油缸-齒輪轉(zhuǎn)位刀架的設(shè)計(jì)【含6張CAD圖帶開(kāi)題報(bào)告-獨(dú)家】.zip
油缸-齒輪轉(zhuǎn)位刀架的設(shè)計(jì)【含6張CAD圖帶開(kāi)題報(bào)告-獨(dú)家】.zip,含6張CAD圖帶開(kāi)題報(bào)告-獨(dú)家,油缸,齒輪,刀架,設(shè)計(jì),CAD,開(kāi)題,報(bào)告,獨(dú)家
目 錄
1 英文文獻(xiàn)翻譯 1
1.1Hydraulic Station and the development of hydraulic components Profiles 1
1.2中文翻譯 8
2專業(yè)閱讀書目 12
2.1機(jī)械制造基礎(chǔ) 12
2.2機(jī)械原理 12
2.3機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì) 13
2.4現(xiàn)代工程圖學(xué) 13
2.5機(jī)電傳動(dòng)控制 14
2.6材料力學(xué) 14
2.7互換性與技術(shù)測(cè)量 14
2.8理論力學(xué) 15
2.9機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)課程設(shè)計(jì) 15
2.10機(jī)械制造技術(shù) 16
1 英文文獻(xiàn)翻譯
1.1Hydraulic Station and the development of hydraulic components Profiles
Hydraulic Pump Station also known as the stations are independent h- ydraulic device.
It requested by the oil gradually. And controlling the hydraulic oil flow direction, pressure and flow rate, applied to the mainframe and hy- draulic devices separability of hydraulic machinery.
Users will be provided after the purchase hydraulic station and host of implementing agencies (motor oil or fuel tanks) connected with tubing, Hydraulic machinery can be realized from these movements and the work cycle.
Hydraulic pump station is installed, Manifold or valve combination, t- anks, a combination of electrical boxes.
Functional components :
Pump device -- is equipped with motors and pumps, hydraulic station is the source of power. to mechanical energy into hydraulic oil pressure can be.
Manifold -- from hydraulic valve body and channel assembled. Right direction for implementation of hydraulic oil, pressure and flow control.
Valve portfolio -- plate valve is installed in up board after board conn-
ects with the same functional IC.
Tank -- plate welding semi-closed containers, also loaded with oil filtering network, air filters, used oil, oil filters and cooling.
Electrical boxes -- at the two patterns. A set of external fuse terminal plate; distribution of a full range of electrical control.
Hydraulic Station principle : motor driven pump rotation, which pump oil absorption from the oil tank. to mechanical energy into hydraulic pressure to the station, hydraulic oil through Manifold (or valve combinations) realized the direction, pressure, After adjusting flow pipe and external to the cylinder hydraulic machinery or motor oil, so as to control the direction of the motive fluid transformation force the size and speed the pace of promoting the various acting hydraulic machinery.
A development course
China Hydraulic (including hydraulic, the same below), pneumatic and seals industrial development process can be broadly divided into three phases, namely : 20 early 1950s to the early 1960s, the initial stage; 60's and 70 for specialized production system ;80~90's growth stage for the rapid development stage. Which, hydraulic industry in the early 1950s from the machine tool industry production of fake Su-grinder, broaching machine, copying lathe, and other hydraulic drive started, Hydraulic Components from the plant hydraulic machine shop, self-occupied. After entering the 1960s, the application of hydraulic technology from the machine gradually extended to the agricultural machinery and mechanical engineering fields, attached to the original velocity of hydraulic shop some stand out as pieces of hydraulic professional production. To the late 1960s, early 1970s, with the development of mechanized production, especially in the second automobile factory in providing efficient, automated equipment, along with the Hydraulic Components manufacturing has experienced rapid development of the situation, a group of SMEs have become professional hydraulic parts factory. 1968 China's annual output of hydraulic components have nearly 200,000 in 1973, machine tools, agricultural machinery, mechanical engineering industries, the production of hydraulic parts factory has been the professional development of more than 100 and an annual output more than one million. an independent hydraulic manufacturing industry has begun to take shape. Then, hydraulic pieces of fake products from the Soviet Union for the introduction of the product development and technical design combining the products to the pressure, Hypertension, and the development of the electro-hydraulic servo valves and systems, hydraulic application areas further expanded. Aerodynamic than the start of the industrial hydraulic years later, in 1967 began to establish professional pneumatic components factory, Pneumatic Components only as commodity production and sales. Sealed with rubber and plastics, mechanical seals and sealing flexible graphite sealing industry, the early 1950s from the production ordinary O-rings. rubber and plastics extrusion, such as oil seal sealing and seal asbestos products start to the early 1960s, begun production of mechanical seals and flexible graphite sealing products. 1970s, the burning of the former Ministry, a Ministry, the Ministry of Agricultural Mechanization System, a group of professional production plants have been established, and the official establishment of industries to seal industrial development has laid the foundation for growth.
