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1、 九、詞句猜測—— 代詞指代題 (2018·常州期末) GPS technology is one of the latest and greatest developments within the communications world.Also known as a “global positioning system”，this technology works off of radio signals sent out by satellites in space.Since a cell phone already works like a two-way radi

2、o when communicating with cell towers，the GPS capability simply extends the radio signal reach to space satellites.Phones equipped with full-featured capabilities work off of Java-based radio signals and have database access to their providers’ system for other data like mapping and voices.Location

3、tracking，and giving directions to and from destinations are some of the more common uses for this technology. GPS navigational systems are supported by a network of 27 satellites.These satellites orbit the Earth in cyclic patterns 24 hours a day.At any given time，a minimum of four satellites signal

4、s is accessible to any one point on Earth.Whenever a receiver device is activated，radio waves with coded messages are sent out to it.This is how satellites know to start tracking the device.A receiver’s exact location is determined through a process called trilateration(三邊測量法) where three satellites

5、 work together to narrow down possible location points.A fourth satellite is needed if the receiver isn’t on the ground and altitude is wanted as well.Distance calculations are made based on how long it takes the radio signals to travel back and forth between receiver and satellites.The mapping capa

6、bilities are displayed on the phone’s screen via the cell provider’s database. As a GPS device needs to do all kinds of calculations on different data from satellites and provider’s database，it consumes time.So it can take quite a few seconds for a regular GPS to work out a plan.An assisted GPS can

7、 help solve the problem.It is an improved technology that uses a cell network’s Assistance Server which is connected to a reference network such as the Internet.Through the use of cell towers，a phone relays satellite signal information to the servers.These servers are able to process incoming data a

8、t much higher rates than GPS receivers，so information is processed quicker，and is typically more accurate. 1．What does the underlined word “their” refer to? A．Satellites’. B．Phones’． C．Signals’. D．Capabilities’． 答案　B 解析　代詞指代題。這個句子涉及到長難句的分析，equipped with...作為定語修飾phones，and連接兩個并列的謂語，一個是work

9、 off，一個是have，所以and 后面的句子其實是 phones have database access to their providers’ system...，即their指代“手機的”。 2．Which of the following is TRUE according to the information in the text? A．Phone GPS is a new technology unrelated to a cell phone’s original functions. B．A mobile phone works as a signal receiv

10、er and processor in phone GPS system. C．Each mobile phone is assigned four fixed satellites for their coded messages. D．Mapping capabilities and distance calculations are affected by the speed of radio signals. 答案　B 解析　推理判斷題。根據(jù)最后一段最后兩句可知，手機在GPS系統(tǒng)中的作用為信號的接收者和加工者。故選B。 3．What do we know about the

11、Assistance Server in the Assisted GPS? A．It can speed up calculating process of a regular GPS receiver. B．It is part of the cell network directly connected to the Internet and the phone. C．It has a better functioning performance in processing received radio signals. D．It helps the Assisted GPS t

12、o receive different data more accurately in bad conditions. 答案　C 解析　推理判斷題。根據(jù)最后一段前三句可知，GPS設(shè)備需要對來自衛(wèi)星和供應商數(shù)據(jù)庫的數(shù)據(jù)進行各種計算，它需要耗費時間，而輔助服務器幫助解決了這個問題，因此可以說它在處理接收到的信號這一功能上表現(xiàn)更好。 一、題型解讀 代詞指代題常出現(xiàn)在人物或事物變換多，動作轉(zhuǎn)換頻繁的語境中，考生應根據(jù)語境判斷人稱代詞、不定代詞和指示代詞。有時也會考查定語從句中關(guān)系代詞的指代內(nèi)容。設(shè)問形式常有： 1．What does the underlined word “this/i

13、t/them/which...” refer to? 2．The underlined part “it/that/they/which...”in Paragraph...refers to . 二、解題技巧——“就近原則”判指代 第一步：明確代詞所指代內(nèi)容的位置 代詞永遠出現(xiàn)在原詞之后，故代詞所指代的內(nèi)容在這一句的前面一句中，或者前幾句中。 第二步：熟悉代詞的含義 1．it/this/that可指代一件事。 2．it/he/them/they/one/those指上文提到的人或物。 3．which/that/who等關(guān)系代詞指代其所修飾的先行詞，非限制性定語

