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立體車庫
一、立體車庫概述
車輛無處停放的問題是城市的社會(huì)、經(jīng)濟(jì)、交通發(fā)展到一定程度產(chǎn)生的結(jié)果，立體停車設(shè)備的發(fā)展在國(guó)外，尤其在日本已有近30~40年的歷史，無論在技術(shù)上還是在經(jīng)驗(yàn)上均已獲得了成功。我國(guó)也于90年代初開始研究開發(fā)機(jī)械立體停車設(shè)備，距今已有十年的歷程。由于很多新建小區(qū)內(nèi)住戶與車位的配比為1:1，為了解決停車位占地面積與住戶商用面積的矛盾，立體機(jī)械停車設(shè)備以其平均單車占地面積小的獨(dú)特特性，已被廣大用戶接受。機(jī)械車庫與傳統(tǒng)的自然地下車庫相比，在許多方面都顯示出優(yōu)越性。首先，機(jī)械車庫具有突出的節(jié)地優(yōu)勢(shì)。以往的地下車庫由于要留出足夠的行車通道，平均一輛車就要占據(jù)40平方米的面積，而如果采用雙層機(jī)械車庫，可使地面的使用率提高80％—90％，如果采用地上多層（21層）立體式車庫的話，50平方米的土地面積上便可存放40輛車，這可以大大地節(jié)省有限的土地資源，并節(jié)省土建開發(fā)成本。 機(jī)械車庫與地下車庫相比可更加有效地保證人身和車輛的安全，人在車庫內(nèi)或車不停準(zhǔn)位置，由電子控制的整個(gè)設(shè)備便不會(huì)運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)。應(yīng)該說，機(jī)械車庫從管理上可以做到徹底的人車分流。在地下車庫中采用機(jī)械存車，還可以免除采暖通風(fēng)設(shè)施，因此，運(yùn)行中的耗電量比工人管理的地下車庫低得多。機(jī)械車庫一般不做成套系統(tǒng)，而是以單臺(tái)集裝而成。這樣可以充分發(fā)揮其用地少、可化整為零的優(yōu)勢(shì)，在住宅區(qū)的每個(gè)組團(tuán)中或每棟樓下都可以隨機(jī)設(shè)立機(jī)械停車樓。這對(duì)眼下車庫短缺的小區(qū)解決停車難的問題提供了方便條件。目前，立體車庫主要有以下幾種形式：升降橫移式、巷道堆垛式、垂直提升式、垂直循環(huán)式、箱型水平循環(huán)式、圓形水平循環(huán)式。
(一）升降橫移式升降橫移式
升降橫移式立體車庫采用模塊化設(shè)計(jì)，每單元可設(shè)計(jì)成兩層、三層、四層、五層、半地下等多種形式，車位數(shù)從幾個(gè)到上百個(gè)。此立體車庫適用于地面及地下停車場(chǎng)，配置靈活，造價(jià)較低。
1. 產(chǎn)品特點(diǎn)：
1) 節(jié)省占地，配置靈活，建設(shè)周期短。
2) 價(jià)格低，消防、外裝修、土建地基等投資少。
3) 可采用自動(dòng)控制，構(gòu)造簡(jiǎn)單，安全可靠。
4) 存取車迅速，等候時(shí)間短。
5) 運(yùn)行平穩(wěn)，工作噪聲低。
6) 適用于商業(yè)、機(jī)關(guān)、住宅小區(qū)配套停車場(chǎng)的使用。
2. 安全裝置：防墜裝置，光電傳感器、限位保護(hù)器、急停開關(guān)等
（二） 巷道堆垛式
巷道堆垛式立體車庫采用堆垛機(jī)作為存取車輛的工具，所有車輛均由堆垛機(jī)進(jìn)行存取，因此對(duì)堆垛機(jī)的技術(shù)要求較高，單臺(tái)堆垛機(jī)成本較高，所以巷道堆垛式立體車庫適用于車位數(shù)需要較多的客戶使用。
（三）垂直提升式立體車庫
垂直提升式立體車庫類似于電梯的工作原理，在提升機(jī)的兩側(cè)布置車位，一般地面需一個(gè)汽車旋轉(zhuǎn)臺(tái)，可省去司機(jī)調(diào)頭。垂直提升式立體車庫一般高度較高（幾十米），對(duì)設(shè)備的安全性，加工安裝精度等要求都很高，因此造價(jià)較高，但占地卻最小。
（四） 垂直循環(huán)式
垂直循環(huán)式垂直循環(huán)式產(chǎn)品特點(diǎn)：
1) 占地少，兩個(gè)泊位面積可停6~10輛車。
2) 外裝修可只加頂棚，消防可利用消防栓。
3) 價(jià)格低，地基、外裝修、消防等投資少，建設(shè)周期短。
4) 可采用自動(dòng)控制，運(yùn)行安全可靠。
二、立體車庫自動(dòng)控制系統(tǒng)