Since the 1980s, in the country's reform and opening up policy guidelines, with the development of the machinery industry, based mainframe pieces behind the conflicts have become increasingly prominent and attracted the attention of the relevant departments. To this end, the Ministry of the original one in 1982, formed the basis of common pieces of Industry, will be scattered in the original machine tools, agricultural machinery, mechanical engineering industries centralized hydraulic, pneumatic and seals specialized factories, placing them under common management infrastructure pieces Bureau, so that the industry in the planning, investment, technology and scientific research and development in areas such as infrastructure pieces Bureau of guidance and support. Since then entered a phase of rapid development, has introduced more than 60 items of advanced technology from abroad, including more than 40 items of hydraulic, pneumatic 7. After digestion and absorption and transformation, now have mass production, and industry-leading products. In recent years, the industry increased the technological transformation efforts, in 1991, Local enterprises and the self-financing total input of about 20 billion yuan, of which more than 1.6 billion yuan Hydraulic. Through technological transformation and technology research, and a number of major enterprises to further improve the level of technology, technique and equipment to be greatly improved. In order to form a higher starting point, specialization, and run production has laid a good foundation. In recent years, many countries in the development of common ownership guidelines, under different ownership SMEs rapid rise showing great vitality. With the further opening up, three-funded enterprises rapid development of industry standards for improving and expanding exports play an important role. Today, China has and the United States, Japan, Germany and other countries famous manufacturers joint ventures or wholly-owned by foreign manufacturers to establish a piston pump / motor, planetary reduction gears, steering gear, hydraulic control valve, hydraulic system, hydrostatic transmission, hydraulic Casting. pneumatic control valve, cylinder, gas processing triple pieces, mechanical seals, rubber and seal products more than 50 production enterprises, attracting foreign investment over 200 million U.S. dollars.
Second, the current situation
(1) Basic Profiles
After 40 years of efforts, China hydraulic, pneumatic and sealing industry has formed a relatively complete categories. a certain level of technical capacity and the industrial system. According to the 1995 Third National Industrial Census statistics, hydraulic, Pneumatic seals and industrial 370,000 annual sales income of 100 million yuan in state-owned, village-run, private and cooperative enterprises, individual, "three capital" enterprises with a total of more than 1,300, of which about 700 hydraulic, Pneumatic seals and the approximately 300 thousand. By 1996 with the international trade statistics, the total output value of China's industry hydraulic 2.348 billion yuan, accounting for the world's 6; Pneumatic industry output 419 million yuan, accounting for world No. 10.
(2) the current supply and demand profiles
Through the introduction of technology, independent development and technological innovation, and high-pressure piston pump, gear pumps, vane pump, General Motors hydraulic valves, tanks, Non-lubricated aerodynamic pieces and various seals of the first large technology products has increased noticeably. stability of the mass production may, for various mainframe products provide a level of assurance. In addition, hydraulic and pneumatic components of the CAD system, pollution control, proportional servo technology has scored some achievements, and is already in production. Currently, hydraulic, pneumatic and seals products total about 3,000 species, more than 23,000 specifications. Among them, there are 1,200 hydraulic varieties, more than 10,000 specifications (including hydraulic products 60 varieties 500 specifications); Pneumatic are 1,350 varieties, more than 8,000 specifications; Rubber seal 350 species more than 5,000 specifications have been basically cater to the different types of mainframe products to the general needs, complete sets of equipment for major varieties of matching rate was over 60%, and started a small amount of exports.
1998 pieces of homemade hydraulic output 4.8 million. sales of about 28 billion (of which about 70% mechanical systems); aerodynamic pieces yield 3.6 million. sales of about 5.5 billion (of which about 60% of mechanical systems); Seals output of about 800 million. sales of about 10 billion (of which about 50% mechanical systems). According to the China Hydraulic Pneumatic Seals Industry Association 1998 annual report, hydraulic product sales rate of 97. 5% (101% for hydraulic), pneumatic 95.9%, 98.7% sealed. This fully reflects the basic marketing convergence.
My hydraulic, pneumatic and sealing industry has attained a great deal of progress, but with mainframe development needs, and the world's advanced level, there are still many gaps, mainly reflected in the product variety, performance and reliability, and so on. Hydraulic products as an example, products abroad only one-third, life for half abroad. In order to meet key mainframe, and mainframe imports of major technology and equipment needs, every year a large number of hydraulic, pneumatic and sealing products imports. According to customs statistics and the analysis of data, in 1998 hydraulic, pneumatic and seals in the import about 200 million U.S. dollars, Hydraulic which about 1.4 billion dollars, aerodynamic nearly 030 million U.S. dollars, sealed about 030 million U.S. dollars. compared with a slight decline in 1997. By sums, currently imported products on the domestic market share of about 30%. 1998 pieces of the domestic market demand for hydraulic total of about six million, the total sales of nearly 40 billion; aerodynamic pieces of the total demand of about 5 million, with sales more than 700 million yuan; Seals total demand of about 1.1 billion. total sales of about 1.3 billion.