14、從句中which可指代前面整句話的內(nèi)容。 第三步：替換核實再比較 1．用所找的指代內(nèi)容替換畫線代詞，核實句意是否合理，前后內(nèi)容是否一致。 2．比較所指代部分與選項，確定意思最接近的選項。 例如：【感悟體會】中1題，畫線單詞所在的句子為“Phones equipped with full-featured capabilities work off of Java-based radio signals and have database access to their providers’．..”可知整個句子的主語是Phones，故their就相當于Phones’。 A (20

15、18·河南新鄉(xiāng)二模) Throughout the past few years，I have tried to give myself to others.I have bounced around to find where I truly fit in.I found my place while I stayed in Guatemala，an orphanage(孤兒院)，with the children living there.Through hearing many stories of their lives，I was moved to tears and starte

16、d to question my living ways and gave up everything that wasn’t essential：7makeup and any other sort of luxury(奢侈品)．I lived like they did.It was the most relaxing feeling in the world. When at Nuestros Pequenos Hermanos，we were given the task of creating a pig 8pen.At first，I thought it should be e

17、asy.After arriving at the area where the pig pen should be，we saw a hill.We were told to 1uproot the weeds as well as level the entire area.Looking at it，we felt it would be impossible.On my own faith journey，I have felt this type of doubt before.The “hole”，as we referred to，is a symbol of my faith

18、journey.It appeared to be an 2obstacle I could not overcome，but in the end I completed it with efforts.I feel this pig pen wasn’t easy to create but was so rewarding to give. I’ve always struggled to be on a journey of faith，but I’ve never completely stepped foot onto the path until Guatemala.I’ve

19、always tried to open my heart to everyone around me and give them my love.I feel as though I cut open my heart and share every bit of love I had with these orphans.There is one orphan named Ceto who will always remain very close to my heart.In Guatemala，I sponsor with thirty dollars a month，but it d

20、oesn’t seem enough.I’ll return there next summer and give more of my love for a whole month. When it was time to leave，I looked out of the window and saw not just ordinary children.Overall，the most significant accomplishment I made in Guatemala was stepping towards my own faith journey and not look

21、ing back. 語篇解讀　本文是一篇記敘文。文章主要講述了作者在危地馬拉期間，改變了自己的生活，從而改變了自己的人生。 1．What resulted in the author’s decision to live a new life? A．Desire to help others. B．Decrease in his income. C．A knowledge of the orphans’ life. D．Awareness of the difficulty in his life. 答案　C 解析　細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段中的“I found my pl

22、ace while I stayed in Guatemala，an orphanage (孤兒院)，with the children living there.Through hearing many stories of their lives，I was moved to tears and started to question my living ways and gave up everything that wasn’t essential”可知，作者了解到孤兒的生活之后，決定改變自己的生活。故選C。 2．What does the underlined word “it”

23、in Paragraph 2 refer to? A．Removing the doubt. B．Uprooting the weed. C．Starting the faith journey. D．Creating the pig pen. 答案　D 解析　代詞指代題。根據(jù)畫線詞后面的“I feel this pig pen wasn’t easy to create but was so rewarding to give.”可以猜測出，it代指建造豬圈這件事。故選D。 3．What did the author think of his experience in Gua

24、temala? A．It was regretful. B．It was meaningful. C．It was interesting. D．It was frightening. 答案　B 解析　推理判斷題。根據(jù)最后一段中的“Overall，the most significant accomplishment I made in Guatemala was stepping towards my own faith journey and not looking back.”可以推斷出，作者認為在危地馬拉的經(jīng)歷是有意義的。故選B。 4．What may be the be

25、st title for the text? A．A Step into a New World B．An Awful Faith Journey C．A Great Success in Life D．A Return of Confidence 答案　A 解析　標題歸納題。根據(jù)最后一段中的“Overall，the most significant accomplishment I made in Guatemala was stepping towards my own faith journey and not looking back.”可以推斷出，在危地馬拉期間，作者改變

26、了自己的生活，從而改變了人生。故用A Step into a New World作為本文的標題最佳。故選A。 B (2018·內(nèi)蒙古包頭一模) Vinegar is great.It makes salad，fries and dumplings taste better，and you can even clean your windows with it.And now，according to scientists，it may even help the planet’s population survive climate change.Researchers from the

27、 RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science (CSRS) in Japan proved that.They found growing plants in vinegar makes them more resistant to droughts.This could mean that in the future，worries about climate change affecting the world’s supply of food will be much lower. The discovery was made after

28、 the researchers studied the Arabidopsis，a plant known for its ability to survive in dry weather.It was found that when the plant was placed in drought-like conditions，it produced a chemical called acetate(醋酸鹽)—the main 3component of vinegar. After discovering this，the scientists experimented furth