現(xiàn)代大型建筑的主流是智能化大廈和小區(qū)，因此自動(dòng)化立體停車設(shè)備或車庫的自動(dòng)控制系統(tǒng)將成為智能化大廈和小區(qū)的一個(gè)重要組成部分。操作簡(jiǎn)單、迅速，使用方便，安全可靠，維護(hù)量小，為用戶提供一個(gè)安全、簡(jiǎn)易的使用環(huán)境，這是自動(dòng)化立體停車設(shè)備的基本特點(diǎn)。停車設(shè)備的一切運(yùn)行狀況，車輛停放的時(shí)間，車輛存放交費(fèi)情況，車庫庫容量，車輛存放高、低峰情況，等信息均可通過網(wǎng)絡(luò)傳送到智能化控制中心，通過智能化控制中心運(yùn)算處理，與廣播系統(tǒng)和各分部管理辦公室相連，達(dá)到提前發(fā)布相關(guān)控制、管理信息，從而全部實(shí)現(xiàn)智能化管理。通過大廈和小區(qū)的智能化控制中心還可與社會(huì)相關(guān)職能部門聯(lián)網(wǎng)，將有關(guān)信息發(fā)布出去或收集進(jìn)來，擴(kuò)大車庫的社會(huì)利用率和經(jīng)濟(jì)效益。這將是自動(dòng)化車庫的發(fā)展方向。立體車庫自動(dòng)化控制系統(tǒng)主要包含以下五個(gè)子系統(tǒng)：自動(dòng)收費(fèi)管理系統(tǒng)，自動(dòng)存取車系統(tǒng)，遠(yuǎn)程診斷系統(tǒng)，自動(dòng)道閘，監(jiān)控安保系統(tǒng)。以上子系統(tǒng)均由中央控制室統(tǒng)一控制，可為客戶規(guī)劃停車庫管理形式，發(fā)布車庫庫存容量，控制車流方案。
（一）自動(dòng)收費(fèi)管理系統(tǒng)
自動(dòng)收費(fèi)采用非接觸式IC卡。IC卡分長(zhǎng)期卡與儲(chǔ)值卡兩種。對(duì)固定用戶，發(fā)行長(zhǎng)期卡，費(fèi)用可在固定用戶交納管理費(fèi)用時(shí)一并交納；對(duì)臨時(shí)用戶，發(fā)行儲(chǔ)值卡，即：用戶交納的費(fèi)用存在卡內(nèi)，每次停車讀卡自動(dòng)從卡中扣除費(fèi)用。
（二） 自動(dòng)存取車系統(tǒng)
自動(dòng)存取車系統(tǒng)一般由小型可編程控制器PLC控制，包括卡號(hào)識(shí)別與移動(dòng)載車盤兩個(gè)過程。用戶進(jìn)入車庫時(shí)，在門口刷卡進(jìn)入，讀卡機(jī)自動(dòng)把數(shù)據(jù)傳送到PLC控制系統(tǒng)，PLC系統(tǒng)通過判斷卡號(hào)，自動(dòng)把對(duì)應(yīng)的載車盤移動(dòng)到人車交接的位置，開啟車庫門，縮短存取車的時(shí)間。存車時(shí)，司機(jī)按照指示燈信號(hào)指引入庫，只有當(dāng)車輛停放在安全位置后，停車正常指示燈才會(huì)亮啟。存取車完成后，車庫門自動(dòng)關(guān)閉。移動(dòng)載車盤時(shí)，系統(tǒng)嚴(yán)格按照各種檢測(cè)信號(hào)的狀態(tài)進(jìn)行移動(dòng)，檢測(cè)信號(hào)包括超長(zhǎng)檢測(cè)、到位檢測(cè)、極限位置檢測(cè)、人員誤入檢測(cè)、急停信號(hào)檢測(cè)等。若有載車盤運(yùn)行不到位或車輛長(zhǎng)度超出車庫允許的長(zhǎng)度，所有載車盤將不進(jìn)行動(dòng)作，若檢測(cè)到急停信號(hào)，將停止一切動(dòng)作，直至急停信號(hào)消失。以上信號(hào)均為硬件信號(hào)，除此之外，還可從控制軟件中設(shè)置保護(hù)信號(hào)，比如時(shí)間保護(hù)，以保證因硬件損壞而導(dǎo)致信號(hào)失靈時(shí)保證主體設(shè)備及車輛的安全。
（三）遠(yuǎn)程診斷系統(tǒng)
現(xiàn)場(chǎng)控制器可以通過網(wǎng)卡、Hub等網(wǎng)絡(luò)設(shè)備與控制中心的局域網(wǎng)相連接，可以通過MODEN實(shí)現(xiàn)遠(yuǎn)程管理，監(jiān)測(cè)現(xiàn)場(chǎng)運(yùn)行情況，當(dāng)現(xiàn)場(chǎng)出現(xiàn)故障時(shí)，在控制中心即可進(jìn)行解決，方便管理人員、安保人員異地辦公。
（四）自動(dòng)道閘
在車庫出入口處各設(shè)非接觸式讀卡器、感應(yīng)線圈及道閘，用戶在車庫出入口處刷卡后，系統(tǒng)自動(dòng)判別該卡是否有效，若有效，則道閘自動(dòng)開啟，通過感應(yīng)線圈后，自動(dòng)?xùn)艡谧詣?dòng)關(guān)閉；若無效，則道閘不開啟，同時(shí)聲光報(bào)警。
（五）監(jiān)控安保系統(tǒng)
監(jiān)控安保系統(tǒng)是指在中央控制室進(jìn)行監(jiān)視控制車庫現(xiàn)場(chǎng)的運(yùn)行狀況。它具有運(yùn)動(dòng)檢測(cè)、車牌識(shí)別、網(wǎng)絡(luò)連接、各種類型的報(bào)警系統(tǒng)實(shí)現(xiàn)連動(dòng)等功能，可以實(shí)現(xiàn)無人看守。
系統(tǒng)簡(jiǎn)介：視頻監(jiān)控功能：在車庫各出入口，值班室和車庫內(nèi)主要區(qū)段安裝定焦攝像機(jī)，在大范圍車位區(qū)安裝球形云臺(tái)，以便實(shí)現(xiàn)對(duì)車庫全方位的實(shí)時(shí)監(jiān)控。如果在車庫光照條件不好的情況下，可選用黑白攝像機(jī)。
運(yùn)動(dòng)檢測(cè)功能：可以在夜間設(shè)置車庫的運(yùn)動(dòng)檢測(cè)區(qū)域，當(dāng)檢測(cè)區(qū)有移動(dòng)目標(biāo)時(shí)，運(yùn)動(dòng)檢測(cè)功能發(fā)出報(bào)警信號(hào)，提醒值班人員。
