九年級第一單元知識點 仁愛英語.doc

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______________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 九年級英語（仁愛版）上冊語言點歸納 Unit 1 The Changing World Topic 1 China has developed rapidly in recent years. 重點詞匯 詞形轉(zhuǎn)換 1. training (動詞) train“訓練”????? 2. whole (同音詞) hole????? 3. tidy (近義詞) clean??? 4. develop (名詞) development（形容詞）developed“發(fā)達的”; developing“發(fā)展中的” 5. rapid (副詞) rapidly???? 6. old (比較級) older; elder?????? 7. recent (副詞) recently?? 8. narrow (反義詞) wide??????? 9. title (近義詞) subject?????? 重點短語 have a good summer holiday???????????????? 過一個愉快的暑假 come back from…???????????????????????? 從……回來 work for …?? ???????????????????????????為……工作 feel sorry for…?????????????????????????? 對……深表同情 a disabled children’s home????????????????? 一家殘疾兒童養(yǎng)育院 the whole holiday???????????????????????? 整個假期 tell stories to kids???????????????????????? 給小孩講故事 learn…from????????? ???????????????????從……當中學習 feed a child????????????????????????????? 喂小孩 do farm work??????????????????????????? 干農(nóng)活 go to summer classes????????????????????? 上暑期班 write an article about…??????????????????? 寫一篇有關(guān)……的文章 have a hard/ happy life?????????????? ??????過著艱苦的/ 幸福的生活 in the past/ future???????????????????????? 在過去/ 在將來 in detail???????????????????????????????? 詳細地 at sunrise??????????????????????????????? 在日出時 have no chance to do sth.?????????????????? 沒有機會做某事 afford ( to do) sth??????????????????? ?????擔負得起(做)某事 give support to sb.??????????????????????? 給某人幫助/支持 get a good education????????????????????? 獲得良好的教育 search…for…??????????????????????????? 為了……搜索…… have little food to eat????????????????????? 吃不飽 dress warmly??????????????????????????? 穿得暖 with the development of…???????????????? 隨著……的發(fā)展 have a balanced diet????????????????????? 飲食均衡 play musical instruments????????????????? 演奏樂器 sleep in the open air????????????????????? 在戶外睡覺 study/ go abroad???????????????????????? 在國外學習/ 出國 enter/ win/ lose a competition?????????????? 參加/ 贏得/ 輸?shù)舯荣? enjoy Beijing Opera????????????????????? 欣賞京劇 used to do sth.?????????????????????????? 過去常做某事 at sunrise?????????????????????????????? 在日出時 go hungry????????????????????????????? 變餓了 fall ill??????????????? ?????????????????得病/ 患病 divide …into…????????????????????????? 把……分成…… feel satisfied with…????????????????????? 對……感到滿足 see …. oneself?????????????????????????? 親眼看見…… make progress?????????????????????????? 取得進步 thanks to?????????????????????????????? 多虧; 幸虧；由于 stand for?????????????????????????????? 代表 with the help of…??????????????????????? 在……的幫助下 draw up an outline?????????????????????? 擬定提綱 三、重點句型 You have just come back from your hometown.? 你剛剛從你的家鄉(xiāng)返回。 There goes the bell.= The bell is ringing. 鈴響了。 Have you spent the whole holiday working here? 你整個暑期都在那里工作嗎？ Is that so? 真是那樣嗎？ Can you describe it in detail? 你能詳細地說說嗎？ Our job was to grow cotton.