29、er by adding acetate to the soil of other plants before they stopped giving them water completely.After leaving the plants for 14 days，they found that the ones treated with acetate had survived，while the untreated plants had dried up and died. It’s hoped that this simple method of survival could so

30、on be used to help farmers in dry countries keep their crops alive.“In the experiment，we targeted the 4staple foods of the world—rice，wheat and maize...and proved successful，” Jong Myong Kim，co-author of the study，told Popular Science magazine. Kim has already been in touch with people around the w

31、orld who are interested in trying this simple and cost-effective method out for themselves from farmers to companies and 5amateur gardeners.“Now we are trying to cooperate with them to make a method to apply this system，and make the process as simple as possible，” he said.Hopefully this means the en

32、d of hunger caused by bad weather in the future. 語篇解讀　本文是一篇科普類文章。文章主要介紹了日本科學家們近期發(fā)現(xiàn)了一個有意思的現(xiàn)象：給植物加點“醋”，植物就能變得更耐旱…… 5．What does the underlined word “that” in Paragraph 1 refer to? A．Vinegar may help creatures survive bad weather. B．Vinegar is found in plants by Japanese scientists. C．Vinegar is

33、very useful for cooking a good meal. D．Vinegar is mainly used by people to clean houses. 答案　A 解析　代詞指代題。根據(jù)畫線詞前一句“And now，according to scientists，it may even help the planet’s population survive climate change.”可以判斷出that指代的是醋可以幫助生物更好地適應氣候的變化。故選A。 6．Scientists in Japan find from their studies that

34、 . A．the Arabidopsis could survive in dry weather because of the shape B．soil condition could be changed by pouring vinegar continually C．the acetate can be used by farmers to replace the soil D．the plants treated with acetate could survive dry conditions 答案　D 解析　細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段倒數(shù)第二句“They f

35、ound growing plants in vinegar makes them more resistant to droughts.”可知，在酸性環(huán)境下生長的植物更加耐旱。故選D。 7．What can we infer from the last paragraph? A．It’s too difficult for farmers to accept the method. B．How to decrease the cost is the main issue. C．The method is 6promising especially in agriculture. D

36、．Keeping plants alive means a lot for scientists. 答案　C 解析　推理判斷題。根據(jù)最后一段尤其是最后一句“Hopefully this means the end of hunger caused by bad weather in the future.”可以推斷出這種方法尤其在農(nóng)業(yè)上很有前景。故選C。 8．Which of the following can be the best title for the text? A．Japanese Scientists Find a Plant B．Vinegar Could End

37、Hunger C．Vinegar and Food D．Plants Need Water 答案　B 解析　標題歸納題。根據(jù)全文大意可知，科學家們研究發(fā)現(xiàn)醋更能夠讓植物適應各種惡劣的氣候，提高糧食的產(chǎn)量，從而消除饑餓。所以用Vinegar Could End Hunger作為題目較為合適，故選B。 Ⅰ.障礙詞匯突破 (一)閱讀下列句子，并根據(jù)句意猜測畫線部分的意思 1．This morning when we were walking along the street，we found many fallen trees which were uprooted by the

38、storm.連根拔起；根除 2．Most competition cars will only roll over if they hit an obstacle.障礙；障礙物 3．Hydrogen is a key component of fuel cells.組成部分，成分 4．Wheat may be Pakistan’s staple food，and milky tea is the national drink.主要的 5．At the time，I was playing as an amateur for Cambridge University against pr

39、ofessional county teams.業(yè)余愛好者 (二)同義詞語替換 6．We’re trying to bring along several promising young football players.hopeful (三)一詞多義 7．makeup n．化妝品；組成 (1)Even the genetic makeup of the virus is under debate.組成 (2)Normally she wore little makeup，but this evening was clearly an exception. 化妝品 8．pen v

40、．撰寫；把……關(guān)起來；n.鋼筆；(圍養(yǎng)家畜的)圈 (1)The animals were penned up in cages.把……關(guān)起來 (2) I really intended to pen this letter to you early this morning.撰寫 (3)Take a piece of paper and a pen and try to figure out how you know when your values are fulfilled.鋼筆 (4)A pen is a small area with a fence around it in

41、 which farm animals are kept for a short time. (圍養(yǎng)家畜的)圈 Ⅱ.長難句理解 1．Through hearing many stories of their lives，I was moved to tears and started to question my living ways and gave up everything that wasn’t essential：makeup and any other sort of luxury(奢侈品)． [句式分析]　本句話是一個并列句，第一個and前的簡單句是主系表結(jié)構(gòu)；第二、三