車牌識(shí)別功能：它能夠設(shè)置車庫參照車輛的車牌、車型。當(dāng)參照車輛進(jìn)入車庫監(jiān)視區(qū)域，系統(tǒng)自動(dòng)對(duì)比參照車輛圖像，有異常情況，發(fā)出報(bào)警信號(hào)，并自動(dòng)切換和記錄相關(guān)圖像。
報(bào)警連動(dòng)功能：可以連動(dòng)各類報(bào)警主機(jī)，如啟動(dòng)繼電器發(fā)出聲光報(bào)警通知安保人員自動(dòng)放下道閘攔截車輛出入。
數(shù)字錄像功能：可以連續(xù)記錄一個(gè)同在車庫所發(fā)生事件，可以同步回放多個(gè)圖像，可選擇任意圖像進(jìn)行整體放大和局部放大，記錄、回放、備份可同步進(jìn)行各種信息。
據(jù)介紹，已經(jīng)開始有越來越多的居住小區(qū)開始采用機(jī)械停車庫了。考慮到成本及維修，目前多數(shù)小區(qū)采用的是多層升降橫移式立體停車設(shè)備，大規(guī)模的倉儲(chǔ)式機(jī)械停車庫還很少。升降橫移式立體停車設(shè)備的泊車流程如下：
（一）紅綠黃指示燈指示車庫運(yùn)行狀態(tài)。紅色指示燈指示有人正在進(jìn)行操作，請(qǐng)稍候；綠色指示燈指示目前無人操作，可進(jìn)行操作；黃色指示燈指示有故障發(fā)生，車庫不能工作。
（二）存車操作
司機(jī)駕駛車輛從車庫入口進(jìn)入。在入口處的非接觸式讀卡機(jī)前感應(yīng)區(qū)域晃以下自己的IC卡，感應(yīng)過程完畢，柵欄自動(dòng)升起，司機(jī)開車進(jìn)入車庫。車輛進(jìn)入后，柵欄自動(dòng)關(guān)閉。劃卡的同時(shí)，控制器讀取車位號(hào)，車庫內(nèi)對(duì)應(yīng)的載車盤自動(dòng)移動(dòng)到人車交接的位置，車庫單元門自動(dòng)打開。司機(jī)開車進(jìn)入，停車到位，拉手剎，下車走出車庫，用IC卡在車庫出口處晃一下IC卡，車庫單元門自動(dòng)關(guān)閉，完成存車操作。
（三）取車操作
司機(jī)進(jìn)入車庫時(shí)，在入口處的非接觸式讀卡機(jī)前感應(yīng)區(qū)域晃以下自己的IC卡，控制器自動(dòng)讀取車位號(hào)，車庫內(nèi)對(duì)應(yīng)的載車盤自動(dòng)移動(dòng)到人車交接的位置，車庫單元門自動(dòng)打開，司機(jī)進(jìn)入車庫，開車出來，在車庫出口處的自動(dòng)讀卡機(jī)前感應(yīng)區(qū)域晃一下自己的IC卡，感應(yīng)完畢，讀卡機(jī)接受信息，上位控制機(jī)自動(dòng)記錄、扣費(fèi)，柵欄自動(dòng)升起，司機(jī)開車出場(chǎng)，出場(chǎng)后，柵欄自動(dòng)關(guān)閉；同時(shí)，控制器自動(dòng)讀取車位號(hào)，對(duì)應(yīng)的車庫單元門自動(dòng)關(guān)閉。取車操作完畢。 車庫在運(yùn)行過程中，有完備的自我保護(hù)裝置。一系列光電開關(guān)、接近開關(guān)、行程開關(guān)等對(duì)載車盤準(zhǔn)確運(yùn)行到位起著決定性的作用；獨(dú)特的防墜落裝置、斷繩報(bào)警裝置、超速保護(hù)裝置對(duì)車輛的安全起到保護(hù)作用。 車輛超長(zhǎng)檢測(cè)、車輛停車不到位檢測(cè)、以及人員誤入檢測(cè)等信號(hào)對(duì)車輛及人員的安全起著決定性的作用。
三、實(shí)例
現(xiàn)以三層24車位為實(shí)例對(duì)升降橫移式立體停車設(shè)備的自動(dòng)控制系統(tǒng)進(jìn)行介紹。 此車庫為升降橫移式立體停車設(shè)備，共有24個(gè)單元，每個(gè)單元分為前后兩排，共三層，即上層、中層、下層，前后排各有8個(gè)車位，共16個(gè)車位。中層為車道層，用戶在中層完成出入庫人、機(jī)、車交接作業(yè)操作。每個(gè)車位編號(hào)如下： 其中A~R為載車盤所在位置編號(hào)，1~16為載車盤（停放車輛）編號(hào)。1~3為前排上層載車盤，4~5為前排中層載車盤，6~8為前排下層載車盤，9~11為后 排上層載車盤，12~13為后排中層載車盤，14~16為后排下層載車盤，“中”為過橋車代號(hào)（為后排車出入庫搭橋）。1~3，6~8，9~11，14~16只能上下移動(dòng)，4~5，12~13，中只能左右移動(dòng)。 該立體車庫的自動(dòng)存取車控制系統(tǒng)包括弱電與強(qiáng)電兩套系統(tǒng)。弱電系統(tǒng)主要包括各種信號(hào)的采集，報(bào)警與控制輸出。強(qiáng)電系統(tǒng)包括載車盤電機(jī)控制線路。
（一）弱電系統(tǒng)：