（作表語）我的工作是種植棉花。 I had to divide my money into two parts. 我不得不把錢分成兩份。 He has seen the changes in Beijing himself. 他親眼目睹了北京的變化。 9.? I think it is important to remember the past, live in the present and dream about the future.? 我認為記住過去、立足現(xiàn)在、展望未來非常重要。 10．Thanks to / Because of the government’s efforts.由于政府的努力。 四、重點知識點 Though I had no time to travel, I still felt very happy this holiday! 盡管我沒時間去旅游，但這個假期我仍然感到很愉快。 though 從屬連詞，用來引導讓步狀語從句，表“雖然；盡管”，不能與but連用。如：Though he is poor, he is happy. = He is poor, but he is happy. 盡管他很貧窮，但是他很快樂。 Could you please tell me something about Chinese teenagers? 請告訴我一些有關(guān)中國青少年的一些事情好嗎？ Could /Would you please (not) do sth？ 請（不）做某事好嗎？ 如： Could you please turn down your radio? 請把收音機聲音調(diào)低好嗎？ Would you please not play football here? 請不要在這兒踢球好嗎？ Parents couldn’t afford education for their children. 父母供不起孩子上學。 afford 常與can, could 或 be able to 連用，尤其用于否定句或疑問句，表“負擔得起（做）某事；抽得出（時間）”? “(can’t/ couldn’t) afford (to do) sth.” 如： We can’t afford (to buy ) this house because we don’t have enough money. 我們買不這房了，因為我們沒有足夠的錢。 He felt he couldn’t afford any time to play football. 他覺得自己沒有時間踢球了。 Our government gives support to poor families. 我們的政府能為貧困家庭提供幫助。 give support to sb.= give sb. support? 為某人提供幫助/ 支持 support作動詞時表“供養(yǎng)；支持；支撐”，如： She had to support her family at the age of ten.? 她十歲時就得養(yǎng)家。 His parents supported him in his decision.他的父母支持他的決定。 The two sticks support the tree. 兩根木棍支撐著這棵樹。 Why not go and search the Internet for some information? 為什么不上網(wǎng)查找相關(guān)信息呢？ ? ?search sp. for sth.? 搜查某地尋找某物 ?? search sb. for sth.? 搜身查找某物 ?? search for sth./ sb.= look for sth./ sb.? 搜尋某物/ 某人； 如： ?? The villagers searched the woods for the lost children.村民們在樹林里尋找失蹤的孩子們。 ?The police searched the man for the stolen money. 警察搜那個男人的身，查找被偷的錢。 ? He is searching/ looking for his missing keys. 他在尋找他丟的鑰匙。 I used to be a chilld laborer. 我以前是一個童工。 used to be/ do…?????? 過去曾是/常做…… be used to do sth. = be used for doing sth. 被用來做某事 be/ get used to (doing ) sth. 習慣于（做）某事；? 如： I used to be a Chinese teacher. 我過去曾是一名語文老師。 I used to swim in this river. 我過去常在這條河中游泳。 Knives are used to cut things.= knives are used for cutting things. 刀子被用砍東西。 We are used to getting up earlier now. 現(xiàn)在我們習慣于早起。 We often went hungry because the boss didn’t give us enough food to eat. 我們經(jīng)常挨餓，因為老板不給我們足夠的食物。 在這里是系動詞，表“變得…”,后跟形容詞,構(gòu)成系表結(jié)構(gòu). 如: The food on the table went bad. 桌面上的食物變壞了. ?8.? One part was used to help support my family,? to help send my elder brother to school. 一部分錢用來供養(yǎng)全家人,另一部分用來供哥哥上學. one part…the other (part) …一部分……另一部分…… elder brother 哥哥 elder? 作形容詞時, 是old的比較級, 一般表示家庭成員出生的順序,在句中只能作定語,可與than連用; 而older表年齡的比較,可與 than連用. 如: His elder sister is two older than he. 他的姐姐比他大兩歲. 作名詞時, 表 “ 長者; 前輩; 祖先”, 如: Their customs were handed down by the elders. 他們的風俗習慣是由他們的祖先傳下來的. 9.? But China has developed rapidly in recent years. 