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?全日制普通本科生畢業(yè)論文(設(shè)計(jì))
中 期 檢 查 表
學(xué)? 院:????? 工學(xué)院????????????
學(xué)生姓名
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學(xué)??? 號(hào)
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年級(jí)專業(yè)及班級(jí)
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指導(dǎo)教師姓名
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指導(dǎo)教師職稱
教授
論文(設(shè)計(jì))題目
蘋果大小分級(jí)機(jī)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)
畢業(yè)論文(設(shè)計(jì))工作進(jìn)度
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已完成的主要內(nèi)容
尚需解決的主要問題
?1、進(jìn)出料機(jī)架結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)
?2、進(jìn)出料槽的設(shè)計(jì)
?3進(jìn)料篩選機(jī)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)、
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?1、振動(dòng)電機(jī)的選擇
?2、支撐結(jié)構(gòu)的設(shè)計(jì)
?3、氣壓缸的設(shè)計(jì)與選擇
?4、震動(dòng)機(jī)架的設(shè)計(jì)與選擇
指導(dǎo)教師意見
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檢查小組意見
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注:1.此表可用黑色簽字筆填寫,也可打印,但意見欄必須相應(yīng)責(zé)任人親筆填寫。
2.此表可從教務(wù)處網(wǎng)站下載中心下載。
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畢業(yè)論文(設(shè)計(jì))任務(wù)書
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學(xué)生姓名
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學(xué)??? 號(hào)
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年級(jí)專業(yè)及班級(jí)
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指導(dǎo)教師及職稱
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學(xué)??? 院
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填 寫 說 明
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一、畢業(yè)論文(設(shè)計(jì))任務(wù)書是學(xué)校根據(jù)已經(jīng)確定的畢業(yè)論文(設(shè)計(jì))題目下達(dá)給學(xué)生的一種教學(xué)文件,是學(xué)生在指導(dǎo)教師指導(dǎo)下獨(dú)立從事畢業(yè)論文(設(shè)計(jì))工作的依據(jù)。此表由指導(dǎo)教師填寫。
二、此任務(wù)書必需針對(duì)每一位學(xué)生,不能多人共用。
三、選題要恰當(dāng),任務(wù)要明確,難度要適中,份量要合理,使每個(gè)學(xué)生在規(guī)定的時(shí)限內(nèi),經(jīng)過自己的努力,可以完成任務(wù)書規(guī)定的設(shè)計(jì)研究內(nèi)容。
四、任務(wù)書一經(jīng)下達(dá),不得隨意更改。
五、各欄填寫基本要求。
(一)畢業(yè)論文(設(shè)計(jì))選題來源、選題性質(zhì)和完成形式:
請(qǐng)?jiān)诤线m的對(duì)應(yīng)選項(xiàng)前的“□”內(nèi)打“√”,科研課題請(qǐng)注明課題項(xiàng)目和名稱,項(xiàng)目指“國家青年基金”等。
(二)主要內(nèi)容和要求:
1.工程設(shè)計(jì)類選題
明確設(shè)計(jì)具體任務(wù),設(shè)計(jì)原始條件及主要技術(shù)指標(biāo);設(shè)計(jì)方案的形成(比較與論證);該生的側(cè)重點(diǎn);應(yīng)完成的工作量,如圖紙、譯文及計(jì)算機(jī)應(yīng)用等要求。
2.實(shí)驗(yàn)研究類選題
明確選題的來源,具體任務(wù)與目標(biāo),國內(nèi)外相關(guān)的研究現(xiàn)狀及其評(píng)述;該生的研究重點(diǎn),研究的實(shí)驗(yàn)內(nèi)容、實(shí)驗(yàn)原理及實(shí)驗(yàn)方案;計(jì)算機(jī)應(yīng)用及工作量要求,如論文、文獻(xiàn)綜述報(bào)告、譯文等。
3.文法經(jīng)管類論文
明確選題的任務(wù)、方向、研究范圍和目標(biāo);對(duì)相關(guān)的研究歷史和研究現(xiàn)狀簡要介紹,明確該生的研究重點(diǎn);要求完成的工作量,如論文、文獻(xiàn)綜述報(bào)告、譯文等。
(三)主要中文參考資料與外文資料:
在確定了畢業(yè)論文(設(shè)計(jì))題目和明確了要求后,指導(dǎo)教師應(yīng)給學(xué)生提供一些相關(guān)資料和相關(guān)信息,或劃定參考資料的范圍,指導(dǎo)學(xué)生收集反映當(dāng)前研究進(jìn)展的近1-3年參考資料和文獻(xiàn)。外文資料是指導(dǎo)老師根據(jù)選題情況明確學(xué)生需要閱讀或翻譯成中文的外文文獻(xiàn)。
(四)畢業(yè)論文(設(shè)計(jì))的進(jìn)度安排:
1.設(shè)計(jì)類、實(shí)驗(yàn)研究類課題
實(shí)習(xí)、調(diào)研、收集資料、方案制定約占總時(shí)間的20%;主體工作,包括設(shè)計(jì)、計(jì)算、繪制圖紙、實(shí)驗(yàn)及結(jié)果分析等約占總時(shí)間的50%;撰寫初稿、修改、定稿約占總時(shí)間的30%。
2.文法經(jīng)管類論文
實(shí)習(xí)、調(diào)研、資料收集、歸檔整理、形成提綱約占總時(shí)間的60%;撰寫論文初稿,修改、定稿約占總時(shí)間的40%。
六、各欄填寫完整、字跡清楚。應(yīng)用黑色簽字筆填寫,也可使用打印稿,但簽名欄必須相應(yīng)責(zé)任人親筆簽名。
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畢業(yè)論文
(設(shè)計(jì))題目
蘋果大小分級(jí)機(jī)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)?
選題來源
□結(jié)合科研課題?? 課題名稱:????????????????????????????????????????
■生產(chǎn)實(shí)際或社會(huì)實(shí)際?????????? □其他???