1. 檢測(cè)信號(hào)：車庫檢測(cè)信號(hào)是控制程序執(zhí)行的重要依據(jù)。控制程序根據(jù)檢測(cè)到的信號(hào)順序執(zhí)行，控制輸出。 對(duì)每個(gè)上、下層載車盤，其運(yùn)行狀態(tài)只有上升、下降動(dòng)作，載車盤停放位置只有上位或下位，所以都有以下檢測(cè)信號(hào)：載車盤上認(rèn)趾，載車盤上極限，載車盤下認(rèn)趾，載車盤下極限。在載車盤上位，均設(shè)有安全掛鉤，掛鉤也為兩種狀態(tài)，即掛鉤通電打開和斷電閉合，并通過一個(gè)特定的行程開關(guān)來獲取掛鉤狀態(tài)信息。載車盤向上運(yùn)行過程中，檢測(cè)到上認(rèn)趾信號(hào)，則自動(dòng)停止運(yùn)行，如果上認(rèn)趾開關(guān)被損壞，系統(tǒng)未檢測(cè)到信號(hào)，載車盤會(huì)繼續(xù)向上運(yùn)行，當(dāng)運(yùn)行到上極限開關(guān)處時(shí)，上極限信號(hào)就會(huì)切斷電機(jī)電源，使電機(jī)停電，無法繼續(xù)運(yùn)行，起著雙重保險(xiǎn)的作用。載車盤向下運(yùn)行過程中，首先打開對(duì)應(yīng)的掛鉤，系統(tǒng)檢測(cè)到掛鉤打開的信號(hào)后，系統(tǒng)開始下降，如果掛鉤未打開，載車盤不會(huì)下降。下降過程中，當(dāng)檢測(cè)到下認(rèn)趾信號(hào)時(shí)，自動(dòng)停止運(yùn)行，如果下認(rèn)趾開關(guān)被損壞，系統(tǒng)未檢測(cè)到信號(hào)，載車盤會(huì)繼續(xù)向下運(yùn)行，當(dāng)運(yùn)行到下極限開關(guān)處時(shí)，下極限信號(hào)就會(huì)切斷電機(jī)電源，使電機(jī)停電，無法繼續(xù)運(yùn)行，起著雙重保險(xiǎn)的作用。PLC還設(shè)有延時(shí)保護(hù)，在載車盤開始運(yùn)行的同時(shí)，PLC開始計(jì)時(shí)，當(dāng)計(jì)時(shí)時(shí)間到，而載車盤未運(yùn)行到位時(shí)，載車盤停止運(yùn)行，同時(shí)系統(tǒng)報(bào)警。另外，若兩道認(rèn)址開關(guān)均被損壞，載車盤運(yùn)行到位而無信號(hào)返回時(shí)，載車盤會(huì)繼續(xù)向上或下運(yùn)行，從而發(fā)生不可預(yù)料的事故，但通過PLC的時(shí)間保護(hù)，則可對(duì)載車盤的運(yùn)行起到第三層保護(hù)的作用。
對(duì)中層載車盤，其運(yùn)行狀態(tài)只有左、右移動(dòng)動(dòng)作，載車盤停放位置只有左位或右位，所以有以下檢測(cè)信號(hào)：4在D位，4在E位，5在E位，5在F位，12在M位，12在N位，13在N位，13在O位。4號(hào)載車盤右移時(shí)，檢測(cè)到E位信號(hào)，則停止運(yùn)行；左移時(shí)，檢測(cè)到D位信號(hào)，則停止運(yùn)行。5號(hào)載車盤右移時(shí)，檢測(cè)到F位信號(hào)，則停止運(yùn)行； 5號(hào)載車盤左移時(shí)，檢測(cè)到E位信號(hào)，則停止運(yùn)行。12號(hào)載車盤左移時(shí)，檢測(cè)到M位信號(hào)，則停止運(yùn)行；右移時(shí)，檢測(cè)到N位信號(hào)，則停止運(yùn)行。13號(hào)載車盤左移時(shí)，檢測(cè)到N位信號(hào)，則停止運(yùn)行；右移時(shí)，檢測(cè)到O位信號(hào)，則停止運(yùn)行。
由于此車庫為前后雙列停放車輛，后排車的出入就得依賴前排的過橋車，過橋車的控制將是后排車出入的關(guān)鍵。過橋車有三個(gè)運(yùn)行位置，即左、中、右，所以有三個(gè)檢測(cè)信號(hào)：過橋車在D，過橋車在E，過橋車在F。 另外，每個(gè)車位設(shè)有車輛超長(zhǎng)檢測(cè)，當(dāng)系統(tǒng)檢測(cè)到超長(zhǎng)信號(hào)時(shí)，所有載車盤均不能動(dòng)作，以保護(hù)車輛的安全。車庫入口處設(shè)有人員誤入檢測(cè)，防止人員在載車盤運(yùn)行過程中誤入，發(fā)生意外；也有在車庫入口處設(shè)有升降門或欄桿，起著防止人員誤入的作用，但升降門或欄桿的開啟關(guān)閉受系統(tǒng)運(yùn)行狀態(tài)聯(lián)鎖控制。 2.急停信號(hào)：系統(tǒng)必須在明顯處設(shè)有急停開關(guān)，當(dāng)發(fā)生意外時(shí)，按下急停開關(guān)，斷所有電機(jī)的電源，使載車盤無法繼續(xù)運(yùn)行，以保護(hù)人員及設(shè)備的安全。 3.輸出控制信號(hào)：系統(tǒng)輸出控制信號(hào)包括控制電機(jī)運(yùn)行方向信號(hào)，控制電機(jī)運(yùn)行信號(hào)，控制電磁鐵得、失電信號(hào)，控制燈光報(bào)警信號(hào)，控制車庫照明信號(hào)。
（二）強(qiáng)電系統(tǒng)：
強(qiáng)電部分包括控制電機(jī)正反轉(zhuǎn)接觸器，控制電機(jī)運(yùn)行接觸器。PLC輸出信號(hào)給接觸器線圈，控制接觸器的接通與關(guān)斷。
（三）系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)：
