2019年高考英語 考點(diǎn)一遍過 考點(diǎn)16 動(dòng)詞不定式（含解析）.doc

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考點(diǎn)16動(dòng)詞不定式 高考頻度：★★★★★ 動(dòng)詞不定式 定義 動(dòng)詞不定式是非謂語動(dòng)詞的一種，由不定式符號(hào)to+do構(gòu)成。沒有人稱和數(shù)的變化，在句子中不能作謂語，但可做主語、表語、賓語、狀語和賓語補(bǔ)足語,具有名詞、形容詞和副詞的特征。動(dòng)詞不定式仍保留動(dòng)詞的一些特點(diǎn)。 形式 時(shí)態(tài) 主動(dòng) 被動(dòng) 一般式 to do to be done 完成式 to have done to have been done 進(jìn)行式 to be doing ---- 完成進(jìn)行式 to have been doing ---- 否定式 否定詞（not/never） +動(dòng)詞不定式 考向一 不定式的作用 1. 作主語：不定式作主語時(shí)，謂語用單數(shù)。往往用it 作形式主語，把不定式放在謂語后面。 It took us two hours to finish the job. （1）其他系動(dòng)詞如look，appear等也可用于此句型。 （2）當(dāng)不定式作主語的句子中又有一個(gè)不定式作表語時(shí)，不能用It is ...to...句型。試比較： It is to negate my own idea to believe him.（錯(cuò)） To believe him is to negate my own idea .（對(duì)） （3）It is+ adj. of / for sb to do sth結(jié)構(gòu)中，當(dāng)不定式的邏輯主語和前面的形容詞可以構(gòu)成系表結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí)，用of，否則用 for。 2. 作賓語 （1）動(dòng)詞+不定式。 ?He managed to escape from the fire. ?I find it hard to get along with him.（it 作形式賓語） （2）動(dòng)詞+疑問詞+to，＂特殊疑問句+不定式＂相當(dāng)于名詞，作賓語。 ?I don’t know what to do next/ how to do it next. 不定式短語作賓語時(shí)，如果還帶有賓語補(bǔ)足語，往往把不定式短語放在賓語補(bǔ)足語之后，用it 作形式賓語。 ?I find it necessary to learn a foreign language. 3. 作賓語補(bǔ)足語 （1）動(dòng)詞+賓語+不定式（to do ）。 ?He warned me to be careful. 注意：可以用動(dòng)詞不定式作賓補(bǔ)的動(dòng)詞有：ask，tell，order，want，get，would like，like，advise，invite，allow，help，wish，warn，expect，would prefer，encourage。 （2）表見解、看法的動(dòng)詞結(jié)構(gòu)可為：動(dòng)詞+賓語+ to be 的不定式結(jié)構(gòu)。 ?We consider Tom to be one of the best students in our class. The book is believed to be useful.（被動(dòng)語態(tài)） （3）There +不定式。 We didn’t expect there to be so many people there. 我們沒料到會(huì)有那么多人在那里。 有些動(dòng)詞需用 as 短語作補(bǔ)語，像regard，think，believe，take，consider。 ?We regard Eric as our best teacher. 我們認(rèn)為艾瑞克是我們最好的老師。 ?Mary took him as her father. 瑪麗把他當(dāng)作自己的父親。 （4）在動(dòng)詞feel （一感），hear, listen to（二聽），have, let, make（三讓），notice, see, watch, observe, look at（五看）(即：吾看三室兩廳一感覺)等后面的補(bǔ)足語中，不定式不帶to，但變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語態(tài)后，必須帶to。 ?They saw the boy fall off the tree. （5）help后面作賓語補(bǔ)足語的不定式可以帶to，也可以不帶to。 ?I often help him (to) clean the room. ?I helped him (to) find his things. 1. (2018新課標(biāo)III卷語法填空)Once his message was delivered, he allowed me ____70____ (stay)and watch. 【參考答案】 【答案解析】考查非謂語動(dòng)詞。此處allow sb to do允許某人做某事，動(dòng)詞不定式作賓補(bǔ)，應(yīng)該用to stay。 2. (2018天津卷單項(xiàng)填空) I need a new passport so I will have to have my photographs___________. A. taking B. taken C. being taken D. take 【參考答案】B 3.