Third, the development trend of the future
1, affect the development of the main factors
(1) product development ability, and the level of technological development and speed can not completely meet the advanced mainframe products, major equipment and technology imported equipment and maintenance support;
(2) the number of enterprises manufacturing technology, the level of equipment and management standards are comparatively backward, coupled with a strong sense of quality, resulting in low levels of product performance, quality, Reliability poor services in a timely manner, lack of user satisfaction and trust of the brand-name products;
(3) industry specialization of production low, scattered strength, low repeat serious, between regions and enterprises of convergence products, blindly compete with each other, driving down prices, the decline of enterprise returns, lack of funds, liquidity difficulties, product development and technological transformation is inadequate and seriously restricted the industry to improve the overall level of competition and the increase of strength;
(4) The internationalization of the domestic market and the increasing degree of foreign companies have entered the Chinese market and participate in competition with the domestic private and cooperative enterprises, individuals, foreign-funded enterprises, such as the rise of state-owned enterprises due to the growing impact.
2, the development trend
As the socialist market economy continues to deepen, hydraulic, pneumatic and sealing products in the market supply and demand and there is a greater change, long ago to a "shortage" of the seller's market has basically become a "structural surplus" of the characteristics of the buyer's market place . Overall capacity, is already in oversupply situation, in particular the general low level of hydraulic, pneumatic and seals, the general oversupply; and the host of urgent high-tech high-parameter, high value-added high-end products, and they do not satisfy the market needs, only dependent on imports. China joins the WTO, its impact may be even greater. Therefore, the "15" during the growth of the output value of industry, must not depend on volume growth and the industry should address the structural problems of their own, increase the intensity of the adjustment of the industrial structure and product mix, is, we should rely on the improvement of quality, and promote technical upgrading of products to meet market demand and stimulating, seek greater development.
1.2中文翻譯
液壓站和液壓元件的開(kāi)發(fā)
液壓站又稱液壓泵站，是獨(dú)立的液壓裝置。
它按逐級(jí)要求供油。并控制液壓油流的方向、壓力和流量，適用于主機(jī)與液壓裝置可分離的各種液壓機(jī)械上。
用戶購(gòu)后只要將液壓站與主機(jī)上的執(zhí)行機(jī)構(gòu)（油缸或油馬達(dá)）用油管相連，液壓機(jī)械即可實(shí)現(xiàn)各種規(guī)定的動(dòng)作和工作循環(huán)。
液壓站是由泵裝置、集成塊或閥組合、油箱、電氣盒組合而成。各部件功能為：
泵裝置－－上裝有電機(jī)和油泵，是液壓站的動(dòng)力源，將機(jī)械能轉(zhuǎn)化為液壓油的壓力能。
集成塊－－由液壓閥及通道體組裝而成。對(duì)液壓油實(shí)行方向、壓力和流量調(diào)節(jié)。
閥組合－－板式閥裝在立板上，板后管連接，與集成塊功能相同。
油箱－－板焊的半封閉容器，上還裝有濾油網(wǎng)、空氣濾清器等，用來(lái)儲(chǔ)油、油的冷卻及過(guò)濾。