選題性質(zhì)
□基礎(chǔ)研究????? ■應(yīng)用研究???? □其他
題目完成形式
□畢業(yè)論文????? ■畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)???? □提交作品,并撰寫論文
主要內(nèi)容和要求
1主要內(nèi)容包括:
1.1本項(xiàng)目研究的目的、意義、國內(nèi)外研究的動(dòng)態(tài);
1.2總體方案的擬定和主要參數(shù)的設(shè)計(jì)計(jì)算;
1.3傳動(dòng)方案的確定及設(shè)計(jì)計(jì)算,主要工作部件的設(shè)計(jì);
1.4主要受力零件的強(qiáng)度或壽命校核計(jì)算;
1.5裝配總圖、部件圖、零件工作圖的繪制。
2要求
2.1主要技術(shù)參數(shù):生產(chǎn)率
2.2查閱資料15篇以上,翻譯一定數(shù)量的外文資料;
2.3機(jī)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)可靠、布局合理、與各執(zhí)行機(jī)構(gòu)協(xié)調(diào)工作;
2.4畫圖相當(dāng)于3-4張A0圖紙的工作量(包括2張以上CAD圖紙);
2.5設(shè)計(jì)計(jì)算說明書1萬字以上,條理清楚,計(jì)算有據(jù)。格式按湖南農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)全日制普通本科生畢業(yè)論文(設(shè)計(jì))規(guī)范化要求;
2.6設(shè)計(jì)說明書的內(nèi)容包括:課題的目的、意義、國內(nèi)外動(dòng)態(tài);研究的主要內(nèi)容;總體方案的擬定和主要參數(shù)的設(shè)計(jì)計(jì)算;傳動(dòng)方案的確定及設(shè)計(jì)計(jì)算,主要工作部件的設(shè)計(jì);主要零件分析計(jì)算和校核;參考文獻(xiàn);鳴謝。
注:此表如不夠填寫,可另加附頁。
主要中文參考資料與外文資料
?[1]劉曉杰 食品加工機(jī)械與設(shè)備? 高等教育出版社? 2010
?[2]厲建國、趙濤.食品加工機(jī)械[M].成都.四川科學(xué)技術(shù)出版社出版.1984.130-152
[3] 許學(xué)勤.食品工廠機(jī)械與設(shè)備[M]. 北京.中國輕工業(yè)出版社.2008.138-142
[4] 馬海樂.食品機(jī)械與設(shè)備[M]. 北京.中國農(nóng)業(yè)出版社.2004.75-85
[5] 肖旭霖. 食品機(jī)械與設(shè)備[M]. 北京.科學(xué)出版社.2006.75-8
[6] 中國農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械化科學(xué)研究院.實(shí)用機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)手冊(cè)[M].北京.中國農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械出版社.1984
[7] 谷文英.配合飼料工藝學(xué)[M].北京.中國輕工業(yè)出版社.1999. 88-92
[8] 沈再春.農(nóng)產(chǎn)品加工機(jī)械與設(shè)備[M].北京.中國輕工業(yè)出版社.1993. 105-120
[9] 龐聲海、饒應(yīng)昌.飼料加工機(jī)械使用與維修[M].北京.中國農(nóng)業(yè)出版社.2000.
工作進(jìn)度安排
起止日期
主要工作內(nèi)容
?2012、10、20
選題
?2012、10、30
下達(dá)任務(wù)書
?2012、11、4
查找資料,開題
?2012、12、1
設(shè)計(jì)計(jì)算,畫圖
?2013、3、20
中期考核
?2013、4、20
完善,交設(shè)計(jì)初稿
?2013、5、10
完善,交設(shè)計(jì)二稿
?2013、5、20
修改,答辯,交終稿
要求完成日期:20?13? 年?5 月??10? 日??????? 指導(dǎo)教師簽名:? ??????????????????????
審查日期:20??? 年??? 月??? 日??????????? 專業(yè)委員會(huì)主任簽名: ?????????????????
批準(zhǔn)日期:20??? 年??? 月??? 日??????????? 學(xué)院指導(dǎo)委員會(huì)簽名(公章):??????????
接受任務(wù)日期:20?12? 年?10 月?20 日? ??????學(xué)生本人簽名:???????? ???????????????
注:簽名欄必須由相應(yīng)責(zé)任人親筆簽名。此表可從教務(wù)處網(wǎng)站下載中心下載。
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畢業(yè)論文(設(shè)計(jì))開題報(bào)告
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學(xué)生姓名
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學(xué)??? 號(hào)
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年級(jí)專業(yè)及班級(jí)
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指導(dǎo)教師及職稱
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學(xué)??? 院
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20??? 年???? 月???? 日
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畢業(yè)論文(設(shè)計(jì))題目
蘋果大小分級(jí)機(jī)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)
文獻(xiàn)綜述(選題研究意義、國內(nèi)外研究現(xiàn)狀、主要參考文獻(xiàn)等,不少于1000字)
選題研究意義:
我國是蘋果生產(chǎn)大國,蘋果總量躍居世界第一位,而且品種豐富。但目前我國的蘋果產(chǎn)后商品化處理的水平仍很低,在國際市場(chǎng)上競爭力很弱。目前國內(nèi)外研究比較多的是農(nóng)產(chǎn)品的品質(zhì)檢測(cè)。在蘋果品質(zhì)檢測(cè)方面,國外除了進(jìn)行外部品質(zhì)(如大小、形狀、顏色、表面缺陷等)檢測(cè)外,還進(jìn)行其內(nèi)部品質(zhì)的無損檢測(cè),有些檢測(cè)項(xiàng)目已經(jīng)商品化,且能達(dá)到實(shí)時(shí)速度。在國內(nèi),蘋果的品質(zhì)檢測(cè)研究從90年代才開始,僅停留在外部的品質(zhì)檢測(cè)上,且遠(yuǎn)沒達(dá)到實(shí)時(shí)檢測(cè)分級(jí)的水平,我國蘋果的生產(chǎn)在整個(gè)農(nóng)產(chǎn)品的生產(chǎn)中占有很大的比例,是重要的外貿(mào)出口產(chǎn)品。但由于生產(chǎn)后處理不夠,使得外銷蘋果的品質(zhì)難以保證,在國際市場(chǎng)上缺乏競爭力。其原因首先是檢測(cè)與分選的手段落后。在我國,蘋果分級(jí)基本上仍由人工完成。人工分級(jí)的缺點(diǎn)主要有:勞動(dòng)量大,生產(chǎn)率低,分級(jí)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)難以實(shí)現(xiàn),分級(jí)精度不穩(wěn)定。因?yàn)樵谔O果分級(jí)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)中,著色面積和缺陷面積的度量,僅憑人的視覺難以精確區(qū)分,且人長時(shí)間用眼,會(huì)造成疲勞及情緒的不穩(wěn)定,從面造成分級(jí)誤差的波動(dòng),其次,蘋果的內(nèi)部品質(zhì)缺乏檢測(cè)手段,使蘋果的內(nèi)外品質(zhì)無法保證。因此,研究和開發(fā)蘋果自動(dòng)實(shí)時(shí)分級(jí)系統(tǒng),選出高質(zhì)量的蘋果,為國家創(chuàng)取外匯,在我國具有重要的經(jīng)濟(jì)價(jià)值和廣闊的應(yīng)用前景。