（2017新課標(biāo)卷I語法填空）Fat and salt are very important parts of a diet. They are required 63 (process) the food that we eat, to recover from injury and for several other bodily functions. 【參考答案】to process 【答案解析】考查不定式。句意：他們被要求加工食物。require表示＂要求＂，require sb. to do sth.表示＂要求某人做某事＂，被動(dòng)形式為＂sb. be required to do sth.＂(某人被要求做某事)。故填to process。 4. 作定語 不定式作定語，修飾名詞或代詞，不定式和它所修飾的名詞之間有邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系、動(dòng)狀關(guān)系、同位關(guān)系或動(dòng)賓關(guān)系。不定式通常要放在這些被修飾的詞后。 I have a lot of work to do.（動(dòng)賓關(guān)系） He is looking for a room to live in.（動(dòng)狀關(guān)系） He is the first person to think of the idea.（主謂關(guān)系） He has got a chance to go abroad.（同位關(guān)系） （1）不定式的邏輯主語是句子的主語時(shí)，不定式用主動(dòng)形式表被動(dòng)。 ?Do you have anything else to say? （2）如果作定語的不定式是一個(gè)短語，則要保留不定式短語中的副詞或介詞。 ?I need a pen to write with. (I will write with the pen ) 我需要一支鋼筆寫字。 ?I have a little baby to look after. (I must look after the little baby ) 我有一個(gè)嬰兒要照看。 5. 作狀語 作狀語，表示目的、結(jié)果、原因等，有時(shí)還有一些固定搭配的不定式短語，如in order to，so as to，so... as to，such...as to，enough to，too...to等。 （1）作目的狀語，just to，only to（僅僅為了），in order to，so as to，so(such)... as to...（如此……以便……） ?He ran so fast as to catch the first bus. 他飛快地跑以便趕上第一班車。 （2）作結(jié)果狀語，表事先沒有預(yù)料到的，要放在句子后面。 ?He hurried to the post office only to find it was closed. （3）作原因狀語。 ?We were very excited to hear the news. （4）作條件狀語。 ?To turn to the left, you could find a post office. 6. 作表語 不定式可放在be動(dòng)詞后面，構(gòu)成表語。 ?The question is how to put it into practice. （1）不定式在句中作表語時(shí)，對(duì)應(yīng)的謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。 （2）當(dāng)主語是不定式時(shí)，表語不能用V-ing形式，可用不定式。 To see is to believe. （眼見為實(shí)）(Seeing is believing. ) 1.（2018新課標(biāo)I卷語法填空） You don’t have to run fast or for long 62 (see) the benefit. 【參考答案】to see 2.(2017新課標(biāo)卷II短文改錯(cuò))When summer came（es）, they will invite their students pick the vegetables！ 【參考答案】 pick改為to pick 3. (2017浙江卷語法填空)Sixteen years earlier (early), Pahlsson had removed the diamond ring 61 (cook) a meal. 【參考答案】to cook 【答案解析】考查動(dòng)詞不定式。一個(gè)句子不能出現(xiàn)雙重謂語，所以此處要用不定式作目的狀語。故填to cook。 考向二 不定式的時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài) 1. 不定式的時(shí)態(tài) （1）現(xiàn)在時(shí)：有時(shí)與謂語動(dòng)詞表示的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生，有時(shí)發(fā)生在謂語動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作之后。 ?He seems to know this. （2）完成時(shí)：表示的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語動(dòng)詞表示的動(dòng)作之前。 ?I’m sorry to have given you so much trouble. ?He seems to have caught a cold. （3）進(jìn)行時(shí)：表示動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行，與謂語動(dòng)詞表示的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生。 ?He seems to be eating something. （4）完成進(jìn)行時(shí)：表示動(dòng)作從過去某個(gè)時(shí)間開始，一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在，并有可能持續(xù)下去。 ?She is known to have been working on the problem for many years. 2. 不定式的語態(tài) 當(dāng)不定式的邏輯主語是其動(dòng)作的承受者時(shí)，就用被動(dòng)式。 He was seen to enter the hall. 考向三 省to 的動(dòng)詞不定式 一、使役動(dòng)詞后省略to的情況 在let, make, have等使役動(dòng)詞后用作賓語補(bǔ)足語的不定式必須省略to。如： ?My mother wouldn’t let me go to the film. 我媽媽不會(huì)讓我去看電影的。 ?I don’t like milk, but mother made me drink it. 我不喜歡牛奶，可是母親強(qiáng)迫我喝。 注意： 1. 當(dāng)使役動(dòng)詞用于被動(dòng)語態(tài)時(shí)，要補(bǔ)上在主動(dòng)語態(tài)中省略的to(主要是指make，let和have很少用于被動(dòng)語態(tài))。 2. force, oblige等雖然也表示2. force, oblige＂使＂，但它們后用作賓語補(bǔ)足語的不定式必須帶to。如： ?He forced me to go with them. 他迫使我同他們一起去。 ?The police obliged him to leave. 警方強(qiáng)迫他離開。 二、感官動(dòng)詞后省略to的情況 在感覺動(dòng)詞后用作賓語補(bǔ)足語的不定式必須省略to。如： ?I watched her get into the car. 我看著她上了車。 ?I saw the woman enter a bank. 我看見這個(gè)女人進(jìn)了一家銀行。 ?We often hear her sing this song. 我們經(jīng)常聽到她唱這首歌。 ?Did you notice her leave the house? 她離開屋子你注意到了嗎? 注意： 1. 這里所說的感覺動(dòng)詞主要包括see, hear, observe, notice, feel, watch等。但是它們用于被動(dòng)語態(tài)時(shí)，其后的不定式必須帶to。但是，用于以上句型的動(dòng)詞notice 和watch和通常不用于被動(dòng)語態(tài)。 2. 類似地，動(dòng)詞look at和listen to后用作賓語補(bǔ)足語的不定式也不帶to。 3. 若動(dòng)詞feel后用作賓語補(bǔ)足語的不定式為 to be，則要帶 to(其他情況不帶 to)。 4. 若不定式為完成式，通常應(yīng)帶 to。 三、動(dòng)詞help后省略to的情況 在動(dòng)詞help后用作賓語或賓語補(bǔ)足語的不定式可以不帶to。如： ?Can I help (to) carry this heavy box? 我可以幫忙扛這個(gè)重箱子嗎？ ?Mother helped me (to) do my homework. 媽媽幫助我做作業(yè)。 注意： 1. 當(dāng) help 之后接一個(gè)較長的名詞詞組作賓語或當(dāng)其中的不定式所表示的動(dòng)作主語不直接參加時(shí)，不定式通常帶to。如： ?Help the little boys at the back of the hall to carry the chairs out. 請(qǐng)幫大廳后面那些小男孩把椅子搬出去。 ?These tablets will help you to sleep. 這些藥片將對(duì)你的睡眠有幫助。 2. 在當(dāng)help用于被動(dòng)語態(tài)時(shí)，不定式前的to不能省略。如： ?The boy was helped by a woman to collect his scattered coins. 那男孩由一個(gè)婦女幫他撿拾散亂一地的錢幣。 四、why (not)…后省略to的情況 在why (not)…?之后的不定式不能帶to。如： ?Why go with him? 為什么要同他一起去？ ?Why not ask the teacher? 為什么不去問問老師？ ?Why not try to expand your story into a novel? 你怎么不把你的故事擴(kuò)展成小說呢? 五、介詞except / but后省略to的情況 用作介詞except, but賓語的不定式有時(shí)帶to，有時(shí)不帶to。其大致原則是：若其前出現(xiàn)了動(dòng)詞 do，其后的不定式通常不帶 to；若其前沒有出現(xiàn)動(dòng)詞 do，則其后的不定式通常帶 to。如： ?I had no choice but to wait. 除了等，我沒有別的選擇。 ?He wanted nothing but to stay there. 他只想留在那兒。 ?It had no effect except to make him angry. It had no effect except to make him angry. 除惹他生氣外，沒產(chǎn)生任何效果。 ?She can do everything except cook. 除了做飯之外她什么都會(huì)。 六、主語帶do表語省略to的情況 當(dāng)主語部分有動(dòng)詞do的某種形式時(shí)，用作表語的不定式可以省略to。如： ?All you do now is (to) plete the form. 你現(xiàn)在要做的只是把這張表填好。 ?The only thing to do now is (to) go on. 前進(jìn)是現(xiàn)在唯一的出路。 ?What I’ll do is 我要做的就是告訴她真相。 七、并列不定式省略to的情況 當(dāng)兩個(gè)或多個(gè)作用相同的不定式并列時(shí)，通常只需在第一個(gè)不定式前用to，其余不定式前的to可以省略。如：?He told me to stay there and wait for him. 他叫我在那兒等他。 ?I’m really puzzled what to think or say. 我真不知該怎么想怎么說。 ?It is easier to persuade people than (to) force them. 說服人容易，強(qiáng)迫人難。 但是，如果兩者有對(duì)比關(guān)系，則后面不定式前的to不可省略。如： ?To try and fail is better than not to try at all. 嘗試而失敗總比不嘗試好。 八、省略不定式是否保留to 在一定的上下文中，為了避免重復(fù)，有時(shí)不定式可以省略，但通常保留不定式符號(hào)to。如： ?I shall go if I want to. 如果我想去就去。 ? ＂Don’t be late.＂ ＂I’ll try not to.＂ ＂不要來晚了。＂＂我盡量不來晚。＂ ?Don’t go till I tell you to. 等我叫你走你再走。 注意：1. 若被省略的不定式為to be短語，則通常應(yīng)保留to be。如： ?He is not the man he used to be. 他已不是原來的那個(gè)樣子了。 2. 有時(shí)省略不定式時(shí)，同時(shí)也可省略to。如： ?She may go if she likes (to). 她想去就可以去。 They knew her very well. They had seen her __________（grow）up from childhood. 【參考答案】grow 題組一 基礎(chǔ)過關(guān) 單項(xiàng)填空 1.______ in Northern Europe rose steadily in the third quarter of 2016, following a 0.1 percent increase in the previous quarter. A. Tourist spending B. Tourist spent C. Tourist spend D. Tourist spends 2.It’s natural for there ________ a generation gap between parents and their children. A. being B. having been C.to be D.to have been 3.It’s important for the figures ________ regularly. A. to be updated B.to have been updated C. to update D.to have updated 4.It’s interesting ________ the children __________there. A. watching; playing B.to watch ; to play C.to watch; playing D. watching ; play 5.______ exactly what was wrong with him, the doctors gave him a plete examination. A. To discover B. Discovering C. Discovered D. Having been discovered 6.Many parents don’t take their kids’ interests and ages into consideration, only ________ ＂More haste, less speed＂ — their curiosity is being killed. A. finding B. having found C.to find D. find 7.My grandma, living separately in the country, is just content to sit fortably in front of TV each evening, happy ________ Chinese traditional opera programs. A.to be watching B. watching C.to watch D.to be watched 8.How pleasant the picture is to _________! A. look at B. being looked at C. looking at D.be looked at 9.Tom was proud ________ captain of our school football team. A.to choose B.to be chosen C.to have been chosen D.to have chosen 10.A lot of employees at the pany said Eric was impossible________, and indeed he was tough. A. dealing with B. dealt with C.to deal with D.to be dealt with 題組二 能力提升 閱讀下面材料，在空白處填入適當(dāng)?shù)膬?nèi)容（1個(gè)單詞）或括號(hào)內(nèi)單詞的正確形式。 