電氣盒－－分兩種型式。一種設(shè)置外接引線的端子板；一種配置了全套控制電器。
液壓站的工作原理：電機(jī)帶動(dòng)油泵轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)，泵從油箱中吸油供油，將機(jī)械能轉(zhuǎn)化為液壓站的壓力能，液壓油通過(guò)集成塊（或閥組合）實(shí)現(xiàn)了方向、壓力、流量調(diào)節(jié)后經(jīng)外接管路并至液壓機(jī)械的油缸或油馬達(dá)中，從而控制液動(dòng)機(jī)方向的變換、力量的大小及速度的快慢，推動(dòng)各種液壓機(jī)械做功。
一、發(fā)展歷程
我國(guó)液壓（含液力，下同）、氣動(dòng)和密封件工業(yè)發(fā)展歷程，大致可分為三個(gè)階段，即：20世紀(jì)50年代初到60年代初為起步階段；60~70年代為專業(yè)化生產(chǎn)體系成長(zhǎng)階段；80~90年代為快速發(fā)展階段。其中，液壓工業(yè)于50年代初從機(jī)床行業(yè)生產(chǎn)仿蘇的磨床、拉床、仿形車床等液壓傳動(dòng)起步，液壓元件由機(jī)床廠的液壓車間生產(chǎn)，自產(chǎn)自用。進(jìn)入60年代后，液壓技術(shù)的應(yīng)用從機(jī)床逐漸推廣到農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械和工程機(jī)械等領(lǐng)域，原來(lái)附屬于主機(jī)廠的液壓車間有的獨(dú)立出來(lái)，成為液壓件專業(yè)生產(chǎn)廠。到了60年代末、70年代初，隨著生產(chǎn)機(jī)械化的發(fā)展，特別是在為第二汽車制造廠等提供高效、自動(dòng)化設(shè)備的帶動(dòng)下，液壓元件制造業(yè)出現(xiàn)了迅速發(fā)展的局面，一批中小企業(yè)也成為液壓件專業(yè)制造廠。1968年中國(guó)液壓元件年產(chǎn)量已接近20萬(wàn)件；1973年在機(jī)床、農(nóng)機(jī)、工程機(jī)械等行業(yè)，生產(chǎn)液壓件的專業(yè)廠已發(fā)展到100余家，年產(chǎn)量超過(guò)100萬(wàn)件，一個(gè)獨(dú)立的液壓件制造業(yè)已初步形成。這時(shí)，液壓件產(chǎn)品已從仿蘇產(chǎn)品發(fā)展為引進(jìn)技術(shù)與自行設(shè)計(jì)相結(jié)合的產(chǎn)品，壓力向中、高壓發(fā)展，并開(kāi)發(fā)了電液伺服閥及系統(tǒng)，液壓應(yīng)用領(lǐng)域進(jìn)一步擴(kuò)大。氣動(dòng)工業(yè)的起步比液壓稍晚幾年，到1967年開(kāi)始建立氣動(dòng)元件專業(yè)廠，氣動(dòng)元件才作為商品生產(chǎn)和銷售。含橡塑密封、機(jī)械密封和柔性石墨密封的密封件工業(yè)，50年代初從生產(chǎn)普通O型圈、油封等擠壓橡塑密封和石棉密封制品起步，到60年代初，開(kāi)始研制生產(chǎn)機(jī)械密封和柔性石墨密封等制品。70年代，在原燃化部、一機(jī)部、農(nóng)機(jī)部所屬系統(tǒng)內(nèi)，一批專業(yè)生產(chǎn)廠相繼成立，并正式形成行業(yè)，為密封件工業(yè)的發(fā)展成長(zhǎng)奠定了基礎(chǔ)。
進(jìn)入80年代，在國(guó)家改革開(kāi)放的方針指引下，隨著機(jī)械工業(yè)的發(fā)展，基礎(chǔ)件滯后于主機(jī)的矛盾日益突出，并引起各有關(guān)部門的重視。為此，原一機(jī)部于1982年組建了通用基礎(chǔ)件工業(yè)局，將原有分散在機(jī)床、農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械、工程機(jī)械等行業(yè)歸口的液壓、氣動(dòng)和密封件專業(yè)廠，統(tǒng)一劃歸通用基礎(chǔ)件局管理，從而使該行業(yè)在規(guī)劃、投資、引進(jìn)技術(shù)和科研開(kāi)發(fā)等方面得到基礎(chǔ)件局的指導(dǎo)和支持。從此進(jìn)入了快速發(fā)展期，先后引進(jìn)了60余項(xiàng)國(guó)外先進(jìn)技術(shù)，其中液壓40余項(xiàng)、氣動(dòng)7項(xiàng)，經(jīng)消化吸收和技術(shù)改造，現(xiàn)均已批量生產(chǎn)，并成為行業(yè)的主導(dǎo)產(chǎn)品。近年來(lái)，行業(yè)加大了技術(shù)改造力度，1991-1998年國(guó)家、地方和企業(yè)自籌資金總投入共約20多億元，其中液壓16億多元。經(jīng)過(guò)技術(shù)改造和技術(shù)攻關(guān)，一批主要企業(yè)技術(shù)水平進(jìn)一步提高，工藝裝備得到很大改善，為形成高起點(diǎn)、專業(yè)化、批量生產(chǎn)打下了良好基礎(chǔ)。近幾年，在國(guó)家多種所有制共同發(fā)展的方針指引下，不同所有制的中小企業(yè)迅猛崛起，呈現(xiàn)出勃勃生機(jī)。隨著國(guó)家進(jìn)一步開(kāi)放，三資企業(yè)迅速發(fā)展，對(duì)提高行業(yè)水平和擴(kuò)大出口起著重要作用。目前我國(guó)已和美國(guó)、日本、德國(guó)等國(guó)著名廠商合資或由外國(guó)廠商獨(dú)資建立了柱塞泵/馬達(dá)、行星減速機(jī)、轉(zhuǎn)向器、液壓控制閥、液壓系統(tǒng)、靜液壓傳動(dòng)裝置、液壓件鑄造、氣動(dòng)控制閥、氣缸、氣源處理三聯(lián)件、機(jī)械密封、橡塑密封等類產(chǎn)品生產(chǎn)企業(yè)50多家，引進(jìn)外資2億多美元。
二、目前狀況
(1)基本概況
經(jīng)過(guò)40多年的努力，我國(guó)液壓、氣動(dòng)和密封件行業(yè)已形成了一個(gè)門類比較齊全，有一定生產(chǎn)能力和技術(shù)水平的工業(yè)體系。據(jù)1995年全國(guó)第三次工業(yè)普查統(tǒng)計(jì)，我國(guó)液壓、氣動(dòng)和密封件工業(yè)鄉(xiāng)及鄉(xiāng)以上年銷售收入在100萬(wàn)元以上的國(guó)營(yíng)、村辦、私營(yíng)、合作經(jīng)營(yíng)、個(gè)體、“三資”等企業(yè)共有1300余家，其中液壓約700家，氣動(dòng)和密封件各約300余家。按1996年國(guó)際同行業(yè)統(tǒng)計(jì)，我國(guó)液壓行業(yè)總產(chǎn)值23.48億元，占世界第6位；氣動(dòng)行業(yè)總產(chǎn)值4.19億元，占世界第10位?！ ?