但是近年來,中國發(fā)展迅速. in recent years 表 “近年來”,常與完成時連用. 如: She has learnt a lot of knowledge in recent years. 近年來,她學到了許多知識. 10. China has made such rapid progress. 中國已經(jīng)取得如此迅速的進步。 progress 為不可數(shù)名詞?? make progress 取得進步 make some/ much/ great progress 取得一些/ 許多/ 巨大的進步 ?11. What has happened to Beijing’s roads now? 現(xiàn)在北京的公路發(fā)生了什么變化？ ???? sth. happen to sb. 某人發(fā)生了某事 ，? 如： ??? If anything happens to him, let me know. 萬一他有什么不測，就請通知我。 ??? A little accident happened to her yesterday. 昨天她發(fā)生了點小意外。 ?12. They express the rich culture of China as well. 他們也表達了豐富的中國文化。 ???? as well, too, also均表“也；又”； as well 多用于口語，只用于句末，不用逗號隔開； ???? too 多用于口語，用于句末，要用逗號隔開； ???? also 較正式，不用于句末； ???? either 用于否定句，表“也不”，與too 對應。 如： ?? He likes sports as well. = He likes sports, too. = He also likes sports. 他也喜歡運動。 ???? He didn’t come, either. 他也沒來。 五、重點語法 （一）現(xiàn)在完成時：表示過去已經(jīng)發(fā)生或已經(jīng)完成的某一動作對現(xiàn)在造成的影響或結(jié)果。 即“過去的動作 + 現(xiàn)在的結(jié)果”， 強調(diào)結(jié)果。如： I have bought a new bike. (= I bought a new bike, and I have a new bike now.) 我已經(jīng)買了一輛新的自行車。（強調(diào)我現(xiàn)在有了一輛新車。） 構(gòu)成形式： 助動詞have / has + 動詞的過去分詞 1．肯定句：? I have seen the film.???????? 我已經(jīng)看過這部電影。 否定句：???? I haven’t seen the film.?????? 我沒看過這部電影。 一般疑問句： Have you seen the film?????? 你看過這部電影了嗎？ 回答：?????? Yes, I have. 是的，我看過了。??? No, I haven’t. 不，我沒看過。 特殊疑問句： What have you done???????? 你已經(jīng)做了什么？ 2．肯定句：? He has finished the task.????? 他已經(jīng)完成了任務。 否定句：???? He hasn’t finished the task.??? 他還沒有完成任務。 一般疑問句： Has he finished the task?????? 他已經(jīng)完成任務了嗎？ 回答：?????? Yes, he has. 是的，他完成了。??? No, he hasn’t. 不，他沒有完成。 特殊疑問句： What has he finished????????? 他完成了什么？ （二）have/ has been to與 have/ has gone to have/ has been to + 某地， 到過某地，說話時人已經(jīng)回來了。 have /has gone to + 某地， 說明去了某地， 說話時人還沒回來。 如： I have been toBeijing twice. 他去過北京兩次。 ---- Where is Jim? 吉姆在哪兒？ ?? ---- He has gone to the library? 他去圖書館了。 Topic 2 What has happened to the population? 一、重點詞匯 （一）詞形轉(zhuǎn)換 1. possible (反義詞) impossible???????????????????? 2. rise (過去分詞) risen??? 3. conclude (名詞) conclusion????????????????????? 4. medicine (形容詞) medical???? 5. difficult (名詞) difficulty??????????????????????? 6. less (反義詞) more 7. excellent (近義詞) great/ good?????????????????? 8. different (名詞) difference? 9. come (過去式) came (過去分詞) come?? ???????10. see (過去式) saw (過去分詞) seen?????? 11. peace (形容詞) peaceful （二）重點短語 1.? get lost????????????????????????????????????????? 走失；迷路 hate to go shopping??????????????????????????????? 討厭去購物 hear from sb.=receive/ get a letter from sb.????????????? 收到某人的來信 be abroad?????????????????在國外 at least????????????????????????????????????????? 至少 take place = happen??????????????????????????????? 發(fā)生 China’s one-child policy??????????????????????????? 中國的獨生子女政策 be strict with sb.???????????? ?????????????????????對某人要求嚴格 the population of China??????????????????????????? 中國的人口 live longer?????????????????????????????????????? 