國內(nèi)外研究現(xiàn)狀:
??? 國內(nèi)研究概況:
對(duì)于國外的分級(jí)水平,國內(nèi)水果分級(jí)市場(chǎng)比較落后。國內(nèi)水果分級(jí)大部分還采用人工分級(jí)方法,只有少數(shù)企業(yè)采用半自動(dòng)及自動(dòng)化水果分級(jí)。
雖然我國水果分級(jí)現(xiàn)狀不容樂觀,但也有一些企業(yè)的研究得到成功,浙江大學(xué)果蔬智能化分級(jí)技術(shù)與裝備課題組經(jīng)過近10年的研究積累,在國家“863”計(jì)劃?國家自然科學(xué)基金和浙江省科技計(jì)劃的支持下,與杭州杭掛機(jī)電有限公司合作于2004年研制成功國內(nèi)第一條完全擁有自主知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)的基于計(jì)算機(jī)視覺的水果品質(zhì)智能化實(shí)時(shí)檢測(cè)與分級(jí)生產(chǎn)線。項(xiàng)目至今已獲國家發(fā)明專利2項(xiàng)、授權(quán)計(jì)算機(jī)軟件著作登記2項(xiàng)、授權(quán)國家實(shí)用新型專利8項(xiàng),另有國家發(fā)明專利10項(xiàng)待批。2004年6月16日,順利通過國家863計(jì)劃機(jī)器人技術(shù)主題專家組的驗(yàn)收。2004年12月28日,銷往廣東梅縣的第一條生產(chǎn)線在當(dāng)?shù)卣秸{(diào)試成功,并投入正常生產(chǎn)用于當(dāng)?shù)靥厣毘鹊钠焚|(zhì)檢測(cè)和分級(jí),其工作性能得到用戶的高度評(píng)價(jià)。 2005年4月29日,由中國工程院汪懋華院士、蔣亦元院士等8位本領(lǐng)域的權(quán)威專家組成的鑒定委員會(huì),對(duì)本生產(chǎn)線進(jìn)行了鑒定,專家們對(duì)這一成果給予了高度評(píng)價(jià):總體技術(shù)水平達(dá)到國際同類產(chǎn)品的先進(jìn)水平,多項(xiàng)技術(shù)處于國際領(lǐng)先水平。
日前,江蘇省自主研制生產(chǎn)的電腦控制全自動(dòng)水果分級(jí)流水生產(chǎn)線在陜西成功運(yùn)行,并通過國家一級(jí)科技查新,填補(bǔ)了國內(nèi)果品加工生產(chǎn)機(jī)械的空白。 該生產(chǎn)線由江蘇牧羊集團(tuán)研制,采用水果品質(zhì)視覺系統(tǒng)測(cè)與分級(jí),每條生產(chǎn)線每小時(shí)能檢測(cè)分級(jí)2.5噸及3噸水果,適用于柑橘、胡柚、蘋果、西紅柿、土豆等多種水果及農(nóng)產(chǎn)品的快速分級(jí),部分指標(biāo)達(dá)到世界先進(jìn)水平。為配套新生產(chǎn)線,該集團(tuán)同時(shí)研發(fā)出壓榨機(jī)、榨汁機(jī)等飲料機(jī)械,以及去核機(jī)、打漿機(jī)等果汁生產(chǎn)線前處理設(shè)備與后道包裝設(shè)備,具有良好的應(yīng)用前景。
??? 國外研究概況:
國外50%以上的水果實(shí)現(xiàn)了分級(jí)的完全自動(dòng)化。近年,隨著信息技術(shù)的飛躍發(fā)展和計(jì)算機(jī)普及.圖像技術(shù)及機(jī)器(計(jì)算機(jī))視覺技術(shù)已被廣泛應(yīng)用于多個(gè)學(xué)科,在作物領(lǐng)域也已取得許多進(jìn)展.并展示了廣闊的應(yīng)用前景。
目前較先進(jìn)的微機(jī)控制的重量分級(jí)機(jī),采用最新電子儀器測(cè)定重量,可按需選擇準(zhǔn)確的分級(jí)基準(zhǔn),分級(jí)精度高,使用特別的滑槽,落差小,水果不受沖擊、不損傷。分級(jí)、裝箱所需時(shí)間為傳統(tǒng)的1/2。
日本消費(fèi)者對(duì)水果的消費(fèi)是非常挑剔的,其水果上市前都要經(jīng)過分級(jí)包裝。有些價(jià)值較高的水果,如冬季上市的西瓜要在標(biāo)簽上標(biāo)出糖度數(shù)值。目前,在日本許多高新技術(shù)在水果檢測(cè)領(lǐng)域得到應(yīng)用。計(jì)算機(jī)技術(shù)、無損傷檢測(cè)技術(shù)以及自動(dòng)化控制技術(shù)的發(fā)展為現(xiàn)代分級(jí)檢測(cè)技術(shù)提供了廣闊的空間,使分級(jí)檢測(cè)技術(shù)正在由半自動(dòng)化向全自動(dòng)化、外部品質(zhì)檢測(cè)向內(nèi)部品質(zhì)檢測(cè)、復(fù)雜化向簡單化和方便化、規(guī)格標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的文字化向數(shù)字化、機(jī)械設(shè)備結(jié)構(gòu)的復(fù)雜化向簡單化、數(shù)據(jù)的人工管理向計(jì)算機(jī)管理方向轉(zhuǎn)化。
在意大利的果品貯藏加工業(yè)生產(chǎn)中,使用顏色分級(jí)機(jī)較早,主要是對(duì)蘋果進(jìn)行顏色分級(jí),其原理是按照綠色蘋果比紅色蘋果的反射光強(qiáng)的道理進(jìn)行的。工作時(shí),果實(shí)在松軟的傳送帶上跳躍移動(dòng),光線可照射到水果的大多部位,這樣就避免了水果單面被照射。反射光傳遞給電腦,由電腦按照反射率的不同來將果實(shí)分開,一般分為全綠果、半綠(半紅)果、全紅果等級(jí)別。
美國Penwalt公司Decco型分級(jí)機(jī)是一種新型果實(shí)分級(jí)機(jī),具有速度快、性能好、通用性強(qiáng)的特點(diǎn)。它根據(jù)“體積”分級(jí)的原理進(jìn)行工作,綜合了大小和重量分級(jí)機(jī)最突出的優(yōu)點(diǎn),同時(shí)消除了二者的缺點(diǎn),使分級(jí)作業(yè)真正得以柔和平緩地進(jìn)行。Decco分級(jí)機(jī)工作原理是:提升機(jī)輥?zhàn)訉⒋旨?jí)的果實(shí)送入四星裝料斗,星輪與提升機(jī)以鏈條驅(qū)動(dòng)的各對(duì)定距輥?zhàn)油?,輥?zhàn)映休d水果通過分級(jí)全程,這樣的裝置,星輪可以很柔和地將水果從提升機(jī)傳送到由一對(duì)滾子形成的凹槽中,根據(jù)選用分級(jí)機(jī)規(guī)格的不同,分級(jí)部分包括6-9行高度可調(diào)的“摩擦指”,滾子從摩擦指下通過,緩緩地作反時(shí)針回轉(zhuǎn),水果則作順時(shí)針轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng),當(dāng)水果遇到摩擦指(最大的水果首先接觸摩擦指),由于轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)與摩擦的組合,水果極柔和地從滾子上移動(dòng)并落入彈性的擺動(dòng)活動(dòng)門上,水果自重足夠使其滑出并滾到輸送皮帶上,然后由皮帶送入包裝槽中。由于水果沒有摔落,也沒有其他任何典型的引起損傷的動(dòng)作,分級(jí)柔和。水果分級(jí)只有綜合形狀、大小、色澤、果面缺陷等各種因素,甚至是內(nèi)部品質(zhì),才能排除其他因素,使分級(jí)質(zhì)量得到保證。
法國的MAF France公司的水果分級(jí)包裝設(shè)備,不僅能對(duì)果蔬進(jìn)行分級(jí)包裝,還可以利用電子、光學(xué)原理對(duì)果蔬表皮的瑕疵進(jìn)行分選,全電腦監(jiān)控,自動(dòng)化程度相當(dāng)高。在意大利的果品貯藏加工業(yè)生產(chǎn)中,使用顏色分級(jí)機(jī)較早,主要是對(duì)蘋果進(jìn)行顏色分級(jí),其原理是按照綠色蘋果比紅色蘋果的反射光強(qiáng)的道理進(jìn)行的。工作時(shí),果實(shí)在松軟的傳送帶上跳躍移動(dòng),光線可照射到水果的大多部位,這樣就避免了水果單面被照射。反射光傳遞給電腦,由電腦按照反射率的不同來將果實(shí)分開,一般分為全綠果、半綠(半紅)果、全紅果等級(jí)別。
主要參考文獻(xiàn)與外文資料:
[1] 葉昱程,應(yīng)義斌. 水果品質(zhì)檢測(cè)與分級(jí)技術(shù)[J]. 農(nóng)機(jī)化研究, 2003
[2] 蔣煥煜, 應(yīng)義斌,等. 果品質(zhì)智能化實(shí)時(shí)檢測(cè)分級(jí)生產(chǎn)線的研究. 農(nóng)業(yè)工程學(xué)報(bào),2002