(2)當(dāng)前供需概況
通過(guò)技術(shù)引進(jìn)，自主開(kāi)發(fā)和技術(shù)改造，高壓柱塞泵、齒輪泵、葉片泵、通用液壓閥門、油缸、無(wú)油潤(rùn)滑氣動(dòng)件和各類密封件第一大批產(chǎn)品的技術(shù)水平有了明顯的提高，并可穩(wěn)定的批量生產(chǎn)，為各類主機(jī)提高產(chǎn)品水平提供了保證。另外，在液壓氣動(dòng)元件和系統(tǒng)的CAD、污染控制、比例伺服技術(shù)等方面也取得一定成果，并已用于生產(chǎn)。目前，液壓、氣動(dòng)和密封件產(chǎn)品總計(jì)約有3000個(gè)品種、23000多個(gè)規(guī)格。其中，液壓有1200個(gè)品種、10000多個(gè)規(guī)格（含液力產(chǎn)品60個(gè)品種、500個(gè)規(guī)格）；氣動(dòng)有1350個(gè)品種、8000多個(gè)規(guī)格；橡塑密封有350個(gè)品種、5000多個(gè)規(guī)格，已基本能適應(yīng)各類主機(jī)產(chǎn)品的一般需要，為重大成套裝備的品種配套率也可達(dá)60%以上，并開(kāi)始有少量出口。
1998年國(guó)產(chǎn)液壓件產(chǎn)量480萬(wàn)件，銷售額約28億元（其中機(jī)械系統(tǒng)約占70%）；氣動(dòng)件產(chǎn)量360萬(wàn)件，銷售額約5.5億元（其中機(jī)械系統(tǒng)約占60%）；密封件產(chǎn)量約8億件，銷售額約10億元（其中機(jī)械系統(tǒng)約占50%）。據(jù)中國(guó)液壓氣動(dòng)密封件工業(yè)協(xié)會(huì)1998年年報(bào)統(tǒng)計(jì)，液壓產(chǎn)品產(chǎn)銷率為97 .5%（液力為101%），氣動(dòng)為95.9%，密封為98.7%。這充分反映了產(chǎn)銷基本銜接。
我國(guó)液壓、氣動(dòng)和密封工業(yè)雖取得了很大的進(jìn)步，但與主機(jī)發(fā)展需求，以及和世界先進(jìn)水平相比，還存在不少差距，主要反映在產(chǎn)品品種、性能和可靠性等方面。以液壓產(chǎn)品為例，產(chǎn)品品種只有國(guó)外的1/3，壽命為國(guó)外的1/2。為了滿足重點(diǎn)主機(jī)、進(jìn)口主機(jī)以及重大技術(shù)裝備的需要，每年都有大量的液壓、氣動(dòng)和密封產(chǎn)品進(jìn)口。據(jù)海關(guān)統(tǒng)計(jì)及有關(guān)資料分析，1998年液壓、氣動(dòng)和密封件產(chǎn)品的進(jìn)口額約2億美元，其中液壓約1.4億美元，氣動(dòng)近0.3億美元，密封約0.3億美元，比1997年稍有下降。按金額計(jì)，目前進(jìn)口產(chǎn)品的國(guó)內(nèi)市場(chǎng)占有率約為30%。1998年國(guó)內(nèi)市場(chǎng)液壓件需求總量約600萬(wàn)件，銷售總額近40億元；氣動(dòng)件需求總量約500萬(wàn)件，銷售總額7億多元；密封件需求總量約11億件，銷售總額約13億元?！ ?
