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1、專題九　并列句和狀語從句 考點一　并列句 (一)并列句的4種類型 1．表并列、遞進或順承關(guān)系：and，both...and...，neither...nor...，not only...but also... The earth is one of the sun's planets，and the moon is our satellite. 地球是太陽系中的一顆行星，月亮是地球的衛(wèi)星。 2．表轉(zhuǎn)折、對比關(guān)系：but，yet，while ①The problem was a little hard，yet I was able to work it out. 這道題有點難

2、，然而我卻把它做出來了。 ②The winter in Beijing is very cold while that of Kunming is warm. 北京的冬天很冷，然而昆明的冬天卻很暖和。 3．表選擇關(guān)系：or，otherwise，or else，either...or...，not...but... Now you can either have a rest or you can go to the cinema. 現(xiàn)在你可以休息，也可以去看電影。 4．表因果關(guān)系：so，for(表“由于”，一般不放在句首) He found it increasingly dif

3、ficult to read，for his eyesight was beginning to fail. 由于他視力開始下降，他發(fā)現(xiàn)讀書越來越困難了。 (二)并列句的2大句式 1．when“就在這時，突然”，常用以下句式 ·sb.be about to do/on the point of doing sth.when...某人正要做某事，突然…… ·sb.be doing sth.when.... 某人正在做某事，突然…… ·sb.had(just)done sth.when... 某人剛做完某事，突然…… ①One Friday，we were packing to

4、leave for a weekend away when my daughter heard cries for help. 當我們周五在收拾行李要去度周末時，我的女兒突然聽到了呼救聲。 ②She had just finished her homework when her mother asked her to practice playing the piano yesterday. 昨天她剛完成家庭作業(yè)，媽媽就讓她練習鋼琴。 2．a(chǎn)nd與or/otherwise用于并列句 ·祈使句＋and＋陳述句(and表示順承關(guān)系) ·祈使句＋or/otherwise＋陳述句(or/o

5、therwise表示轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系) ①Find ways to praise your children often，and you'll find they will open their hearts to you. 設(shè)法常常表揚你的孩子，這樣你就會發(fā)現(xiàn)他們樂意向你敞開心扉。 ②Hurry up，or/otherwise you will be late for class. 快點兒，否則你們上課就遲到了。 考點二　狀語從句 (一)時間狀語從句 1．when，while和as的用法 連詞 含義及用法 when “當……時候”，可與延續(xù)性動詞或短暫性動詞連用；從句動作可以發(fā)

6、生在主句動作之前、之后或與主句動作同時發(fā)生 while “當……時候”，一般只可與延續(xù)性動詞連用，從句動作與主句動作同時發(fā)生 as “一邊……一邊……”，常與延續(xù)性動詞連用，從句動作與主句動作同時或幾乎同時發(fā)生 When you apply for a job，you must present your credentials. 當你申請工作時，你必須遞交你的有關(guān)證書。 Mary made coffee while her guests were finishing their meal. 客人們就要吃完的時候，瑪麗去煮咖啡了。 As he grew older，he bec

7、ame less active. 隨著他逐漸長大，他變得不那么活潑了。 [易錯警示]　如果主句表示的是短暫性動作，而從句用延續(xù)性動詞的進行時表示在一段時間內(nèi)正在進行的動作時，when，while與as可互換使用。 When/While/As I was walking down the street，I came across an old friend. 我正沿著大街走時，碰巧遇到了我的一個老朋友。 2．before與since的用法 (1)before表示“在……之前；還未……就……；還沒來得及……就……”。常用于以下句型： ·It will be＋一段時間＋before..