[3] 張方明,應(yīng)義斌.水果分級(jí)機(jī)器人關(guān)鍵技術(shù)的研究和發(fā)展. 機(jī)器人技術(shù)與應(yīng)用,2004
[4] 李慶中,汪懋華. 基于計(jì)算機(jī)視覺的水果實(shí)時(shí)分級(jí)技術(shù)發(fā)展與展望. 農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械學(xué)報(bào),1999
[5] 劉福順,湯明.無損檢測(cè)基礎(chǔ)[M].北京:北京航空航天大學(xué)出版社.2002
[6] 中國機(jī)械工程學(xué)會(huì)無損檢測(cè)分會(huì).射線檢測(cè).北京:機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社.2004
[7] 宋爾濤.包裝自動(dòng)控制原理及過程自動(dòng)化.北京:印刷工業(yè)出版社.1999
[8] 孫鳳蘭.包裝機(jī)械概論.北京:印刷工業(yè)出版社.1998
[9] 許曉腸.專用機(jī)床設(shè)備設(shè)計(jì).重慶:重慶大學(xué)出版社.2003
[10] 中國紡織大學(xué)、哈爾濱工業(yè)大學(xué). 機(jī)床設(shè)計(jì)圖冊(cè).北京:機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社.1979
[11] 韓東海,劉新鑫,涂潤林.果品無損檢測(cè)技術(shù)在蘋果生產(chǎn)和分級(jí)中的應(yīng)用.世界農(nóng)業(yè),2003
[12] 中華人民共和國商業(yè)部教材領(lǐng)導(dǎo)小組.輸送機(jī)械與輔助設(shè)備.北京:中國財(cái)政經(jīng)濟(jì)出版社.1991
[13] 黃繼昌,徐巧魚.實(shí)用機(jī)械機(jī)構(gòu)圖冊(cè).北京:人民郵電出版社.1996
[14] 陳鐵鳴.新編機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)課程設(shè)計(jì)圖冊(cè).北京:高等教育出版社.2003
[15] 張之議.機(jī)械華運(yùn)輸設(shè)計(jì)手冊(cè).北京:機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社.1997
[16] 鄭志峰.鏈傳動(dòng).北京:機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社.1992
[17] 鄭志峰.鏈傳動(dòng)設(shè)計(jì)與應(yīng)用手冊(cè).北京:機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社.1992
[18] 朱龍根.簡明機(jī)械零件設(shè)計(jì)手冊(cè).北京:機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社.1997
[19] 中華人民共和國國家質(zhì)量監(jiān)督檢驗(yàn)檢疫總局發(fā)布.中華人民共和國國家標(biāo)準(zhǔn)機(jī)械制圖.北京:中國標(biāo)準(zhǔn)出版社.2004
[20] 馬希青、蘇夢(mèng)香、趙月羅編.機(jī)械制圖.徐州:中國礦業(yè)大學(xué)出版社.2004
[21] 全國電氣元件編制和圖形符號(hào)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化技術(shù)委員會(huì)秘書處.技術(shù)制圖與機(jī)械制圖標(biāo)準(zhǔn)規(guī)定匯編.北京:中國電力出版社.2003
[22] 黃越平,徐進(jìn)進(jìn).自動(dòng)化機(jī)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)構(gòu)思實(shí)用圖例.北京:中國鐵道出版社.1993
[23](德)FAG.Kugelfischer AG著.滾動(dòng)軸承安裝設(shè)計(jì).北京:機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社.2004
[24] J. A. Throop, D. J. Aneshansley, B. L. Upchurch, B. Anger. Apple Orientation on Two Conveyors: Performance and Predictability Based on Fruit Shape Characteristics. Transactions of the ASAE, 2001 American Society of Agricultural Engineers, Vol. 44(1): 99–109
[25] J. A. Throop, D. J. Aneshansley, W. C. Anger, D. L. Peterson. Conveyor Design for Apple Orientation, An ASAE Meeting Presentation, Paper Number: 036123
[26] J. A. Throop, D. J. Aneshansley, W. C. Anger, D. L. Peterson. Quality Evaluation of Apples Based on Surface Defects – An Inspection Station Design. An ASAE Meeting Presentation, Paper Number: 036161
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注:此表如不夠填寫,可另加頁。
研究方案(研究目的、內(nèi)容、方法、預(yù)期成果、條件保障等)
研究目的:
(1)?????? 降低勞動(dòng)者的勞動(dòng)強(qiáng)度;
(2)?????? 提高勞動(dòng)生產(chǎn)率;
(3)?????? 提高產(chǎn)品分類質(zhì)量;
(4)?????? 降低生產(chǎn)成本;
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研究內(nèi)容和方案:對(duì)蘋果分級(jí)原理及基本結(jié)構(gòu)進(jìn)行分析與說明,對(duì)蘋果分級(jí)機(jī)構(gòu)進(jìn)行設(shè)計(jì)。
工作原理:蘋果通過進(jìn)料機(jī)構(gòu)逐個(gè)滾至輸送裝置的PVC塑料模塊上,由鏈條實(shí)現(xiàn)傳動(dòng)。在前進(jìn)過程中,PVC塑料模塊中間的小輪與機(jī)架上焊接的托條摩擦,小輪隨之向前滾動(dòng),且此小輪上部露出平面1.3mm,正好與蘋果接觸,使蘋果在摩擦力的作用下翻轉(zhuǎn)。當(dāng)蘋果的花萼/莖旋轉(zhuǎn)到小輪處時(shí),小輪與蘋果停止接觸,此時(shí)小輪空轉(zhuǎn),蘋果軸線處于垂直位置,蘋果完成定位。蘋果在接下來的前進(jìn)過程中,PVC塑料板的底部有一個(gè)帶有小輪的軸,通過與機(jī)架上擋板的摩擦作用,二者共同作用相當(dāng)與一個(gè)凸輪,實(shí)現(xiàn)蘋果的傾斜45度。同時(shí),PVC塑料板底部兩邊有兩根相同的軸,軸上的小輪也與此擋板接觸,帶動(dòng)其頂端的兩個(gè)棍子轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng),從而使傾斜的蘋果繞軸旋轉(zhuǎn)。這時(shí)蘋果正好移動(dòng)到攝像機(jī)前,這樣便能保證攝像機(jī)拍照時(shí)能拍到蘋果的各個(gè)表面。由計(jì)算機(jī)對(duì)圖象進(jìn)行處理,將信號(hào)發(fā)送給出料機(jī)構(gòu),實(shí)現(xiàn)五個(gè)等級(jí)的分級(jí),并且能夠自動(dòng)從對(duì)應(yīng)的等級(jí)口出料。
本機(jī)主要由進(jìn)料機(jī)構(gòu)、傳動(dòng)機(jī)構(gòu)、輸送機(jī)構(gòu)、檢測(cè)機(jī)構(gòu)和出料機(jī)構(gòu)等組成。其結(jié)構(gòu)如圖所示:
預(yù)期結(jié)果:在完成了各項(xiàng)設(shè)計(jì)后,能實(shí)現(xiàn)高速作業(yè),降低勞動(dòng)強(qiáng)度,提高生產(chǎn)效益。
條件保障:
1,本設(shè)計(jì)的大部分工作將在本學(xué)校完成.???????