系統(tǒng)采用PLC控制，分設(shè)自動(dòng)，手動(dòng)，檢修三種狀態(tài)。檢修狀態(tài)下，所有檢測(cè)信號(hào)不參與控制。在手動(dòng)與自動(dòng)方式時(shí)，所有信號(hào)進(jìn)入PLC，PLC按照外部檢測(cè)信號(hào)，輸出控制信號(hào)，控制電機(jī)正反轉(zhuǎn)接觸器線圈和電機(jī)接觸器線圈，以控制各載車盤運(yùn)行。
系統(tǒng)聯(lián)動(dòng)聯(lián)鎖控制：1、上層載車盤不在上位或運(yùn)行不到上位，中層載車盤及過橋車不能運(yùn)行。2、下層載車盤不在下位或運(yùn)行不到下位中層載車盤及過橋車不能運(yùn)行。3、中層載車盤及過橋車運(yùn)行不到位，上下層載車盤不能運(yùn)行。4、前后超長(zhǎng)開關(guān)只要被遮擋，所有載車盤都不能動(dòng)作。5、入口處人員誤入被遮擋，所有載車盤都不能動(dòng)。只有通過“復(fù)位”按鈕，才可解除此聯(lián)鎖。6、安全掛鉤不在開啟位置，無下降動(dòng)作。7、 任何載車盤觸發(fā)上、下極限限位開關(guān)，立即斷所有電機(jī)電源。8、急停按鈕按下，立即斷所有電機(jī)電源。 此項(xiàng)目已驗(yàn)收并投入使用，就使用情況來看，不僅占地面積相對(duì)擴(kuò)大了4倍，而且，經(jīng)實(shí)地測(cè)試，最長(zhǎng)的出車時(shí)間為85秒，真正做到了空間利用率高；運(yùn)行速度快，存/取車時(shí)間端。智能化控制，操作簡(jiǎn)便；耐用性高，維護(hù)方便。
四、結(jié)束語
“車庫”是大中城市的熱門話題，國(guó)家經(jīng)貿(mào)委將“城市立體車庫”列為“近期行業(yè)技術(shù)發(fā)展重點(diǎn)”，隨著家用汽車的不斷增加，公共場(chǎng)所及社區(qū)內(nèi)存車矛盾、車擠綠地的問題將會(huì)越來越突出，在人們對(duì)生活質(zhì)量和環(huán)境意識(shí)不斷增強(qiáng)之時(shí)“車庫”日漸成為熱門話題，機(jī)械自動(dòng)化立體車庫將會(huì)在新開發(fā)的樓盤及商業(yè)里大顯身手。
17
INTELLIGENT ELEVATOR-SHAFT GARAGE
1.A three-dimensional outlines garage
Vehicles parked nowhere is the problem of the urban social, economic and transport development to a certain extent the result, Garage Equipment development in foreign countries, especially in Japan nearly 30-40 years. whether technically or in terms of experience had been a success. China is also in the beginning of the 1990s developed mechanical parking equipment, which was 10 years in the past. As many new households within the district and the parking ratio of 1:1. To address the size of parking spaces for tenants and business areas contradictions 3D mechanical parking equipment with an average size of a small motorcycle's unique characteristics, the majority of users have been accepted. Machinery garage with the traditional natural underground garage, in many respects to demonstrate its superiority. First, the mechanical garage with a prominent section of superiority. Past due to the underground garage must elapse enough lanes, the average car will occupy an area of 40 square meters, If the use of double-mechanical garage, which would enable ground to improve the utilization rate of around 80% to 90%, If using ground multi-storey (21 storeys), three-dimensional garage, 50 square meters of land area will be placed on the 40 cars, which can greatly save the limited land resources, Civil and save development costs.