8、.多久之后才…… ·It won't be long before...不久之后就…… ·It was＋一段時間＋before...過了多久才…… ①John thinks it won't be long before he is ready for his new job. 約翰認為不久他就能為他的新工作做好準備。 ②(2016·江蘇高考)One is that these instincts appear at a very young age before most parents have started to train their children to behave

9、socially. 一個就是：這些本能在大部分家長開始訓練孩子的社會行為之前，在非常小的年齡就出現(xiàn)了。 (2)since的用法 ①since表示“自從……”，其引導的從句在句中作狀語時，主句常用現(xiàn)在完成時或現(xiàn)在完成進行時；從句常用一般過去時。 I have returned home twice since I settled down in the States. 自從我定居美國后，我回過兩次家。 They have been living very happily since they got married. 自從結(jié)婚后他們一直生活得很幸福。 ②since引導的從句的謂語

10、若是持續(xù)性動詞，常理解為某一狀態(tài)的終止；若是終止性動詞，則理解為某一動作的開始。 He has written to me frequently since he was ill. 自從病好以來，他經(jīng)常給我來信。 He has written to me frequently since he went abroad. 他自出國以來，經(jīng)常給我寫信。 ③since表示“自從……以來”，常用于“It is/has been＋時間段＋since從句”結(jié)構(gòu)。該句型表示“自從開始(不做)……已經(jīng)多長時間了”，一般從句的時態(tài)用一般過去時，主句中的時態(tài)用現(xiàn)在完成時。 As is reported

11、，it has been/is over 100 years since Tsinghua University was founded. 據(jù)報道，清華大學已經(jīng)建立了100多年了。 3．till，until和not...until...的用法 (1)until或till表示“某動作一直延續(xù)到某時間點才停止”，此時主句謂語動詞是延續(xù)性動詞，主、從句都為肯定式。這兩個詞可以換用，但till不可以置于句首，而until可以。 Have you heard the meeting will be put off till/until next Tuesday? 這個會議將被推遲到下周二，你有

12、沒有聽說？ (2)not...until...表示“直到……才”，主句謂語動詞必須是非延續(xù)性動詞。 As far as I know，his mother won't go to bed until he returns home every evening. 據(jù)我所知，他母親每晚直到他回家才會上床睡覺。 4．表示“一……就……，剛……就……”的常用表達 (1)表示“一……就……”的表達 as soon as，immediately，directly，the moment，the minute，the instant The moment I heard the voice，I

13、knew Father was coming. 我一聽到那個聲音就知道父親來了。 (2)表示“剛……就……”的表達 no sooner...than...，hardly/scarcely...when...的時態(tài)搭配：no sooner與hardly/scarcely后的句子謂語動詞應(yīng)用過去完成時，而than與when引導的句子謂語動詞應(yīng)用一般過去時。此外，當把no sooner和hardly/scarcely提到句首時，應(yīng)用倒裝語序。 He had no sooner finished his speech than the students started cheering. ＝

14、No sooner had he finished his speech than the students started cheering. 他剛完成演講學生們就開始歡呼起來。 (二)條件狀語從句 1．條件狀語從句的常見引導詞 if，unless(＝if...not)，so/as long as(只要)，no condition that(條件是)，if only(＝if)，provided that(如果)，in case(萬一，如果)，suppose/supposing that(假設(shè)，如果)，assuming that等均可引導條件狀語從句。 ①We will have a

15、 picnic in the park this Sunday unless it rains or it's very cold. 除非下雨或天很冷，否則我們將在本周日去公園野餐。 ②My parents don't mind what job I do as long as I am happy. 我的父母不在意我從事什么工作，只要我高興就好。 2．條件狀語從句的時態(tài) 在條件狀語從句中，常用一般現(xiàn)在時表將來含義；現(xiàn)在完成時表即將完成的情況；一般過去時表過去將來的含義。 ①(2016·天津高考)If we work hard，we will find a way out. 如果

16、努力工作，我們會找到出路的。 If everyone does his part，the project will surely be a success. 如果大家都盡責，這個項目肯定會成功。 (三)讓步狀語從句 1．a(chǎn)lthough，though，while引導的讓步狀語從句。 ①Though/Although/While regular exercise is very important，it's never a good idea to exercise too close to bedtime. 盡管有規(guī)律的鍛煉很重要，但臨睡前鍛煉不是個好主意。 ②(2016·浙江高

17、考)While online shopping has changed our life，not all of its effects have been positive. 盡管網(wǎng)上購物已經(jīng)改變了我們的生活，但是不是所有的影響都是積極的。 2．a(chǎn)s，though引導的讓步狀語從句需用部分倒裝語序。 Hot as/though the night air was，we slept deeply because we were so tired after the long journey. 在長途跋涉之后，盡管夜晚的空氣很熱，我們還是因為累而睡得很熟。 3．“疑問詞＋-ever”引導