2,有扎實(shí)的理論知識(shí)和學(xué)校專家的指導(dǎo).???????
3,學(xué)校的實(shí)驗(yàn)設(shè)備和相關(guān)圖書資料.
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進(jìn)程計(jì)劃(各研究環(huán)節(jié)的時(shí)間安排、實(shí)施進(jìn)度、完成程度等)
?2012、10、20
選題
?2012、10、30
下達(dá)任務(wù)書
?2012、11、4
查找資料,開題
?2012、12、1
設(shè)計(jì)計(jì)算,畫圖
?2013、3、20
中期考核
?2013、4、20
完善,交設(shè)計(jì)初稿
?2013、5、10
完善,交設(shè)計(jì)二稿
?2013、5、20
修改,答辯,交終稿
?
?
論證小組意見
?
?
?
?
????????????????????????????? 組長簽名:
??????????????????????????????????????????????? 20??? 年?? 月?? 日
專業(yè)委員會(huì)意見
?
?
??????????????????????????????專業(yè)委員會(huì)主任簽名:
???? ??????????????????????????????????????????20?? 年?? 月?? 日
注:1.此表可用黑色簽字筆填寫,也可打印,但意見欄必須相應(yīng)責(zé)任人親筆填寫。
2.此表可從教務(wù)處網(wǎng)站下載中心下載。
目 錄
摘要 …… ………………………………………………………………………………1
關(guān)鍵字 … ………………………………………………………………………………1
1 前言 …………………………………………………………………………………2
1.1 研究的目的及意義 …… …… ……… …………………………………………2
1.2 國內(nèi)外研究概況 ………………………………………………………………3
1.2.1 國內(nèi)研究概況 ………………………………………………………………3
1.2.2 國外研究概況 … ……………………………………………………………4
1.3研究特色與創(chuàng)新 ………………………………………………………………5
2 概述 …………………………………………………………………………………6
2.1 氣動(dòng)水果分級(jí)傳輸裝置原理簡介 ……………………………………………6
2.2傳輸分級(jí)機(jī)構(gòu)工作原理 …………………………………………………………6
2.2.1 基本組成 ………… ……………………………………………………………6
2.3 設(shè)計(jì)任務(wù) …………………………………………………………………………7
3 進(jìn)料機(jī)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì) …… …………………………………………………………………8
3.1進(jìn)料機(jī)架的設(shè)計(jì) …………………………………………………………………8
3.1.1加工工藝的選擇 ……………………………………………………………8
3.1.2材料的選擇 …………………………………………………………………8
3.1.3進(jìn)料機(jī)架結(jié)構(gòu) ………………………………………………………………9
3.2進(jìn)料槽的設(shè)計(jì) ……………………………………………………………………9
3.2.1 加工工藝的選擇 … …………………………………………………………9
3.2.2 材料的選擇 …………………………………………………………………10
3.2.3 進(jìn)料槽的結(jié)構(gòu) ………………………………………………………………10
3.3 進(jìn)料篩選機(jī)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì) …………………………………………………………… 10
3.3.1 方案的確定 …………………………………………………………………10
3.3.2篩選機(jī)構(gòu)結(jié)構(gòu) ………………………………………………………………10
3.3.3 振動(dòng)電機(jī)的選擇 ……………………………………………………………11
3.4 支撐結(jié)構(gòu)的設(shè)計(jì) ………………………………………………………………12
3.4.1 進(jìn)料支撐結(jié)構(gòu) ………………………………………………………………12
3.5振動(dòng)機(jī)架………………………………………………………………………… 12
4 主要技術(shù)參數(shù)和電機(jī)選擇 ……… ……………………………………………… 12
5 傳動(dòng)系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)…… …………………………………………………………………14
5.1鏈條和鏈輪的設(shè)計(jì) ………………………………………………………………14
5.1.1 鏈輪的設(shè)計(jì)…………………………… ………………………………………14
5.1.2鏈條的設(shè)計(jì)計(jì)算 ………………………………………………………………16
5.2滾子設(shè)計(jì) …………………………………………………………………………17
5.3 軸的設(shè)計(jì)及校核…………… ……………………………………………………18
5.3.1 主動(dòng)軸設(shè)計(jì)及校核…… ………………………………………………………19
5.3.2從動(dòng)軸設(shè)計(jì) ………………………… ………… ……………………………21
5.4 同步帶和同步帶輪設(shè)計(jì)……………… …………………………………………22
5.4.1同步帶選擇 ……………………………………………………………………23
5.4.2 同步帶帶輪設(shè)計(jì)計(jì)算……………………… …………………………………23
5.5軸承的設(shè)計(jì) ………………………………………………………………………24
5.5.1軸和軸承的安裝方式 …………………………………………………………24
6 安裝結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)計(jì)算…………… ……………………………………………………25
6.1機(jī)架設(shè)計(jì) …………………………………………………………………………25
6.1.1機(jī)架材料選擇 …………………………………………………………………25
6.1.2 機(jī)架連接方式 … ……………………………………………………………25
7 結(jié)論 ………………… ………………… …………………………………………26
參考文獻(xiàn)… ……………………………………………………………………………26
致謝……… ……………………………………………………………………………27
3
蘋果大小分級(jí)機(jī)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)
摘 要:隨著科學(xué)技術(shù)的飛速發(fā)展,各行各業(yè)都已不同程度的步入了機(jī)械化時(shí)代。而傳統(tǒng)的人操縱機(jī)械已逐步被淘汰,取而代之的是科技含量更高的機(jī)電一體化。水果自動(dòng)分揀系統(tǒng)是一種集機(jī)械傳動(dòng),圖像處理,PLC電路控制的機(jī)電結(jié)合的現(xiàn)代化設(shè)備。它主要可分為水果圖象采集段和水果分級(jí)段,水果在攝像室內(nèi)進(jìn)行圖象采集后,圖象采集段輸出信號(hào)給水果分級(jí)段,水果分級(jí)段的控制件根據(jù)信號(hào)做出相應(yīng)的動(dòng)作控制氣泵噴氣,將符合分級(jí)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的水果吹離輸送裝置并完成分級(jí)。
關(guān)鍵字:自動(dòng)化;圖像處理;氣動(dòng);分揀;
Apple size grading mechanism design
Abstract:With the rapid development of science and technology, all walks of life have different degrees of entered mechanization era. And traditional mechanical manipulation has gradually be eliminated, replaced by the electromechanical integration with higher content of science and technology. Fruit automatic sorting system is a collection of mechanical transmission, image processing and PLC control circuit of the electrical and mechanical combination of modern equipment. It mainly can be divided into fruit image acquisition and fruit grading, fruit after the camera inside for image acquisition, image collecting section of the output signal to the fruit grading period, fruit grading period of control based on signal makes the corresponding action control pump jet, will conform to the classification standard of fruit blow away from the conveying device and complete the grading.