Mechanical garage and underground garage can be more effective than to ensurepersonal and vehicle safety in the garage or car kept prospective location, the entire electronic control equipment would not operate. It should be said that the mechanical garage from the management can do a thorough separation of people and vehicles. In the underground garage using mechanical parking, but also can remove the heating, ventilation, therefore, Operation of the power consumption than workers in the managementof underground garage is much lower. Machinery sets are usually not in the garage, but asingle from the packaging. This will give full play to its small space, the advantages of decentralized, Each of the residential areas or groups downstairs to make a complete circuit can be set up random mechanical parking building. This garage right now the district to solvethe shortage of parking difficulty in providing convenient conditions. Currently, three-dimensional garage mainly in the following forms : lifting and transferring, tunnel-stacker, vertical-type, Vertical circulation, box-level cycle, the level of circulating round.
(1) lifting and transferring
Lifting and transferring Garage modular design, each module can be designed into two, three, four levels, the five-story, semi-submerged in various forms, such as the number of parking spaces from a few to hundreds. This applies three-dimensional garage on the ground and underground car parks, configuration flexibility and low cost.
1. Product features :
1) save land, the configuration flexibility, shorter construction period.
2) low prices, firefighting and exterior decoration, with a total investment on small foundations.
3) use automatic control, simple structure, safe and reliable.
4) access to a quick, short waiting times.
5) Run a smooth, low noise.
6) applies to commercial, offices, residential quarters supporting the use of car parks.
2. Safety devices :
Anti-dropping device, a photoelectric sensor, spacing protectors, emergency stop switch.
(2) - Roadway Stacker
Aisle stacking garage used as a stacking machine tool access vehicles, All vehicles are stacking machine access, so the Stacker higher technical requirements, single stacker highercosts So aisle stacking apply to the parking garage needs a few more customers.
(3) vertical Garage
Vertical Garage Elevator similar to the principle that both sides of the hoist layout spaces. generally need a ground vehicle rotary tables can be saved by the driver away. Vertical Garage generally higher high (tens of meters), safety equipment, Installation precision machining requirements are very high, high cost, but has the smallest area.
(4) Vertical cycle
Product features :
1) covers an area of small, two berths area can stop 6-10 vehicles. 2) The decoration can be added only roof, fire hydrants available.
3) low prices, foundation, external decoration, fire and other small investment, short construction periods.
4) use automatic control, safe and reliable operation.
2.Three-dimensional garage automatic control system :
Large modern architectural mainstream intelligent buildings and residential communities. So auto-parking garage equipment or automatic control system will become intelligent buildings and residential communities an important component of pm. Simple, fast, easy to use, safe, reliable, and less maintenance, to provide users with a safe, easy to use environment, This is auto-parking feature of the basic equipment. All parking equipment operatingconditions, vehicles parked in time, vehicle storage Malaysia, garage storage capacity. Vehicles kept high and low peaks, and other information can be transmitted through the network of intelligent control center through intelligent control center operator, and the broadcasting system and the management office of the Division linked related to early releasecontrol, management information, thus achieving all the intelligent management. Buildingand the Community through the intelligent control of the center could also associated with social networking functions. Information released to the collection coming out or expand utilization of the garage social and economic benefits. This will be the automation of the development direction of the garage. Solid Garage automation control system include the following five major subsystems : automatic toll collection management system automatic access systems for remote diagnosis system, automatic Gate, control security system. Subsystems are more unified control of the central control room, for customers planning Garage form of management, Published garage inventory capacity, traffic control program.