三、今后發(fā)展走勢(shì)
1、影響發(fā)展的主要因素
(1)企業(yè)產(chǎn)品開(kāi)發(fā)能力不強(qiáng)，技術(shù)開(kāi)發(fā)的水平和速度不能完全滿足先進(jìn)主機(jī)產(chǎn)品、重大技術(shù)裝備和進(jìn)口設(shè)備的配套和維修需要；
(2)不少企業(yè)的制造工藝、裝備水平和管理水平都較落后，加上質(zhì)量意識(shí)不強(qiáng)，導(dǎo)致產(chǎn)品性能水平低、質(zhì)量不穩(wěn)定、可靠性差，服務(wù)不及時(shí)，缺乏使用戶滿意和信賴的名牌產(chǎn)品；
(3)行業(yè)內(nèi)生產(chǎn)專業(yè)化程度低，力量分散，低水平重復(fù)嚴(yán)重，地區(qū)和企業(yè)之間產(chǎn)品趨同，盲目競(jìng)爭(zhēng)，相互壓價(jià)，使企業(yè)效益下降，資金缺乏、周轉(zhuǎn)困難，產(chǎn)品開(kāi)發(fā)和技術(shù)改造投入不足，嚴(yán)重地制約了行業(yè)整體水平的提高以及競(jìng)爭(zhēng)實(shí)力的增強(qiáng)；
(4)國(guó)內(nèi)市場(chǎng)國(guó)際化程度日益提高，國(guó)外公司紛紛進(jìn)入中國(guó)市場(chǎng)參與競(jìng)爭(zhēng)，加上國(guó)內(nèi)私營(yíng)、合作經(jīng)營(yíng)、個(gè)體、三資等企業(yè)的崛起，給國(guó)有企業(yè)造成愈來(lái)愈大的沖擊。
2、發(fā)展走勢(shì)
隨著社會(huì)主義市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)的不斷深化，液壓、氣動(dòng)和密封產(chǎn)品的市場(chǎng)供求關(guān)系發(fā)生較大變化，長(zhǎng)期來(lái)以“短缺”為特征的賣方市場(chǎng)已基本成為以“結(jié)構(gòu)性過(guò)?！睘樘卣鞯馁I方市場(chǎng)所取代。從總體能力看，已處于供大于求的態(tài)勢(shì)，特別是一般低檔次液壓、氣動(dòng)和密封件，普遍供過(guò)于求；而主機(jī)急需的技術(shù)含量高的高參數(shù)、高附加值的高檔產(chǎn)品，又不能滿足市場(chǎng)需要，只能依賴于進(jìn)口。在我國(guó)加入WTO后，其沖擊有可能更大。因此，“十五”期間行業(yè)產(chǎn)值的增長(zhǎng)，決不能依賴于量的增長(zhǎng)，而應(yīng)針對(duì)行業(yè)自身的結(jié)構(gòu)性矛盾，加大力度，調(diào)整產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)和產(chǎn)品結(jié)構(gòu)，也就是應(yīng)依靠質(zhì)的提高，促進(jìn)產(chǎn)品技術(shù)升級(jí)，以適應(yīng)和拉動(dòng)市場(chǎng)需求，求得更大的發(fā)展。
2專業(yè)閱讀書目
2.1機(jī)械制造基礎(chǔ)
內(nèi)容摘要：
本書根據(jù)高等教育人才培養(yǎng)目標(biāo)及規(guī)格要求進(jìn)行編寫。在吸收近年來(lái)高等教
育教學(xué)改革經(jīng)驗(yàn)的基礎(chǔ)上，根據(jù)企業(yè)生產(chǎn)線對(duì)應(yīng)用型高等技術(shù)人才在機(jī)械制造技
術(shù)方面的技能要求，結(jié)合機(jī)械制造技術(shù)的發(fā)展趨勢(shì)，將傳統(tǒng)教材《金屬切削原理
與刀具》、《金屬切削機(jī)床》、《機(jī)械制造工藝學(xué)》、《機(jī)床夾具設(shè)計(jì)》、《數(shù)
控技術(shù)》等的相關(guān)內(nèi)容有機(jī)地結(jié)合在一起，以項(xiàng)目、課題、案例為主線。本書內(nèi)
容涵蓋有:金屬切削加工基本定義、機(jī)械加工工藝規(guī)程制訂、典型零件加工工藝、
機(jī)械加工質(zhì)量分析、裝配工藝基礎(chǔ)、機(jī)床夾具設(shè)計(jì)基礎(chǔ)、常用機(jī)械加工方法及其
裝備、數(shù)控加工工藝、現(xiàn)代加工技術(shù)九個(gè)項(xiàng)目?？晒└叩仍盒C(jī)電類專業(yè)使用，
也可作為普通高等院校及有關(guān)工程技術(shù)人員參考。每個(gè)項(xiàng)目后附有知識(shí)點(diǎn)、技能
點(diǎn)、課題分析、相關(guān)知識(shí)及項(xiàng)目驅(qū)動(dòng)題目，可使廣大讀者更好地掌握所學(xué)的知識(shí)
和技能。
2.2機(jī)械原理