Key words:Automation;Image Processing;Pneumatic;Sortin
1
文 獻(xiàn) 翻 譯
二級(jí)學(xué)院 機(jī)械工程學(xué)院
班 級(jí)
學(xué)生姓名 學(xué) 號(hào)
水果大小分選機(jī)
這項(xiàng)發(fā)明是關(guān)于水果大小通用分選機(jī)的,采用振動(dòng)工作臺(tái)對(duì)圓形水果如桔子,杏按大小分選,他同樣可用于非圓形水果或其他類型果實(shí)進(jìn)行分選,如黃瓜,梨,辣椒這一類。
按照本發(fā)明這樣一個(gè)排序表有一個(gè)一般平固體無孔的表面,在其一端加載水果按大小分選,聯(lián)通加載面積和斜下面的是一個(gè)排序區(qū)由一個(gè)光滑無孔的波紋表面組成一個(gè)多元緊密排列的凹槽,擴(kuò)展一般的方向振蕩和溝通他們的下端與集合區(qū)。
依照本發(fā)明,這些錐形槽或空缺的上游在水果裝卸結(jié)束后,通過篩下水果可以排出一個(gè)收集區(qū),分開收集大尺寸的水果放置區(qū)域。這個(gè)發(fā)明采用相應(yīng)的溝槽通道結(jié)構(gòu)化設(shè)計(jì)收集裝貨區(qū)域的水果,使主要尺寸水果在裝貨區(qū)振動(dòng)結(jié)束后,使水果通過相應(yīng)尺寸的開孔槽后進(jìn)入收集區(qū)。
在它的溝槽通道設(shè)計(jì)中,采用相應(yīng)的緩沖結(jié)構(gòu),是水果流在到達(dá)篩選口處時(shí)速度減緩便于分類排放篩選水果。該發(fā)明的另一個(gè)特點(diǎn)是,分選機(jī)的水平加載面和和它的斜向下排序區(qū)之間有一個(gè)光滑的塑料浮凸,促使水果進(jìn)入分選通道,同時(shí)盡量減少對(duì)水果的傷害并便于清洗的消毒。
在考慮到目前分選機(jī)的設(shè)計(jì),我們現(xiàn)在將描述本發(fā)明的其他優(yōu)勢(shì)各功能。
按圖紙其部分設(shè)計(jì)參數(shù)如下:
圖1,是水果分選機(jī)的整體視圖,和刷選排序圖。
圖2,是與頂部水平臺(tái)相連的分選槽的局部視圖和說明。
圖3,是沿圖2中3-3線看去的的剖視圖。
圖4,是一排篩選槽的縱面截?cái)鄨D。
現(xiàn)在我們進(jìn)行詳細(xì)的說明。圖1展示了工作臺(tái)邊框10這個(gè)振動(dòng)排序面,它的四個(gè)角由12,14,16,184個(gè)桿來連接支撐,相應(yīng)的這4個(gè)連桿的另一端與機(jī)架20相連,并在機(jī)架20下面接兩水平平行桿22,用以約束機(jī)架的位置,24是一個(gè)電機(jī)與桿26相鏈接,26另一端一水平臺(tái)鏈接,用以驅(qū)動(dòng)水平臺(tái)振動(dòng)。
按照本發(fā)明,排序邊框10和一般臥式平加載面積30,所有水果如杏、柳橙、檸檬和其他一般球形狀的水果就會(huì)裝載進(jìn)行大小分級(jí)。裝載區(qū)30與向下傾斜的波形分類面積32相連,波紋排序區(qū)32由一系列緊密并排的凹槽34組成,從裝載區(qū)域擴(kuò)展30一般的方向振動(dòng)的桌面,向下一個(gè)帶38收集水果到卸槽下端36。
考慮圖2可以看出,這些槽狹窄的凸脊32和凸棱40和向下傾斜的反對(duì)側(cè)墻42,合并成一個(gè)狹窄的圓形窄基44。槽面34應(yīng)明顯小于框?qū)?0、深度至少大于水果的直徑。同樣像圖1,基極和斜邊的墻壁34,分離槽脊40在上端逐漸融入到平面的水果加載區(qū)域的表。所以,在振蕩的響應(yīng)操作框10的馬達(dá)24、水果加載在其上慢慢朝向上的兩端槽32對(duì)齊,并沿著山脊之間的溝槽34 40對(duì)他們分類進(jìn)入36。在目前優(yōu)選的發(fā)明,框10雖然以前描述為一般水平最好是處理一些小傾角。同時(shí),排序區(qū)32水平偏轉(zhuǎn)角大約15°。
現(xiàn)在指出圖2,中間下出料端和接收端上34有開口槽通過提供50小個(gè)水果前的排放出料端36。按照本發(fā)明開口50沿設(shè)計(jì)方案向下振動(dòng),當(dāng)有一個(gè)長度遠(yuǎn)大于直徑的水果出現(xiàn)時(shí),由于慮了最小直徑大小的主要水果。側(cè)邊緣的反對(duì)稱開口錐度50一個(gè)寬度在上游端不到預(yù)期的直徑的大小的水果要加載在負(fù)載區(qū)30,隨著水果進(jìn)入溝槽34從裝貨區(qū)域30他們被引導(dǎo)向出料端向下的波谷36在重力和主要尺寸的果實(shí)沿斜邊的墻進(jìn)入口50到達(dá)傳送帶38。尺寸小一點(diǎn)的水果,由于震動(dòng)進(jìn)入上一個(gè)篩選口,落入傳送帶60上面。手機(jī)水果的傳送帶按水果分類的大小進(jìn)行排列。
如圖2,同時(shí)考慮圖3和4,本發(fā)明還包括對(duì)溝槽內(nèi)的水果減速,而不是繼續(xù)向下沖而沒有進(jìn)入篩選孔50。圖2、3和4是由一對(duì)水平設(shè)置的嘴唇或鰭片形小板70,長度與孔50相等。通過圖4與圖3表示,小板70存在一些輕微的跟蹤偏差約2°相對(duì)水平面,沿著水果移動(dòng)到開口50。是通過的水果或進(jìn)入孔50的石鍋速度慢下來,以便有更多的時(shí)間為小尺寸的水果進(jìn)行篩選。
溝槽34上的篩選孔可進(jìn)行對(duì)任意數(shù)量水果的分選。因此在圖1第二卸料口150也對(duì)下一個(gè)卸料口進(jìn)入水果的速度有一定阻礙作用。卸料口150的最大寬度大打低于卸料口50的寬度,后者則由重力下槽進(jìn)入到下一個(gè)篩選槽。
依照本發(fā)明,排序邊框10包括其平面水平設(shè)置加載面30和其向下傾斜的排序區(qū)32包括34和水果溝槽運(yùn)動(dòng)制動(dòng)的嘴唇70塑造成一個(gè)合適的塑料材料結(jié)構(gòu)如纖維增強(qiáng)聚酯樹脂,具有光滑無孔的表面和邊緣堅(jiān)實(shí)的開口50和150以及鰭邊緣70。見圖1,排序邊框10三面都被封閉在一個(gè)框架80和這機(jī)架由不可或缺的部分框10。因此裝載面容易清洗和消毒。水果裝載在桌上,收到邊框80約束振動(dòng)會(huì)傳到裝載水果臺(tái)面的各區(qū)域 ,以便引導(dǎo)水果進(jìn)入或通過開口150及其相關(guān)水果運(yùn)動(dòng)制動(dòng)的鰭邊緣70到各自的收集區(qū),并減小對(duì)水果的摩擦和損傷。
本分選機(jī)結(jié)構(gòu)簡單但有效的操作和經(jīng)濟(jì)生產(chǎn)。
在此陳述本發(fā)明:
1。在整個(gè)水果大小分級(jí)機(jī),通常橫向搖擺整理表有一般水平平裝載區(qū),水果應(yīng)該大小分級(jí)加載和向下傾斜的排序區(qū)有一個(gè)上層波紋表面在其寬度定義一系列并排密切相關(guān)的波谷擴(kuò)展的方向,每個(gè)說波谷有振蕩的傾斜間隔側(cè)墻,引導(dǎo)向低排放水果的溝槽,小卸料口位于上面同時(shí)減小去下游的水果的速度。
2。排序整個(gè)水果大小分級(jí)機(jī)卸料口包含一對(duì)鰭邊緣70上方水平設(shè)置,減小進(jìn)料速度。
3。如2所述鰭邊緣70寬度和長度應(yīng)與卸料口尺寸相對(duì)應(yīng)。
4。每個(gè)分選口形狀相似按大小從上至下排列,上邊通過小水果,下邊通過較大水果,依次通過個(gè)料口篩選分級(jí)。
5。排序桌面是一個(gè)整塊的成型結(jié)構(gòu),便于消毒清洗。
6。加載和分揀區(qū)域有一個(gè)光滑的固體閉鎖的表面。
WHOLE FRUIT SIZE GRADER
This invention relates to a whole fruit, size-grading apparatus and particularly to a novel and improved oscillating table for sorting fruit such as oranges, apricots and the like for collection according; to size. It could also be used to size grade or sort other produce such as cucumbers, pears, peppers and the like.