In much of Asia, especially the so-called ＂rice bowl＂ cultures of China, Japan, Korea, 1 Vietnam, food is usually eaten with chopsticks. Chopsticks are usually two long, thin pieces of wood or bamboo. They can also be made of plastic, animal bone or metal. Sometimes chopsticks are quite artistic. Truly elegant chopsticks might 2 (make) of gold and silver with Chinese characters. Skilled workers also bine various hardwoods and metal 3 (create) special designs. The Chinese have used chopsticks for five thousand years. People probably cooked their food in large pots, 4 (use) twigs(樹枝)to remove it. Over time, 5 the population grew, people began cutting food into small pieces so it would cook more quickly. Food in small pieces could be eaten easily with twigs which 6 (gradual) turned into chopsticks. Some people think that the great Chinese scholar Confucius, 7 lived from roughly 551 to 479 B.C., influenced the 8 (develop) of chopsticks. Confucius believed knives would remind people of killings and 9 (be) too violent for use at the table. Chopsticks are not used everywhere in Asia. In India, for example, most people traditionally eat 10 their hands. 題組三 體驗(yàn)真題 1.（2016北京卷單項(xiàng)填空）_____________ it easier to get in touch with us, you’d better keep this card at hand. A. Made B. Make C. Making D. To make 2.（2016全國新課標(biāo)卷III語法填空）Skilled workers also bine various hardwoods and metal 43 (create) special designs. 3. (2014天津卷)Anxiously, she took the dress out of the package and tried it on, only _________ it didn’t fit A. to find B. found C. finding D. having found 4.(2014山東卷) It’s standard practice for a pany like this one______ a security officer. A. employed B. being employed C. to employ D. employs 5.（2014四川卷）— I hope to take the puter course. — Good idea. ____ more about it, visit this website. A. To find out B. Finding out C. To be finding out D. Having found out 題組一 基礎(chǔ)過關(guān) 單項(xiàng)填空 1.A 【解析】考查非謂語動(dòng)詞。根據(jù)句意＂在2016年的第三季度北歐的旅游支出穩(wěn)步上升，比上一季度增　　長0.1%。＂ 和句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知， ＂____in Northern Europe＂是句子的主語，所以動(dòng)詞spend該用ing形式（即動(dòng)名詞），而Tourist是動(dòng)名詞的邏輯主語，所以A項(xiàng)（Tourist spending游客花銷/旅游支出）的結(jié)構(gòu)正確且符合語境之意。故選A。 2.C 【解析】考查非謂語動(dòng)詞。it是形式主語，to do（動(dòng)詞不定式）作真正的主語。構(gòu)成＂It is +adj. to do ＂結(jié)構(gòu)。 3.A 【解析】考查不定式短語作主語的用法。句意:數(shù)據(jù)定期更新很重要。題干屬于＂It+be+adj.+for sb./sth.+不定式＂結(jié)構(gòu)，該結(jié)構(gòu)中,＂It＂為形式主語，不定式為真正的主語。