內(nèi)容摘要：
本書除緒論外共十三章，包括機(jī)構(gòu)的結(jié)構(gòu)分析、平面機(jī)構(gòu)的運(yùn)動(dòng)分析、平面
連桿機(jī)構(gòu)及其設(shè)計(jì)、凸輪機(jī)構(gòu)及其設(shè)計(jì)、齒輪機(jī)構(gòu)及其設(shè)計(jì)、輪系及其設(shè)計(jì)、其
他常用機(jī)構(gòu)、機(jī)械運(yùn)動(dòng)方案的擬定、平面機(jī)構(gòu)的力分析、平面機(jī)構(gòu)的平衡、機(jī)器
的機(jī)械效率、機(jī)器的運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)及其速度波動(dòng)的調(diào)節(jié)、計(jì)算機(jī)在機(jī)構(gòu)分析和綜合中的應(yīng)
用。此外，書未還附有各章思考題和習(xí)題以及常用的圖表?！稒C(jī)械原理》是一門
介紹各類機(jī)械產(chǎn)品中常用機(jī)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)的基本知識(shí)、基本理論和基本方法的重要技術(shù)
基礎(chǔ)課程?！稒C(jī)械原理》以高等學(xué)校機(jī)械類專業(yè)的學(xué)生為對(duì)象，以機(jī)構(gòu)系統(tǒng)運(yùn)動(dòng)
方案設(shè)計(jì)為主線，面向產(chǎn)品設(shè)計(jì)，強(qiáng)調(diào)學(xué)科之間的交叉融合，注重相關(guān)課程教學(xué)
內(nèi)容的邊界再設(shè)計(jì)，通過(guò)啟發(fā)創(chuàng)新思維，培養(yǎng)學(xué)生主動(dòng)實(shí)踐的工程設(shè)計(jì)能力?！稒C(jī)
械原理》重點(diǎn)討論連桿機(jī)構(gòu)、凸輪機(jī)構(gòu)、齒輪機(jī)構(gòu)、間歇機(jī)構(gòu)等常用機(jī)構(gòu)的設(shè)計(jì)
和機(jī)構(gòu)系統(tǒng)動(dòng)力學(xué)、機(jī)構(gòu)創(chuàng)新設(shè)計(jì)的一般規(guī)律和方法，將設(shè)計(jì)基本知識(shí)、基本理
論與設(shè)計(jì)方法有機(jī)地融合，通過(guò)理論學(xué)習(xí)與不斷實(shí)踐加強(qiáng)創(chuàng)新思維和工程設(shè)計(jì)能
力的訓(xùn)練，為機(jī)械產(chǎn)品創(chuàng)新設(shè)計(jì)提供必要的基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)與方法。(魏兵，熊禾根.
機(jī)械原理[M].武漢:華中科技大學(xué)出版社，2007)
2.3機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)
內(nèi)容摘要：
機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)(machinedesign)，根據(jù)用戶的使用要求對(duì)專用機(jī)械的工作原理、結(jié)
構(gòu)、運(yùn)動(dòng)方式、力和能量的傳遞方式、各個(gè)零件的材料和形狀尺寸、潤(rùn)滑方法等
進(jìn)行構(gòu)思、分析和計(jì)算并。機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)，將其轉(zhuǎn)化為具體的描述以作為制造依據(jù)的
工作過(guò)程。機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)是機(jī)械工程的重要組成部分，是機(jī)械生產(chǎn)的第一一步，是快
定機(jī)械性能的最主要的因素。機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)的努力目標(biāo)是:在各種限定的條件(如材
料、加工能力、理論知識(shí)和計(jì)算手段等)下設(shè)計(jì)出最好的機(jī)械，即做出優(yōu)化設(shè)計(jì)。優(yōu)化設(shè)計(jì)需要綜合地考慮許多要求，一般有:最好工作性能、最低制造成本、最
小尺寸和重量、使用中最可靠性、最低消耗和最少環(huán)境污染。這些要求常是互相
矛盾的，而且它們之間的相對(duì)重要性因機(jī)械種類和用途的不同而異。設(shè)計(jì)者的任
務(wù)是按具體情況權(quán)衡輕重，統(tǒng)籌兼顧，使設(shè)計(jì)的機(jī)械有最優(yōu)的綜合技術(shù)經(jīng)濟(jì)效果。