(1) Automatic Toll Management System
Automatic charging non-contact IC cards. IC cards with the long-card two. For fixed users, the issue of long-term cards, the cost of fixed users pay management fees paid together; On the temporary users, issue stored-value cards, namely : the user fees paid cards exist within each parking card reader automatically deducted from the cost.
(2) Automatic vehicle access system
Automatic vehicle access system generally small PLC control. including the identification card number and mobile disc contains two cars process. Users enter the garage at the entrance to Swiping cards, reader data automatically transmitted to the PLC control system, PLC system through the judgment card number and automatically set the corresponding site mobile trucks and vehicles to the handover location, the garage door opened, shorten the time access to cars. Cun truck drivers light signals in accordance with the guidelines created only when vehicles parked in a safe location, Parking will be normal light-Kai. Access car after the completion of the garage doors shut down automatically. Mobile site contains car, the system in strict accordance with the various signal detection mobile state, including long signal detection, Detection in place, the position detection limit, officers hit detection, emergency stop signal detection. If cars are running plate is not in place or vehicle length in excess of the permitted length of the garage, all vehicles disc will contain no action, If detected emergency stop signal to stop all action until the emergency stop signal disappeared. Above signals are hardware signals, in addition, the software can also be installed to control signal protection, such as the protection of the time, to ensure that the damage due to hardware failure to signal equipment and the main guarantee for the safety of vehicles.
(3) Remote diagnosis system
Controllers can spot card, hubs and other network equipment and control center connected to the LAN, MODEN through remote management, monitoring the operation of the scene, when the scene failure, in the control center can be addressed to facilitate the management, e-office security personnel.
(4) Automatic Gate
In the garage entrance of the no-contact reader, and the Gate of coil users in the garage entrances Swiping cards, the system automatically discriminant validity of the card, if valid, the Gate open automatically, through induction coils, Automatic self-closing fence; If invalid, the Gate is not open, and sound and light alarm.
(5) Monitoring security system
Monitoring security system is in the central control room for monitoring and controlling the operation of the garage scene conditions. It has motion detection, license plate recognition, network connections, different types of alarm systems linkage, and other functions, can be achieved unguarded.
System : Video monitoring function : the garage entrances, and the duty, the main segments within the garage installation focusing cameras, On the larger spaces installation spherical platforms, in order to achieve all-round garage on real-time monitoring. If the garage light conditions of the poor would use black-and-white cameras.
Motion Detection functions : setting up the night in the garage of motion detection region, detecting when there are a moving target, Motion Detection and Alarm function remind staffs.
LPR functions : it can set up the garage light vehicle license plates, vehicle. When the light vehicles entering the garage regional surveillance, the system automatically cross-referenced with images of a very odd situation, issued a warning signal, and automatic switching and record their images.
Alarm linkage functions : all can move even the police mainframe, If activated Relay acousto-optic warning issued notice of security personnel to voluntarily disarm Gate interception of vehicular access.
Digital video functions : it with a continuous record of what happened in the garage, can be synchronized intervals over images arbitrary choice of the overall image to enlarge and local amplification, recording, playback, backup can be conducted all kinds of information.
Reportedly, has begun an increasing number of residential quarters began to use a mechanical garage. Taking into account the cost and maintenance, the majority of the district is a multi-storey lifting and transferring parking equipment, mass storage mechanical garage also rarely. Lifting and transferring Garage Equipment parking flow indicate the following :
1)The sense of light yellow instructions garage operation. Red lamp was ongoing operating instructions, please wait; Green light is currently no operating instructions, can operate; yellow light instructions were to fail, the garage can not work.
2) Stores in operation
Drivers of vehicles entering from the garage entrance. At the entrance of non-contact sensors Reader former regional shaken following their IC cards, induction process completed, the fence automatically rises driver drove into the garage. Vehicles, fencing to shut down automatically. Card is the controller to read spaces, corresponding to the parking garage containing cars moved to the site automatically transfer vehicle location, Automatic garage door open units. Car drivers entering and parking in place, Latin hand brake, alighted out of the garage, using IC cards in the garage exit Huang about IC cards Garage door modules to shut down automatically. Completed deposit truck operators.
3) the operator
Drivers entering the garage at the entrance to the non-contact sensors Reader former regional shaken following their IC cards Controller automatically read spaces, corresponding to the parking garage containing cars moved to the site automatically transfer vehicle location, Automatic garage door open modules, drivers entering the garage and drive out, in the garage exit of the automatic reader before induction regional dazzle your own IC cards, sensors finished, the reader receive information, Host controller automatically recorded, prepaid, automatically raising the fence, the driver drove the playing field, appeared after fencing to shut down automatically. Meanwhile, Controller automatically read spaces, corresponding to the garage door unit shut down automatically. Vehicle operation finished. Garage in the course of operation, a complete self-protection devices. A series of photoelectric switches, proximity switches, trip switches and other vehicles on site contains accurate operation in place to play a decisive role; Falling unique defense installations, broken rope warning device, speeding vehicle protection device to protect the security role played. Detection of long vehicles, vehicle parking is not in place detection, and personnel into a detection signal of vehicles and the safety play a decisive role.