活得更長 medical care????????????????????????????????????? 醫(yī)療保健 control the population????????????????????????????? 控制人口 be known / famous as????????????????????????????? 以……而聞名 work well in doing sth.???????????????????????????? 在做某事方面很有功效 have a long way to go????????????????????????????? 有很長的路要走 be short of?????????????????????????????????????? 缺乏…… one of the greatest problems???????????????????????? 最大的問題之一 be in trouble???????????????????????????????????? 陷入麻煩中/ 在困境中 prefer boys to girls??????????????????????????????? 重男輕女 offer sb. a good education????????????????????????? 提供某人良好的教育 a couple of??????????????????????????? ??????????一些 ;幾個 even though = even if???????????????????????????? 即使 have a lot of pressure???????????????????????????? 有許多壓力 the differences between A and B???????????????????? A與B之間的區(qū)別 重點句型 ?We got lost and couldn’t find each other. 我們走失了，互相找不到對方。 ?It seems that their living conditions were not very good. 似乎他們的生活條件不是很好。 ?It is possible that Kangkang’s father was the only child in his family. ?? 康康的父親有可能是他家中的獨生子。 ?One answer is known as the one-child policy. 其中一項眾所周知的措施是獨生子女政策. ?And even though we have made a lot of progress, we have big pollution problems in the city.? 雖然我們已經(jīng)取得了很大的進步，但是仍存在嚴重的城市污染問題。 三、重點語言點 1． ---- I really hate to go shopping. 我真討厭去購物。 ?? ---- So do I . 我也是。 ?? So do I .為倒裝句，表示前面提到的肯定情況也同樣適合另外一個主體，表“某某也一樣”，結(jié)構(gòu)為“so + be /情態(tài)動詞/ 助動詞 + 主語”。 如： ??? Jim is a student, so is Tom. 吉姆是一名學生，湯姆也是。 ??? Jim can swim, so can Tom.? 吉姆會游泳，湯姆也會。 ??? Jim likes sports, so does Tom. 吉姆喜歡運動，湯姆也喜歡。 ? ?如表前面不怎樣，后面“也不”怎樣時，其結(jié)構(gòu)為“ neither/ nor + be /情態(tài)動詞/ 助動詞 + 主語”。 如： ? Jim wasn’t Chinese, neither/ nor were they.　吉姆不中國人，他們也不是。 ? Jim can’t speak Japanese, neither can I .　吉姆不會說日語，我也不會。 ? Jim didn’t go there, neither did I .　吉姆沒去那兒，我也沒去。 　如前后兩句表達的是同一個主體，則不能倒裝，表“的確如此”。如： ? Jim is a good student. So he is. 吉姆是一名好學生，的確如此。 ? Jim swims well. So he does. 吉姆游泳很好，的確如此。 2．At that time, China was the country with the largest population in the world. ?那時，中國是世界上人口最多的國家。 population為不可數(shù)名詞，表示人口的多少只能用 “l(fā)arge”或 “small”修飾，提問人口用“what”, 如： The population of Shanghaiis larger than that ofBeijing. 上海的人口比北京多。 What’s the population ofChina?= How many people are there inChina? ?中國的人口有多少？ 3.? Great changes have taken place in China. 中國發(fā)生了巨大變化。 ?? take place 指必然性的“發(fā)生”或有計劃、安排之內(nèi)的“舉行”。如： ?? The meeting will take place next Friday. 會議將在下周五舉行。 ?? happen 指偶然的、沒有預料的“發(fā)生“，其結(jié)果往往給人帶來不幸或麻煩。如： ?? The accident happened yesterday. 事故發(fā)生在昨天。 ? ?※兩者都不用于被動語態(tài)。 ?The population has increased a lot. 人口增長發(fā)很多。 increase 可作及物動詞也可作不及物動詞。其含義是“增長，增加，加強”等。 increase by… 指“增加了……”;? increase to…指 “增加到……” ?…, and about one fifth of the people in the world live inChina. 而且世界上大約五分之一的人口生活在中國。 ???? one fifth 是分數(shù)表達法。英文分數(shù)表達法：分子為基數(shù)詞，分母為序數(shù)詞，先讀分子后讀分母。當分子大于1時，分母的序數(shù)詞則變?yōu)閺蛿?shù)，直接在詞尾加“s”如： one fourth???? 