42、個and后的簡單句與前面的句子主語一致，故省略了主語I，且這兩個簡單句為主謂賓結(jié)構(gòu)；that wasn’t essential：makeup and any other sort of luxury為定語從句，修飾限定everything。 [精美譯文]　因為聽了關(guān)于他們生活的很多故事，我感動得留下了眼淚，開始質(zhì)疑自己的生活方式并且放棄了所有不必要的東西：化妝品和其他的奢侈品。 2．After leaving the plants for 14 days，they found that the ones treated with acetate had survived，while the

43、 untreated plants had dried up and died. [句式分析]　本句話是一個并列句，由并列連詞while連接，前后表示對比關(guān)系。while前面的句子是主謂賓結(jié)構(gòu)，其賓語為賓語從句that the ones treated with acetate had survived，在賓語從句中treated with acetate作定語，修飾the ones；while后面的句子是主謂結(jié)構(gòu)。 [精美譯文]　丟下這些植物不管14天后，他們發(fā)現(xiàn)那些加了醋酸鹽的植物活了下來，而未加醋酸鹽的植物都干死了。 專題強化練(二十三) Ⅰ.單項填空 1．In some pl

44、aces women are expected to earn money men work at home and raise their children. A．but B．while C．because D．though 答案　B 解析　while在此意為“而，卻”，用來表示前后對照，比較。 2．As can be seen from the Bible，helping others in trouble is a good quality， you will be able to benefit a variety of valuable

45、 riches from. A．it B．that C．what D．one 答案　D 解析　句意為：從《圣經(jīng)》上可以得知，幫助那些處在困難中的人是一種良好的品質(zhì)，你可以從中獲得各種有價值的財富?？崭裉幣c前句中的a good quality構(gòu)成同位關(guān)系，one后面省略了which/that，所以選擇D項。 3．Our new house warm in winter and cool in summer. A．feels B．is felt C．finds D．is found 答案　A 解析　feel作系動詞后接形容詞時，如果主語是人，則fee

46、l用其主動意義，表示主語的感覺；如果主語是物，則feel用主動形式表示被動意義，指主語(物)被接觸后給接觸者(人)的感覺。 4．He’s sometimes hot-tempered，but he’s a good fellow . A．a(chǎn)t heart B．in heart C．with heart D．by heart 答案　A 解析　句意為：他有時脾氣暴躁，但他本質(zhì)上是個好人。at heart在內(nèi)心，本質(zhì)上；in heart情緒高昂；with heart真心地；by heart用心記住。 5．Most insurance agents would ra

47、ther you anything until they investigate the situation. A．do B．didn’t do C．don’t do D．hadn’t done 答案　B 解析　would rather后面所跟的從句用虛擬語氣，而根據(jù)句子時態(tài)，此處應選擇用過去時表示對現(xiàn)在或?qū)淼奶摂M語氣，故答案是B。 6．It’s the first time that she has been to the United States， ？ A．isn’t she B．isn’t it C．hasn’t she

48、D．hasn’t it 答案　B 解析　本句的主句是“It’s the first time”，后面的that從句是主語從句，該句是一個反意疑問句，反問部分的具體表達方式應該根據(jù)句子的主句判斷而不是主語從句。 7． great was the destruction that the economy took several years to recover. A．Too B．So C．Such D．Very 答案　B 解析　本句是so...that...結(jié)構(gòu)的倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)，該句的正常語序應該是“The destruction was so great that

49、 the economy took several years to recover.”。 8．—Do you know anything new about the incident? —A working party to look into the problem. A．was set up B．has been set up C．has been setting up D．is setting up 答案　B 解析　首先確定主語是a working party，與set up是動賓關(guān)系，因此應為被動語態(tài)；另外根據(jù)句意，表示說話時已經(jīng)完成的動作，故用

50、現(xiàn)在完成時的被動語態(tài)。 9．This man along with his daughters always the largest fish. A．catch B．catches C．a(chǎn)re catching D．were catching 答案　B 解析　句子的真正主語是this man，而along with...只是跟在后面的介詞短語，所以謂語應用第三人稱單數(shù)形式。 10．By the time you get to Greenwich you the most historic parts of London. A．will

51、be seeing B．will see C．a(chǎn)re going to see D．will have seen 答案　D 解析　根據(jù)“by the time＋從句”結(jié)構(gòu)可知，主句常與完成時連用。此處從句用一般現(xiàn)在時，故主句用將來完成時。 Ⅱ.閱讀理解 A (2018·湖南三十四校聯(lián)考) Here is a record of the discussion about AI (artificial intelligence) conducted by several scientists： Scientist A：I would say that we are quit