3, Examples
This garage for lifting and transferring parking equipment, a total of 24 units, eachdivided into two platoons, A total of three floors, the upper, middle and lower income groups, the rows have eight parking spaces, a total of 16 parking spaces. The middle layer of the lane, users completed in the middle conveying, machine, transfer operations to operate. Number of parking spaces for each are as follows : A~R which contains car site for the location of numbers range from 1 to 16 for the disk containing car (parking) numbers. 1-3 to set upper front car plates, 4-5 middle of the front row containing car plates, 6-8 to set lower front car plate. 9 to 11 for the post Top row contains car plates, 12 ~ 13 for the middle rear disc containing car, the rear of the lower 14 to 16 cars containing disks, "" bridge vehicle code (for the cars to the rear storage bypass). 1~3,6~8,9~11,14~16 only up and down, 4~5,12~13. it could move around. The three-dimensional automatic garage access control system, including the car of weakand strong -- the two systems. Weak system consists mainly of various signal acquisition, alarm and control output. Strong electricity system, including car disc containing motor control circuits.
(1) electroweak system :
1. Signal Detection : Garage signal control procedures is an important basis for the implementation. Under the control procedures to detect the signal sequence of implementation, control output. Each pair of upper and lower plate containing cars, running only increased, decreased movement, site contains space for parking cars only upper or lower, have the following signal detection : car plates are considered toe, set cars on the site limit, are considered vehicles under the toe plate, the site contains car under the limit. The site contains car win, and are equipped with safety link is also linked to the two states, namely electricity link open and closed power outages, and the adoption of a specific itinerary switch to obtain information linked to the state. Set up car plate process, detected signals could identify toe will automatically cease to function, if considered on the toe switch has been damaged, system is not detected signal, cars disk will contain the continued operation, run to the upper limit switch Department, Limit on the signal will be cut off electrical power, electrical blackouts, unable to continue operation, the insurance plays a dual role. Site contains car down process, corresponding to the first open link, the system detected the signal to open linking, System started to decline, if not linked to open car containing disk will not fall. Dropped process, when the detection of recognizing toe signal and automatically cease to function, if considered under the toe switch has been damaged, system did not detect signals disk containing cars will continue to run down, when the operation to the next when the limit switch, under the limit will cut off the electrical signal power, so that the electrical outage, unable to continue operation, the insurance plays a dual role. PLC also has delayed protection, the site contains car started running at the same time, PLC start time, when time to time, and the site contains car is not running in place, the site contains car stopped running, while warning system. In addition, if the two were considered switching the site damaged disc set cars running in place without the return signals, set cars disk will continue upward or running, thus the occurrence of unpredictable incidents, but by the time PLC protection can be set cars on the site running play third layer of protection.
Set cars on the middle site, the only running left and right movement of movements, set disk space for parking cars only left - or right spaces Therefore, the following signal detection : the D-4, E-4, E-5, F-5, the M-12, N-12, N-13, O-13. On the 4th disc contains car shifted to the right, the detection of E-signal, will cease operation; Backspace, D-detected signal, stopped operation. Set cars on the 5th disc shifted to the right, the detection of F-signal, it stopped operation, which is 5 car plate shifted, the detection of the E-signal will cease operations. On the 12th disc contains bits vehicles, M-detected signal, will cease operation; Shifted to the right, the detection of N-signal will cease operations. Car on the 13th disc contains bits, N-detected signal, will cease operation; Shifted to the right, the detection of O-signal will cease operations.
As the garage out of the double-parking their vehicles behind the car out front must rely on the bridge cars, Control of the bridge to cars rear vehicle access is the key. The bridge has three cars running position and the left, middle and right, it is three signal : the bridge car D, E bridge in the car, F bridge car. In addition, each vehicle equipped with extra-long parking detection, when the system detected long signal, all vehicles containing disk can not move, to protect the safety of vehicles. Entrance to the garage with staff being diverted to detect, prevent officers from the disk containing car into a running process, in the event of accidents; We also have the entrance to the garage doors or movements with railings to prevent staff being diverted to play the role But lifting the door open or closed railings by the interlock system running state control. 2. Emergency Stop signal : Emergency Stop Switch system to be provided, obviously, when the accident happened? Emergency Stop Switch to cut off all electrical power. so are unable to continue to operate car plate to protect the safety of personnel and equipment. 3. Output control signals : Output direction control signals including motor control signals, motor control signals control have electromagnet. lost signal, a warning signal light control, lighting control signals garage.
(2) strong electricity system :
Including some strong rotating motor contactor, control motor contactor. PLC output signals to the contactor coil connected with the closing of the contactor contro.
(3) System design :
PLC control system, there are automatic, manual, overhaul three states. Maintenance of state, all control signals not participate. In manual and automatic modes, all signals into the PLC, PLC in accordance with the external signal, the output control signals. rotating motor contactor coil and electrical contactor coil to control the operation of the site contains car.
Interlocking control system linkage : 1, the upper plate is not set upper or operation of vehicles not win, and middle-disc set cars and trucks not to mention the operation. 2, or the next lower plate cars are not operating under the middle disk containing cars and trucks not to mention the operation. 3, the middle plate and set cars not to mention cars running in place, upper and lo