In accordance with this invention such a sorting table has a generally flat solid imperforate surface at one end onto which is loaded fruit to be sorted as to size. Communicating with said loading area and sloping downwardly therefrom is a sorting area embodying a smooth imperforate corrugated surface constituting a plurality of closely spaced side-by-side grooves, channels or troughs which extend generally in the direction of table oscillation and communicate at their lower end with a collection area.
In accordance with the invention, these troughs are provided with tapered slots or openings upstream of the discharge ends thereof through which undersize fruit can discharge to a collecting area separate from the collecting area into which the larger size fruit discharge.
A feature of the invention is that the troughs are so structured as to receive the fruit from the loading area, guide the prime size fruit to the discharge end of the table while directing undersize fruit through the corresponding discharge openings in the troughs ahead of the trough discharge ends.
In its preferred form said troughs have means associated therewith to retard the gravital flow of the fruit in said troughs across said undersize fruit discharge openings to facilitate the sorting of the fruit.
Another feature of the invention is that the sorter table including both its horizontal flat loading area and its downward sloped sorting area comprise a one piece smooth surfaced solid imperforate plastic member which facilitates its function of sorting the fruit according to size while minimizing possible injury or brusing of the fruit and at the same time being readily cleaned and sanitized.
Other features and/or advantages of the invention will be at once apparent, or will become so, upon consideration of the presently preferred embodiment of the invention which now will be described.
Referring therefor to the accompanying drawings wherein like parts are identified by like reference numerals:
FIG. 1 is a perspective view of a whole fruit size-grading apparatus including a sorting table according to the invention;
FIG. 2 is an enlarged fragmented top plan view of the troughs comprising the sorting area of said table in accordance with the invention;
FIG. 3 is a sectional view taken lengthwise of one of the troughs comprising the sorting area of said table the view being taken along line 3-3 of FIG.2 looking in the direction indicated by the arrows;
FIG. 4 is a cross sectional view taken along lines 4-4 of FIG. 2 also looking in the direction indicated by the arrows.
Now referring more specifically to FIG. 1, said view illustrates at 10 a one piece generally rectamgularly-shaped sorting table or platform constructed in accordance with the invention. Table 10 is shown pivotally connected adjacent its four comers to links 12-18
which in turn are pivotally suspended from a pair of parallel spaced tubular standards 20 0f a supporting frame 22 so that table 10 is free to be oscillated horizontally with a small vertical displacement in a fore and aft direction between and parallel to said standards 22. At 24 is a motor drivingly connected by link 26 to sorting table 20 to effect oscillation of the table through a generally horizontal plane and in the direction confined by said links 12-18.
In accordance with this invention, sorting table 10 comprises a generally horizontal flat loading area 30 on which whole fruit such as apricots, oranges, lemons and other generally ball shaped fruit is loaded for size grading or sorting. Communicating with said loading area 30 is a downwardly sloped corrugated sorting area 32. Said corrugated sorting area 32 thus comprises a series of closely shaped side-by-side troughs, channels or grooves 34 which extend from the loading area 30 generally in the direction of oscillation of the table, downwardly to a belt 38 which collects fruit discharging from the lower end 36 of said troughs.