update與the figures為動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，所以不定式用被動(dòng)形式，而且此處陳述的是一般情況，不涉及謂語動(dòng)作與非謂語動(dòng)作的先后次序，故用不定式的一般被動(dòng)式作主語，所以A項(xiàng)切題。 4.C 【解析】考查非謂語動(dòng)詞。句意：看到孩子們?cè)谀莾和娣浅Ｓ腥ぁＳ烧Z境可知，孩子們正在那邊玩。該題考查watch sb. doing sth.結(jié)構(gòu)，意為＂看到某人正在做某事＂，故第二個(gè)空填playing。doing做主語，表示經(jīng)常性的動(dòng)作。to do做主語，表示某一次的行為。由語境可知，該處并不是經(jīng)常性的動(dòng)作。故要用to do作主語。C選項(xiàng)切題。 7.C 【解析】考查不定式。句意：獨(dú)自住在村里的奶奶，每晚只是喜歡舒適地坐在電視機(jī)前，快樂地觀看中國傳統(tǒng)戲劇節(jié)目。此處源于詞組be happy to do sh.＂樂意做某事＂，該空處為形容詞詞組作狀語，修飾主語的狀態(tài)。故選C。 8.A 【解析】該句是感嘆句，解題時(shí)應(yīng)將其還原為陳述句：the pictures is pleasant to… 該結(jié)構(gòu)中不定式作狀語修飾作表語的形容詞pleasant，且look at與句子主語是邏輯上的動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，sb/sth is adj to do sth是固定句式，用不定時(shí)的主動(dòng)表被動(dòng)，選A項(xiàng)。 9.C 【解析】考查非謂語。句意：Tom非常自豪被選為我們校足球隊(duì)的隊(duì)長。根據(jù)句意可知要運(yùn)用被動(dòng)語態(tài)，用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的被動(dòng)語態(tài)表示此事已經(jīng)發(fā)生，且有一定影響。故選C。 10.C 【解析】考查非謂語動(dòng)詞。句意：公司里的許多員工說，對(duì)付Eric是不可能的。他確實(shí)很難對(duì)付。hard, difficult, easy, impossible等形容詞作表語時(shí)，其后的不定式如果與主語之間是邏輯上的動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，通常用不定式的主動(dòng)形式，故選to deal with。 題組二 能力提升 【語篇解讀】本文介紹了筷子的材質(zhì)與中國使用筷子的悠久歷史及文化內(nèi)涵。 1.and 【解析】考查并列連詞。分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)及語境可知，Vietnam與空前的＂China， Japan， Korea＂之間是并列關(guān)系，故填并列連詞and。 4.using 【解析】考查非謂語動(dòng)詞。use與其邏輯主語People之間是主謂關(guān)系，故此處用現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語。 5.as/when 【解析】考查狀語從句。隨著人口的增長或當(dāng)人口增長時(shí)，人們開始把食物切成小片。根據(jù)句意和句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知，空處引導(dǎo)狀語從句，表示＂隨著＂或＂當(dāng)……時(shí)＂，故填as或when。 6.gradually 【解析】考查副詞。應(yīng)用副詞修飾動(dòng)詞，故用 gradually。 7.who 【解析】考查定語從句。分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知，空處在此引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句，先行詞為Confucius，且關(guān)系詞在從句中作主語，故填who。 8.development 【解析】考查名詞。根據(jù)空前的＂the＂及空后的＂of＂可知，此處應(yīng)填名詞development。 9.were 【解析】考查時(shí)態(tài)和主謂一致。根據(jù)句中的＂believed＂可知，此處描述的是過去的情況，應(yīng)用一般過去時(shí)；從句主語為knives，謂語動(dòng)詞應(yīng)用復(fù)數(shù)。故填were。 10.with 【解析】考查介詞。此處指大部分人用手吃飯，故填with。 題組三 體驗(yàn)真題 1.D 【解析】考查不定式作目的狀語。句意：為了更方便地聯(lián)系到我們，你最好隨身帶著這張卡片。根據(jù)句意可知，這里是目的狀語，表目的用動(dòng)詞不定式，故選D。 2.to create 【解析】考查不定式作目的狀語。技術(shù)嫻熟的工人會(huì)把各種各樣的硬質(zhì)木材和金屬結(jié)合起來，以創(chuàng)造出特殊風(fēng)格的筷子。這里用不定式表目的，故填to create。 4.C 【解析】it是形式主語，真正的主語是后面的動(dòng)詞不定式。句意：像這樣的一個(gè)公司雇用一名保安是慣例。故答案選C。 5.A 【解析】由結(jié)構(gòu)判斷此處是非謂語短語位于句首表示目的，現(xiàn)在分詞不做目的狀語，排除CD選項(xiàng)。To be doing強(qiáng)調(diào)正在進(jìn)行，不能做目的狀語，故答案選A。句意：---我希望選修計(jì)算機(jī)課程。---好主意。要想多了解計(jì)算機(jī)情況的話，去這個(gè)網(wǎng)站看看。