四分之一；??????????? three fourths??????? 四分之三； one second??? 二分之一；??????????? two thirds????????? 三分之二 ?6．It has worked well in controlling China’s population. 它在控制人口數(shù)量方面取得了顯著的功效。 work well in doing sth. 表“在……方面很有功效”, 如: Doing eye exercises works well in protecting our eyesight. 做眼保健操在保護視力方面很有功效。 7.? Because of our large population, we are short of energy and water. be short of…? 表 “缺乏……”, 如: She is always short of money at the end of every month.? 每個月底她總是缺錢。 be short for… 表“是……的縮寫”, 如: TV is short for television.??? TV是television的縮寫形式. 8.? Can all Chinese families offer their children a good education? 所有的中國家庭都能給他們的的孩子提供良好的教育嗎？ ?? offer 表“（主動）給予， 提供” ? ?offer sb. sth.? “提供某人某物”? 如： I offered him a glass of wine.?? 我敬了他一杯酒。 ?? offer to do sth.? “（主動）提出做某事” 如： ?? She offered to cook for her mother.? 她提出幫她媽媽煮飯。 I can’t go shopping in big stores unless I travel for a couple of hours. 我得花幾個小時，才能到大的商場購物。 ?? a) ?unless = if not? 表“除非…; 如果不”，引導條件狀語從句。如： I won’t go unless I hear from you. = I won’t go if I don’t hear? from you. ? 如果你不通知我，我就不去。 Unless Bill studies hard, he’ll fail in the exam. 如果比爾不努力, 他不會通過考試的. ?? b) a couple of… 表 “幾個人或幾件事”, 如: a couple of years ago??? 幾年前;?? a couple of students??? 幾個學生 couple? 指任何兩件同類的東西; 如: a couple of watches 兩只手表；? five couples of cats? 五對貓 pair 指兩件不可分開使用的東西,它們可指兩件互不相連的東西(鞋子、襪子等)，也可指兩部分構(gòu)成的一件東西（褲子、剪刀等）。如： a pair of shoes? 一雙鞋子????????? a pair of pants? 一條褲子 四、重點語法 現(xiàn)在完成時常與下列表不明確的狀語連用： 1．a(chǎn)lready 和 yet already “已經(jīng)”（多用于肯定陳述句），如： He has already gone home. 他已經(jīng)回家了。 yet “已經(jīng); 還”（用于否定句或疑問句），如： Have you found him yet? 你已經(jīng)找到他了嗎？ I haven’t finished my homework yet.? 我還沒完成作業(yè)。 ※ already 也可用于疑問句，表“出乎意料或驚奇” Have you finished your homework already??? 難道你已經(jīng)完成作業(yè)了？ 2．ever 和 never ever “曾經(jīng)”（多用于疑問句，問初次經(jīng)歷），如： I have ever been abroad.?? 我曾出過國。 never“從未；從來不”（多用于否定陳述句），常回答ever的句型。如： I have never seen him before. ----Has he ever been abroad?? 他曾出過國嗎？ ----No, never.? 不，從來不。 3．just just “剛剛”（多用于肯定句，位于謂語動詞之前），如：? I have just tried to call you.? 我剛剛打電話給你。 4．before before? “之前”（一般位于句末；常與never呼應）， 如： He says he has never seen such beautiful scenery before. 他說他以前從來沒看過這么美的風景。 Topic 3 The world has changed for the better. 一、重點詞匯 （一） 詞形轉(zhuǎn)換 1. homeless(名詞) homelessness????? 2．fair (反義詞) unfair? ?2. excited (動詞) excite???????? 3. disobey (反義詞) obey?????????? 4. succeed (名詞) success (形容詞) successful???? 5. French (國家) France (公民) Frenchman （二） 重點短語 help homeless people??????????????????????? 幫助無家可歸的人 in need ??????????????????????????????????需要（食物和錢） decide on (doing ) sth.?????????????????????? 決定（做）某事 provide sb. with sth.???????????????????????? 給某人提供某物 come for a visit???????????????????????????? 來參觀；來看一看 be successful in (doing) sth.????????????????? 成功地做了某事 get/find jobs?????????????????????????????? 獲得/ 找到工作 feel good about oneself????????????????????? 