? above, from, adjacent to, against, around, at the bottom, before, behind, below, beneath, between, beyond, close at hand, close to down, far, farther, in the
57、 center of, in the distance, in the middle of, nearby, near to, next to, on the opposite side, opposite to, on top of , over, under, up等。 附錄: 丁雪明老師獨(dú)家總結(jié)考研英語完形填空詞匯精粹 1.?? abate/decline/decrease/lessen/diminish 2.?? abandon/desert/forsake/betray 3.?? abide/bear/stand/tolerate 4.?? ability/petence
58、/capacity 5.?? abduct/capture/kidnap/seize 6.???abrasion/erosion/corrosion/destruction 7.???absence/presence/lack/want 8.???absurd/funny/ridiculous/stupid 9.???college/university/school/institute 10.?? acceptable/suitable/appropriate/fit 11.?? access/admission/approach/entrance/gateway 12.??
59、 accident/incidence/event/occurrence/incident 13.?? acmodation/boarding/lodging/provision 14.?? acplish/achieve/provision 15.?? accord/conform/confer/endow 16.?? account/check/statement 17.?? accumulate/collect/gather/amass/assemble 18.?? accuse/blame/charge 19.?? ache/pain/hurt/grief 20.??
60、acknowledge/admit/confess/avow 21.?? acquaint/inform/notify/enlighten 22.?? acquire/achieve/gain/attain 23.?? acute/intense/strong/violent 24.?? action/act/activity 25.?? acute/keen/sharp/penetrating 26.?? adapt/adjust/alter/suit/acmodate/reconcile 27.?? additional/extra/supplementary/subsidi
61、ary 28.?? adequate/enough/sufficient/ample 29.?? adhere/attach/cling/fasten 30.?? admiration/adoration/affection/appreciation 31.?? adolescent/teenager/youth/youngster 32.?? adore/beautify/decorate 33.?? adventure/danger/venture/risk 34.?? advocate/support/propose/uphold 35.?? affair/busines
62、s/matter/thing 36.?? afford/sustain/provide/offer 37.?? agitate/stir/provide/offer 38.?? agony/distress/misery/grief 39.?? aggression/attack/invasion/violation 40.?? aim/goal/object/purpose 41.?? alleviate/soothe/relieve/palliate 42.?? alliance/association/connection 43.?? alone/lone/lonely/
63、lonesome/desolate/isolated 44.?? allowance//pay/wage/ine/salary 45.?? almost/nearly/about/approximately 46.?? alter/modify/adjust/adapt 47.?? alternative/selection/choice 48.?? although/though/while/however 49.?? altitude/elevation/height 50.?? amaze/astonish/bewilder/surprise 51.?? ambiguou
64、s/obscure/vague/doubtful 52.?? amusement/entertainment/pastime/relaxation/enjoyment 53.?? anger/indignation/rage/fury 54.?? annoyance/nuisance/irritation/trouble 55.?? announce/declare/inform/notify 56.?? anticipate/expect/predict/look forward to 57.?? appraisal/evaluation/assessment 58.?? ap
65、preciable/considerable/marked/appreciative 59.?? amend/correct/modify/revise 60.?? applaud/cheer/greet/hail 61.?? argue/debate/dispute/ discuss 62.?? arouse/excite/encourage/inspire 63.?? arise/appear/occur/happen/take place 64.?? assault/attack/strike/offend/condemn 65.?? assume/presume/prop
66、ose 66.?? assure/ensure/insure 67.?? astonish/amaze/astound/surprise 68.?? attack/assail/assault 69.?? avoid/evade/shun/shrink 70.?? available/handy/convenient 71.?? avenge/revenge/retaliate/vindicate 72.?? ban/forbid/prohibit 73.?? award/goal/prize/reward 74.?? awkward/clumsy/unskillful/embarrassed 75.?? bare/empty/vacant/void 76.?? begin/initiate/launch/stimulate 77.?? beloved/precious/cherished/adored 78.?? believe/consider/deem/think 79.?? bereave/deprive/divest/rob 80.?? blam
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