Considering also FIG. 2 with FIG. 1 it will be seen that these troughs 32 are separated by narrow ridges 40 and have inwardly and downwardly sloping opposed side walls 42 which merge into a narrow rounded narrow base 44. Said troughs 34 have a width which is substantially less than the sizes of fruit to be sorted by oscillation of the table 10, a depth at least that of the prime size fruit and a width in the plane of the separating ridges which is greater than the diameter of said prime size fruit. Also, as seen best in FIG. 1, the base and sloping side walls of these troughs 34 and the separating ridges 40 at their upper end gradually merge into the flat surface of the fruit loading area of the table. So that with oscillation of the table 10 in response to operation of motor 24, fruit loaded thereon is slowly directed toward the upper ends of the trough 32 into which they align themselves, one behind the other, and descend down the troughs 34 between the ridges 40 toward their discharge end 36. In the presently preferred embodiment of the invention, table 10 although previously described as generally horizontal preferably is disposed at some small angle of declination from true horizontal, for example one degree. Also, said sorting area 32 is disposed at a declination angle of approximately 15°from horizontal.
Referring now particularly to FIG. 2, intermediate the lower discharge end and upper receiving end of each said troughs 34 there are provided openings 50 through which undersized fruit discharges ahead of the discharge end 36 of the troughs. In accordance with this invention said discharge openings 50 are both tapered and elongated in the direction of table oscillation, thus having an axial length several times that of the diameter of the prime size fruit and a width at their downstream end which approaches that of, but is less than, the diameter of what is considered the minimum diameter of prime size fruit. The opposed side edges of said discharge openings 50 taper rearwardly to a width at their upstream end which is less than the expected diametric size of fruit to be loaded on the loading area 30. It will be appreciated therefore that as the fruit enter the troughs 34 from the loading area 30 they are guided downwardly toward the discharge end of the troughs 36 under the pull of gravity and the prime size fruit is guided by the sloping side walls of said troughs over said discharge openings 50 to belts 38. Smaller size fruit, however, will be engaged and therefore guided by the opposed side edges of the discharge openings 50 which extend into the side walls of the trough (FIGS. 3 and 4) toward the larger end of the openings 50 dropping therethrough as they reach that portion of the discharge opening having a width as great as or greater than the fruit diameter. The undersized fruit dropping through discharge openings 50 is caught and collected by belt 60 which is appropriately located for this purpose. It will be understood that the collecting belts 38 and 60 are so located and have a width related to the horizontal stroke of the oscillation of the table 10 such that belt 38 remains in continuous communication with the discharge end of the troughs and belt 60 remains continuously in communication with discharge aperture 50.
Referring still to FIG. 2, and also considering FIGS. 3 and 4 therewith, the invention also includes retarding means to slow down the fruit as it is directed by the sloping sidewalls of the trough across the discharge openings 50, thereby to provide greater opportunity for undersize fruit to drop through the discharge opening 50 rather than continue to the discharge end of the trough. Such means is illustrated in said FIGS. 2, 3 and 4 as comprising a pair of generally horizontally disposed lips or fins 70 which are spaced over said discharge aperture 50 and arranged along the full length thereof. These inner edges are illustrated spaced apart a distance corresponding to the progressively tapering width of the discharge apertures 50 themselves. As illustrated by FIG. 4 with FIG. 3, said lips 70 present a generally horizontal track or one at some slight declination, for example 2° from true horizontal, along which the fruit moves over the discharge openings 50. Being disposed generally horizontal they slow down or retard the gravital pull of the fruit across the openings 50 so that there is more time for the smaller size fruit to be caught and discharge through said openings 50 to belt 60.
It will be understood of course that the troughs 34 may be provided each with more than one discharge opening 50 so that the table may be utilized to sort the fruit into any required number of sizes. Thus in FIG. 1 a second discharge opening is illustrated at 150 which is generally arranged and shaped as is aperture 50 and is also provided with overlying lips 70 which retard movement of fruit thereacross. As illustrated the widest lateral dimension of opening 150 is substantially less than the widest dimension of the downstream discharge opening 50 wherefore it is adapted to receive one size of fruit while rejecting larger sizes, the latter then proceeding by gravitation down the troughs to the next discharge end of the trough.
In accordance with the invention, sorting table 10 including its flat horizontally disposed loading area 30 and its downwardly sloped sorting area 32 including troughs 34 and the fruit movement retarding lips 70 are moulded into a one piece unit of suitable plastic material such as fiber reinforced polyester resin sometimes referred to as fiberglass and characterized by smooth solid imperforate surfaces and rounded edges about the discharge openings 50 and 150 as well as along the edges of the fins 70. Preferably also, as illustrated in FIG. 1, the sorting table 10 is enclosed by a three-sided frame or ledge 80 (only the discharge end thereof being left open) and this ledge comprises an integral part of the moulded table 10. The sorting table is therefore readily cleaned and sanitized. Fruit is confined on the table by said ledge 80 and is also capable of flowing from the loading area onto the troughs of the sorting area in reponse to oscillation of the table and so as to be guided by the sloping side walls and/or edges of the discharge openings 150 and their associated fruit-movement-retarding lips or fins 70 to the respective discharge areas without bruising or being injured.
The structure is simple but effective in its operation and economical to manufacture.
Thus having described the invention I claim:
1. In a whole fruit size grader, a generally horizontally oscillated sorting table having a generally horizontal flat loading area on which fruit to be size-graded is loaded and a downwardly sloped sorting area having an upper corrugated surface across its width defining a series of side-by-side close related troughs extending in the direction of said oscillation, each said troughs having inwardly-sloped spaced side walls which guide the fruit downwardly toward the lower discharge end of the troughs, the side walls and base of said troughs at their upper end merging into the generally horizontal flat surface of the loading area of the sorting table to receive said fruit therefrom as the table is oscillated, each said troughs having at least one discharge opening upstream of their lower end, said discharge opening having a generally tapered shape of a width through which full size fruit cannot pass, the narrow end of said tapered discharge opening being located upstream so as to engage and direct undersized fruit for discharge through the downstream wider end of said opening, and having means arranged over said discharge opening of the troughs to slow down the movement of the fruit over said undersized fruit discharge openings.
2. The sorting table of a whole fruit size grader as claimed in claim l wherein said fruit movement retarding means includes a pair of horizontally disposed lips spaced above and on opposed sides of said discharge openings.
3. The sorting table of claim 2 wherein said lips are co-planar and define a tapered space therebetween of a width and length corresponding to that of the discharge opening with which it is associated.
4. The sorting table of a whole fruit grader as claimed in claim 3 wherein each said troughs have a further undersized fruit discharge opening upstream of the first discharge opening, said further opening being of similar shape and disposition but of lesser width than the first mentioned discharge opening.
5. The sorting table of a whole fruit grader as claimed in claim l wherein the table is a one-piece molded structure which is readily sanitized.
6. The sorting table of claim 5 wherein its loading and sorting areas have a smooth solid imperforate surface.
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