18、的讓步狀語從句，意為“無論……”。 However hard you try，it is difficult to lose weight without cutting down the amount you eat. 不管你多么努力，如果不減少飯量，減肥很難。 4．whether...or...引導的讓步狀語從句，意為“不論……還是……”，表示正反兩種情況都不會影響主句的意向或結(jié)果。 We'll go on with the work，whether we can find the necessary tools or we cannot. 不管我們能否找到所需的工具，我們都要把

19、這項工作做下去。 (四)地點狀語從句 地點狀語從句表示地點、方位，通常由where，wherever引導，可置于句首、句中或句尾。 I cannot hear the professor clearly as there is too much noise where I am sitting. 因為我坐的地方噪聲太大，所以聽不清教授在說什么。 [易錯警示] where引導的定語從句與狀語從句的區(qū)別： 地點狀語從句與定語從句的區(qū)別在于從句在句中所作的成分，如果作狀語，則是狀語從句；如果作定語，則是定語從句。 The little girl who got lost decide

20、d to remain where she was and wait for her mother.(狀語從句，其中remain為不及物動詞) →The little girl who got lost decided to remain in the place where she was and wait for her mother.(定語從句) 那個迷路的小女孩決定待在原地等她的母親。 (五)原因狀語從句 原因狀語從句可由because，as，since，now that，in that，considering(that)等詞引導。 1．because譯作“因為”，表示直接

21、原因，語氣較強，能回答由why提出的問句。 The old man asked Lucy to move to another chair because he wanted to sit next to his wife. 那位老人讓露西換坐到另一把椅子上，因為他想挨著妻子坐。 2．a(chǎn)s譯作“由于”，語氣較輕，常表示顯而易見的原因；since(既然)，now that(既然)，in that(因為)，表示雙方都知道的原因，語氣較弱。as，since和now that引導的從句多位于主句之前。 Now that you have got a job，you should learn t

22、o be independent of your parents. 既然你找到了一份工作，你就應(yīng)該學會獨立不依靠父母。 (六)方式狀語從句 引導方式狀語從句的從屬連詞有as，as if，as though等。方式狀語從句應(yīng)放在主句之后。其中as if或as though引導的從句常用虛擬語氣，但如果從句中所陳述的情況很可能實現(xiàn)，也可用陳述語氣。 ①The house was greatly damaged by the truck.We'd better leave things as they are until the police arrive. 卡車對這座房子造成了嚴重的損壞

23、。我們最好保持原樣直到警察到來。 ②The construction industry is no longer as depressed as it was. 建筑業(yè)不再像以往那樣蕭條了。 ③The old lady treats the boy as if he were her own son. 這位老太太對待這個男孩就像他是她自己的兒子似的。 (七)結(jié)果狀語從句 1．引導結(jié)果狀語從句的從屬連詞有：so...that...，such...that...。在非正式語體中，由so...that...，such...that...引導的句子中的that可以省略，注意其結(jié)構(gòu)形式：

24、 ①He is such a learned person that we admire him very much. ＝He is so learned a person that we admire him very much. 他如此有學問，以至于我們都非常贊賞他。 ②It is such fine weather that we all want to go to the park. 天氣如此晴朗，以至于我們都想去公園。 ③He earned so little money that he couldn't support his family. 他掙這么少的錢，以

25、至于養(yǎng)不起家。 2．當so或such所在的主句主語與結(jié)果狀語從句中的主語一致時，還可簡化為：so/such...as to...。 He was so clever a student that he was able to work out all the difficult problems. ＝He was so clever a student as to be able to work out all the difficult problems. 他是一名如此聰明的學生，以至于他能夠解決所有難題。 (八)目的狀語從句 引導目的狀語從句的從屬連詞有：so that，in

26、order that，for fear that，in case(that)，lest等。 1．in order that和so that引導的目的狀語從句 兩個連詞都意為“以便……；為了……”，它們引導的狀語從句中常用情態(tài)動詞。 When he goes out，he often wears sunglasses so that/in order that nobody/no one can recognize him. 他出門的時候常戴著墨鏡，以便沒人能認出他。 2．for fear that，in case(that)和lest引導的目的狀語從句 引導目的狀語從句時，for