52、e a long way off developing the AI，though I do think it will happen within the next thirty or forty years.We will probably remain in control of technology and it will help us solve many of the world’s problems.However，no one really knows what will happen if machines become more intelligent than huma

53、ns.They may help us，ignore us or destroy us.I tend to believe AI will have a positive influence on our future lives，but whether that is true will be partly up to us. Scientist B：I have to admit that the potential consequences of creating something that can match or go beyond human intelligence frig

54、hten me.Even now，scientists are teaching computers how to learn on their own.At some point in the near future，their intelligence may well take off and develop at an ever-increasing speed.Human beings evolve biologically very slowly and we would be quickly substituted.In the short term，there is the d

55、anger that robots will take over millions of human jobs，creating a large underclass of unemployed people.This could mean large-scale poverty and social unrest.In the long term，machines might decide the world would be better without humans. Scientist C：I’m a member of the Campaign to Stop Killer Rob

56、ots.Forget the movie image of a terrifying Terminator stamping on human skulls(頭骨) and think of what’s happening right now：military machines like drones，gun turrets and sentry robots are already being used to kill with very little human input.The next step will be autonomous “murderbots” following o

57、rders but finally deciding who to kill on their own.It seems clear to me that this would be completely unethical and dangerous for humans.We need to be very cautious indeed about what we ask machines to do. 11．What is Scientist B worried about? A．AI technology will destroy the earth. B．Computer

58、s can’t think by themselves. C．Robots will take the place of humans. D．Humans will be unhappy without machines. 答案　C 解析　推理判斷題。根據(jù)第三段中的“In the short term，there is the danger that robots will take over millions of human jobs，creating a large underclass of unemployed people.This could mean large-sca

59、le poverty and social unrest.”可知，科學家B擔心機器人會代替人類，造成人類失業(yè)、貧窮和社會動蕩。故選C。 12．What does the underlined word “this” in the last paragraph refer to? A．The Campaign to Stop Killer Robots. B．The movie image of a terrifying Terminator. C．“Murderbots” can’t decide by themselves. D．“Murderbots” will be again

60、st humans’ orders. 答案　D 解析　代詞指代題。根據(jù)畫線詞前一句“The next step will be autonomous ‘murderbots’ following orders but finally deciding who to kill on their own.”可知，自動“殺人機器人”服從人類的命令，但最后殺死誰由他們自己決定。句中this指“殺人機器人不服從人類的命令”。故選D。 13．Which statement is CORRECT according to the record? A．Scientist A thinks AI tec

61、hnology will never develop. B．The employment will be affected by AI technology in the future. C．“Murderbots” will follow the orders of their manufacturers in the wars. D．All the three scientists agree that AI technology will benefit human beings. 答案　B 解析　細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段中的“In the short term，there is

62、 the danger that robots will take over millions of human jobs，creating a large underclass of unemployed people.”可知，機器人的發(fā)展會代替人類工作，造成人類失業(yè)。也就是說，未來人工智能技術(shù)將會影響就業(yè)。故選B。 14．Who agree(s) AI has more negative aspects than positive aspects? A．Scientist A. B．Scientist B. C．Scientists B & C. D．Scientists B

63、 & A. 答案　C 解析　推理判斷題。根據(jù)第二段中的“I tend to believe AI will have a positive influence on our future lives”可知，科學家A認為人工智能的積極因素比消極因素多。根據(jù)第三段中的“...there is the danger that robots will take over millions of human jobs，creating a large underclass of unemployed people.This could mean large-scale poverty and soc

64、ial unrest.”和第四段中的“It seems clear to me that this would be completely unethical and dangerous for humans.We need to be very cautious indeed about what we ask machines to do.”可知，科學家B和科學家C認為人工智能的消極因素比積極因素多。故選C。 B (2018·南京三模) There are plenty of good reasons for a young person to choose to go to uni

65、versity：intellectual growth，career opportunities，having fun.Around half of school-leavers in the rich world now do so，and the share is rising in poorer countries，too. Governments are keen on higher education，seeing it as a means to increase social mobility and economic growth.But they tend to overe

66、stimate the benefits and ignore the costs of expanding university education.Often，public money just feeds the arms race for qualifications. As more young people seek degrees，the returns both to them and to governments are lower.Employers demand degrees for jobs that never required them in the past and have not become more demanding since.In a desperate attempt to stand out，students are studying even longer，and delaying work，to obtain master’s degrees. Spending on universities is usually justif