自我感覺良好 take drugs???????????????????????????????? 吸毒 give sb. a good chance to do sth.?????????????? 給某人做某事的一次好機會 end the war???????????????????????????? ???結(jié)束戰(zhàn)爭 live a happy life??????????????????????????? 過著幸福的生活 smile on one’s face????????????????????????? 臉上露出笑容 Project Hopes????????????????????????????? 希望工程 at home and abroad????????????????????????? 在國內(nèi)外 in poor areas?????????????????????????????? 在貧困地區(qū) receive a good education????????????????????? 受到良好的教育 二、重點句型 It trains them so that they can find jobs again.? 培訓他們以便他們能再次找到工作。 I think it is important for these people to feel good about themselves. 我認為對于這些人來說自我感覺良好是很重要的。 …, you will get used to it. …你會習慣它的。 You must come for a visit. 你一定來參觀一下。 Then you can see New York for yourself. 然后你可以自己看一看紐約。 If anyone takes drugs or disobey the other rules, he can’t stay in the program. 如果有人吸毒或者違反其它規(guī)定，他就不可以呆在培訓中心。 The money is used for children’s education in poor area. 這些資金被用來資助貧困地區(qū)兒童接受教育的。 With the money, it has built thousands of schools and libraries and trained 2300 teachers. 利用這些錢，希望工程建立了數(shù)以千計的學校和圖書館并且培養(yǎng)了2300名老師。 三、重點語言點 ?1. Well, once they find people in need, they decide on suitable ways to help them. ?? 他們一旦發(fā)現(xiàn)有人需要幫助，就選定適當?shù)姆绞絹韼椭麄儭? ?? a) ?once 是從屬連詞，表“一旦……就……”,它的從句為現(xiàn)在時態(tài)(包括一般現(xiàn)在時、現(xiàn)在進行時、現(xiàn)在完成時)，主句則為一般將來時?；蛘咧鲝木渚鶠檫^去的某種時態(tài)。如： ?? Once you become interested in playing computer games, you’ll have trouble giving them up. 一旦你迷上了電腦游戲，你就很難放棄它。 Once he arrives here, he will know the whole thing. 一旦他到這兒，他就會知道整件事的。 ?? She told him once she arrived, she would call him. 她告訴他一旦她到了，她會打電話給他。 ?? b) ?decide on (doing ) sth. 決定（做）某事， 相當于 decide to do sth.? 如： They decided on spending the holiday inHainan.? 他們決定在海南度假。 = They decided to spend the holiday inHainan. ?2. The government provides homeless people with nice homes. 政府向無家可歸的人們提供舒適的住處。 ? ?provide sb. with sth. = provide sth. for sb. 提供給某人某物 ?? The school provided the students with food.? 這所學校為學生們提供食物。 ?? = The school provided food for the students. 3. I think it’s a wonderful place to live in. 我認為那是一個居住的好地方。 ??to live in 是動詞不定式，用來修飾前面的名詞place. 在不定式中，如動詞為不及物動詞，或者不定式所修飾的名詞或代詞是不定式動作的地點、工具等，不定式后必須跟上相應的介詞。 如： ? There is nothing to worry about.? 沒有什么可擔心的事。 ? I need a pen to write with. 我需要一只筆寫字。 4. It is famous because it has been so successful in helping homeless people return to normal lives. ? 它很出名是因為它已經(jīng)成功地幫助無家可歸的人重新過上正常的生活。 ??be successful in doing sth. 成功地做成某事， 相當于 succeed in doing sth. 如： ? He was successful in passing the exam. 他成功地通過了考試。 ? They were successful in climbingMountHuang. 他們成功地登上了黃山。 5．In the past sixteen years, Project Hope has raised about 3 billion yuan. ?? 在近十六年來，希望工程已籌集了大約30億元。 ?? in the past + 若干時間，表“近若干時間來”，用于現(xiàn)在完成時。如： ?? They have learnt about 500 English words in the past two months. 近兩個月來，他們已經(jīng)學習了大約500個英語單詞。 ?? You have grown up a lot in the past three years. 近三年來，你們長大了許多。 四、重點語法 ?（一） 直接引語和間接引語 ? 在引用別人原話時，被引用的部分稱為直接引語；如： “What are you reading,Jane?” Maria asked. 當用自己的話轉(zhuǎn)述別人的話時，被轉(zhuǎn)述部分稱為間接引語。如： Maria asked Jane what she was reading. 直接引語和間接引語可互相轉(zhuǎn)換，但要注意以下幾個變化： 直接引語變?yōu)殚g接引語時，引導詞要根據(jù)句子類型的不同有所變化。 1）如果直接引語是陳述句，變成間接引語時，引導詞用that或省略。如： She said, “I’m very glad to have such a chance.” →She said (that) she was very glad to have such a chance. 2）如果是一般疑問句時，則用whether或 if。如： Maria asked Jane, “Can they get good food and medicine?” →Maria asked Jane whether/ if they could get good food and medicine. 3）如果是特殊疑問句時，則用相應的疑問詞what, where, which, how等。如： Maria asked Jane, “ What are you reading?” →Maria asked Jane what she was reading. 4）如果是祈使句時，則多用動詞ask, tell, order引導的不定式結(jié)構(gòu)。如： Mother said to me, “ Try again.”→ Mother asked me to try again. “ Don’t be afraid”, Tom said to Dick.→Tom told Dick not to be afraid. 語序的變化：若是從句，一律為陳述語序。 時態(tài)的變化。 1）主句為現(xiàn)在或?qū)頃r態(tài)時，間接引語的時態(tài)不變；如： He says, “I’m tired.”→ He says he is tired. He will say, “ The boy was lazy.”→ He will say the boy was lazy. 2）主句為過去時態(tài)時，間接引語則一般都有改成相應的過去時態(tài)，但表示自然科學和真理之類的仍以現(xiàn)在時出現(xiàn)。如： He said, “I’m sorry.”→ He said he was sorry. The teacher told us, “The earth moves around the sun.” → The teacher told us the earth moves around the sun. 人稱的變化。如： The teacher said, “John, you must bring your book to the class.” → The teacher told John that he must bring his book to the class. 時間狀語的變化。如：now→then;? today→that day;? tonight→that night; this morning→that morning;?? ago→before;??? yesterday→the day before; last night→the night before;??? the day before yesterday→two days before; tomorrow→the next day;?? next week→the next week. 地點狀語的變化。如：here→there 指示代詞的變化。如：this→that;? these → those 動詞的變化。如：come → go; bring → take （二）構(gòu)詞法 合成詞：由兩個或者更多獨立的單詞組合成一個單詞。? ?如： motherland, basketball, filmmaker, birthday; hometown, greenhouse, etc. 派生詞：一詞通過加前綴或后綴構(gòu)成一個新詞。? 如： 1）常見的前綴： dis-; un-; im-? 表示“不”， 如： dislike（不喜歡）? disappear（消失）?? disagree （不同意）disobey（不遵守） unhappy（不快樂）? unfair（不公平）?? unlike（不像）?? unfriendly（不友好）?? impolite （不禮貌）? impossible（不可能） re-? 表示“重復”， 如： retell（復述）????? review（復習）?? rewrite（重寫）??? return（重返） super- 表示“超”， 如： supermarket（超市）????? superman（超人）???? superstar（超級明星） mis- 表示“錯誤”， 如： mistake（錯誤）??? misunderstand（誤解） 2) 常見的后綴： 名詞后綴：-er, -or; -ness; -tion; - ment??? 如： worker（工人）????? player（選手）???? teacher（教師）??? driver（司機） visitor （參觀者）????? inventor（發(fā)明者）????? translator （翻譯者） question（問題）???? invention （發(fā)明）??? education （教育）?? organization（組織） movement（運動 ）??? agreement（同意）???? development（發(fā)展） 形容詞后綴：-ful;? -ous;?? -less??? - able;?? -y? 如： useful （有用的）? careful（認真的）? helpful （有幫助的） successful（成功的） dangerous（危險的）? famous （著名的）?? delicious （可口的）? serious（嚴肅的） homeless （無家可歸的）?? careless（粗心的）? useless（無用的） changeable （易變的）???? countable（可數(shù)的） cloudy （多云的）??? windy （