27、fear that表示“害怕，擔心某事會發(fā)生”；in case(that)/lest表示“以防出現(xiàn)某種情況”。 ①The boy hid himself behind the tree in case/for fear that his father should see him. 那個男孩藏在樹后面，以防他父親看到他。 ②(2016·全國乙卷)Larry told her that he had already put out the fire and she should not move in case she injured her neck. 萊瑞告訴她他已經(jīng)撲滅了火，她不應(yīng)

28、當動彈以免她傷了脖子。 核心考點針對練 Ⅰ.單句語法填空 1．(2017·東城期中)It has been separated from other continents for millions of years， it has many plants and animals that cannot be found anywhere else in the world. 2．(2017·東城期中)I have never been to Rome that's the city I'd most like to visit. 3．(2017·杭州

29、質(zhì)檢) there was no conclusive evidence，most people thought he was guilty. 4．(2017·西工大附中質(zhì)檢)More and more people are willing to shop online to get what they want，and I am one of them.I just can't help buying things I need them or not. 5．(2017·衡水中學七調(diào))As we can see，developing a good habit

30、 is so important I would like to introduce one kind of good learning habit－keep a learning diary every day. 6．(2017·浙江名校聯(lián)考) the wedding ceremony began，the couple nervously repeated their vows“We promise to love each other for better，for worse，for richer，for poorer，in sickness and i

31、n health”． 7．(2017·西安中學質(zhì)檢) we are satisfied with only a few rules we have memorized，we are not really learning the language. 8．(2017·贛中南五校適應(yīng)性考試)Earthquake safety is very important and there is more to it just keeping buildings from falling down. 9．(2017·贛榆智賢中學檢測) he has deci

32、ded to come to see you，when do you think he will come? 10．(2017·泰興四中檢測)－It's a long time I saw you last. －Yes，and what a pity！It will be a long time we see each other again. 【答案】　 1．so　[句意：由于與其他大陸分開了好幾百萬年，因此那里有許多在世界別的地方找不到的植物和動物。前后兩句為因果關(guān)系，故答案為so。] 2．but　[句意：我從未去過羅馬，但那是我最想去的城市。前后兩句為轉(zhuǎn)

33、折關(guān)系，故答案為but。] 3．While/Although/Though　[句意：雖然沒有確鑿證據(jù)，但大多數(shù)人認為他有罪。根據(jù)句意可知答案為While，Although或Though。] 4．whether　[句意：越來越多的人愿意在網(wǎng)上買自己想要的東西，我就是其中之一。無論我需不需要，我都會情不自禁地買東西。根據(jù)語境可以推斷出此處考查讓步狀語從句，whether...or not意為：無論……還是……。] 5．that　[句意：正如我們看到的那樣，養(yǎng)成一個好的習慣如此重要，以至于我想介紹一種好的學習習慣，即每天都要記學習筆記。根據(jù)語境可知此處考查so...that引導的結(jié)果狀語從句。

34、] 6．As/When　[句意：當婚禮開始時，那對新人緊張地重復著他們的誓言“我們發(fā)誓彼此相愛，無論環(huán)境好壞、無論貧窮富足、無論生病健康?！备鶕?jù)上下文邏輯可知設(shè)空處引導時間狀語從句，且從句謂語動詞為瞬間動詞，故答案為As或When。] 7．If　[句意：如果我們對僅僅記住幾條規(guī)則就感到滿意的話，那我們就不是真的在學習這門語言。根據(jù)語境此處應(yīng)該是考查條件狀語從句，所以要用if引導。] 8．than　[句意：地震安全非常重要，與防止建筑物倒塌相比，還有更多的事情要做。根據(jù)本句中的more可以設(shè)空處填than。] 9．Since　[句意：既然他已決定來看你，你認為他什么時候來呢？since從

35、屬連詞，既然。] 10．since；before　[句意：——自從我上次見你到現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)很長時間了?！堑模孢z憾！還得很長時間我們才會再次見面?！癐t is＋一段時間＋since...”意為：自從……到現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)有一段時間了?！癐t will be＋一段時間＋before...”意為：還得有一段時間才會……。] Ⅱ.單句改錯 1．(2017·石家莊質(zhì)檢)I hope you'll soon feel calm or carry on to achieve your goal.

36、 2．(2017·資陽一次診斷)Not only did we take a break from our heavy school work，and also we learned how to communicate with each other. 3．(2017·貴州遵義二聯(lián))When I was on the platform，and I was so nervous that much sweat

37、was on my forehead. 4．(2017·晉中一模)Success，to a great extent，can be influenced by luck，and this is not to say luck is an accident. 5．(2017·溫州聯(lián)考)On Monda

38、y afternoon，we were playing basketball in the playground while I suddenly slipped and fell over. 6．(2017·全國名校聯(lián)盟百校大聯(lián)考)When we got there，the firefighters welcomed us but led us into an exhibition hall.

39、 7．(2017·南平質(zhì)檢)I have an American friend，Marianne，she lives alone but has a pet dog，Sparky. 8．(2017·邯鄲一模)The holiday came to an end when I knew it. 【導學號：92872193】

40、 9．(2017·焦作一模)After arriving at school，I discussed with some classmates that we could do. 10．(2017·江西八所盟校聯(lián)考)Then a man came in with his son，whom wanted to buy ice

41、cream，too. 【答案】　 1．or→and　[句意：我希望你很快就會感到平靜一些，繼續(xù)實現(xiàn)你的目標。前后不是選擇關(guān)系，故將or改為and。] 2．a(chǎn)nd→but　[句意：我們不僅可以從沉重的課業(yè)中解脫出來，而且我們還學會了如何互相交流。not only...but also...為固定結(jié)構(gòu)，意為：不僅……而且……。] 3．去掉and　[句意：當我站在舞臺上時，我緊張得額頭都是汗。本句中從屬連詞和并列連詞不能同時使用，故將and去掉。

42、] 4．a(chǎn)nd→but　[句意：成功在很大程度上受運氣的影響，但這并不是說運氣是一種偶然。前后部分為轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系，故將and改為but。] 5．while→when　[句意：周一的下午，我們正在操場上打籃球，突然我滑了一跤摔倒了。be doing sth.when...為常用句型，意為：正在做某事這時……。其中when相當于and at that time。] 6．but→and　[句意：當我們到達那里時，消防隊員們迎接了我們并把我們帶到了一個展覽廳。根據(jù)句意可知前后并不是轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系，故將but改為and。] 7．she→who　[句意：我有一位美國朋友Marianne，她獨自生活卻養(yǎng)了一條

43、寵物狗Sparky。逗號不能連接兩個句子，由此可見“she lives alone but has a pet dog，Sparky”應(yīng)為定語從句，且關(guān)系代詞在定語從句中作主語，指“人”，故將she改為who。] 8．when→before　[句意：不知不覺地假期就結(jié)束了。直譯為：在我知道之前，假期就結(jié)束了。故將when改為before。] 9．that→what　[句意：到達學校后，我和一些同學討論我們能做點什么。“that we could do”為賓語從句，該從句缺少賓語，且表示“物”，故用what而不用that引導。] 10．whom→who　[句意：后來一個人帶著他的兒子走了進

44、來，他也想買冰激凌?！皐hom wanted to buy ice cream，too”為非限制性定語從句，關(guān)系代詞在定語從句中作主語，故用who而非whom。] 高考題型綜合練 Ⅰ.語法填空 Everybody uses words 1 special meanings.The more exact we are，the more likely we are to use such words.A word，properly 2 (use)，can be as useful as several sentences，or even a picture. As you st

45、udy science，you will find that a diagram，a drawing， 3 a photograph may also help you learn and understand.Each of these special words 4 (describe)a kind of picture.It is important 5 (learn)the exact meanings of words like these.A photograph is a picture made with a camera.A drawing is a pict

46、ure done with a pencil，a pen or crayons.A diagram is a drawing， 6 shows the important parts of a thing. You will learn science words by learning their definitions.This means that you will learn how to describe what science words mean by 7 (choose)other more familiar words.Soon you will find how

47、 easy it is to express 8 (you)clearly with the help of science words. Learning to use science words correctly is not 9 (differ)from learning to do anything well.We learn by practising and by 10 (constant)trying to improve.It is not so important to say the definitions of words，but it is qui

48、te important that we learn to use words correctly to express ideas. 【語篇解讀】　本文講述了用詞準確的重要性，用詞恰當會事半功倍。 1．with　[考查介詞。對于純空格類的語法填空題，如果空格出現(xiàn)在名詞前面，很可能會填冠詞、形容詞性物主代詞或介詞等。根據(jù)句意可知，該空格處應(yīng)填介詞with，表示“具有，有”，“with special meanings”在句中作后置定語修飾words，意為“具有特殊意義的單詞”。] 2．used　[考查非謂語動詞。分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知，句中已有謂語動詞，而且所填單詞并不是并列謂語，那么空格處就

49、要用所給動詞的非謂語形式。根據(jù)題意可知，A word和use之間為動賓關(guān)系，故用過去分詞。句中properly used為過去分詞短語作條件狀語，可改寫為“if it is properly used”。] 3．or　[考查連詞。對于純空格類的語法填空題，若兩個或幾個單詞或短語之間沒有連詞，則很可能填連詞。根據(jù)語境可知，此處應(yīng)填表示選擇關(guān)系的連詞or，此處表示一個圖表、一幅畫或一張照片都可能幫你學習和理解。] 4．describes　[考查動詞的時態(tài)和主謂一致。此處表示每個特殊的單詞都描繪一種特定的畫面。此處陳述的是客觀事實，應(yīng)用一般現(xiàn)在時；又因為句子的主語是Each，故謂語動詞應(yīng)用第三人

50、稱單數(shù)形式。] 5．to learn　[考查固定句型。在“It is＋adj.＋動詞不定式”句型中，It為形式主語，真正的主語是后面的動詞不定式短語。] 6．which　[考查定語從句的引導詞。這是一個由關(guān)系代詞which引導的非限制性定語從句，which在從句中作主語，先行詞為drawing。] 7．choosing　[考查現(xiàn)在分詞。此處表示這意味著你要通過選擇其他更熟悉的單詞來描繪科學詞匯的意思。該句中用現(xiàn)在分詞作方式狀語。] 8．yourself　[考查反身代詞。句子的主語為you，后面的及物動詞express后應(yīng)用其反身代詞形式，表示自己承受自己發(fā)出的動作。此處表示很快你就會發(fā)

51、現(xiàn)在科學詞匯的幫助下，你會很清楚地表達自己的意思。] 9．different　[考查形容詞。所給單詞differ為動詞，但因為空格前面出現(xiàn)了系動詞is，故應(yīng)用所給單詞的形容詞形式different。be different from是一個固定詞組，表示“不同于”，相當于differ from。] 10．constantly　[考查詞性轉(zhuǎn)換。分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知空格處修飾trying to improve，應(yīng)用副詞。] Ⅱ.短文改錯 A good memory is of a great help in learning a language.Everybody learns his ow

52、n language through remembering what he hears when he is a small child，but some children，like boys and girls who live abroad with parents，seem to learn two languages almost as easily as one.In school，it is not easy to learn the second language because the pupils have so little time for it，and they ar

53、e busy with other subject，too.A man's mind is rather like a camera，but it took photos not only of what we see but also of what we hear，smell and taste.When we take a real photo with a camera，there is much to do when the photo is finishing and shown to our friends.On the same way it is much work to b

54、e done before we can keep a picture forever in our mind. 【答案】　 A good memory is of great help in learning a language.Everybody learns his own language through remembering what he hears when he is a small child， some children，like boys and girls who live abroad with parents，seem to learn two lang

55、uages almost as easily as one.In school，it is not easy to learn second language because the pupils have so little time for it，and they are busy with other ，too. A man's mind is rather like a camera，but it photos not only of what we see but also of what we hear，smell and taste.When we take a real photo with a camera，there is much to do the photo is and shown to our friends. the same way is much work to be done before we can keep a picture forever in our mind. 【導學號：92872194】