過(guò)去，設(shè)計(jì)的優(yōu)化主要依靠設(shè)計(jì)者的知識(shí)、經(jīng)驗(yàn)和遠(yuǎn)見(jiàn)。隨著機(jī)械工程基礎(chǔ)理論
和價(jià)值工程、系統(tǒng)分析等新學(xué)科的發(fā)展，制造和使用的技術(shù)經(jīng)濟(jì)數(shù)據(jù)資料的積累，
以及計(jì)算機(jī)的推廣應(yīng)用，優(yōu)化逐漸舍棄主觀判斷而依靠科學(xué)計(jì)算。(王為，旺建
曉.機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)[M].武漢:華中科技大學(xué)出版社，2007)
2.4現(xiàn)代工程圖學(xué)
內(nèi)容摘要：
本書是全國(guó)教育科學(xué)“十五”規(guī)劃教育部重點(diǎn)課題的研究成果，是根據(jù)教育
部2005年制定的“普通高等院校工程圖學(xué)課程教學(xué)基本要求”，并總結(jié)作者多
年來(lái)教學(xué)改革的經(jīng)驗(yàn)編寫而成的，是2007年江蘇省高等學(xué)校立項(xiàng)精品教材。全
書共10章，主要內(nèi)容包括制圖基本知識(shí)、正投影法基礎(chǔ)、立體的投影、組合體
的視圖、軸測(cè)圖、機(jī)件常用表達(dá)方法、標(biāo)準(zhǔn)零件與常用零件、零件圖、裝配圖、
計(jì)算機(jī)繪圖。與本書配套的《現(xiàn)代工程圖學(xué)習(xí)題集》同時(shí)由清華大學(xué)出版社出版。
多元一體，融漢語(yǔ)、英語(yǔ)和德語(yǔ)教學(xué)于一體。本書突出應(yīng)用型特色，注重立體構(gòu)
形能力、圖視思維表達(dá)能力、自主學(xué)習(xí)能力和專業(yè)外語(yǔ)交流能力的培養(yǎng)。(趙大
興，高成慧，趙成剛.現(xiàn)代工程圖學(xué)[M].武漢:湖北科學(xué)技術(shù)出版社，2006)
2.5機(jī)電傳動(dòng)控制
內(nèi)容摘要：
《機(jī)電傳動(dòng)控制》是2001年高等教育出版社出版的一本圖書。該書緊密結(jié)
合典型機(jī)電自動(dòng)控制系統(tǒng)，詳細(xì)介紹了控制系統(tǒng)的組成以及設(shè)計(jì)方法。既有常用
的電氣控制方法，又有先進(jìn)的控制技術(shù)。具有系統(tǒng)性、實(shí)用性和先進(jìn)性。全書除
緒論和附錄外共分5章，第1章機(jī)電傳動(dòng)斷續(xù)控制，第2章可編程序控制器(PLC)
及其應(yīng)用，第3章步進(jìn)電動(dòng)機(jī)傳動(dòng)控制，第4章機(jī)電傳動(dòng)速度連續(xù)控制，第5
章機(jī)電傳動(dòng)伺服系統(tǒng)。每章末均有思考題和習(xí)題。該書是高等工科院校機(jī)械工程
及自動(dòng)化專業(yè)的系列教材之一，也可供機(jī)電相關(guān)專業(yè)選用及有關(guān)科研和工程技術(shù)
人員參考。
2.6材料力學(xué)
內(nèi)容摘要：
劉鴻文浙江大學(xué)教授。長(zhǎng)期從事固體力學(xué)教學(xué)工作。曾任教育部教材編審委
員會(huì)委員，國(guó)家教委(教育部)工科力學(xué)課程教學(xué)指導(dǎo)委員會(huì)主任委員兼材料力學(xué)
課程教學(xué)指導(dǎo)組組長(zhǎng)。1989年被授子全國(guó)優(yōu)秀教師。1991年起享受政府特殊
津貼。杭州市第六屆人大代表，浙江省第四屆政協(xié)常委，全國(guó)政協(xié)第六、七、八
屆委員。全書分I、11兩冊(cè)，共分18章。第1冊(cè)包含了材料力學(xué)課程中的基本
內(nèi)容，內(nèi)容包括:緒論，拉伸、壓縮與剪切，扭轉(zhuǎn)，彎曲內(nèi)力，彎曲應(yīng)力，彎曲
變形，應(yīng)力和應(yīng)變分析，強(qiáng)度理論，組合變形，壓桿穩(wěn)定，動(dòng)載荷，交變應(yīng)力，
平面圖形的幾何性質(zhì)等。第11冊(cè)包含了材料力學(xué)課程較深入的內(nèi)容，內(nèi)容包括:
彎曲的幾個(gè)補(bǔ)充問(wèn)題，能量方法，超靜定結(jié)構(gòu)，平面曲桿，厚壁圓簡(jiǎn)和旋轉(zhuǎn)圈盤，
矩陣位移法，桿件的塑性變形等。(劉鴻文.材料力學(xué)[M].北京高等教育出版社，
2009)
2.7互換性與技術(shù)測(cè)量
內(nèi)容摘要：
本書根據(jù)“互換性與技術(shù)測(cè)量”課程學(xué)時(shí)壓縮的情況，編寫時(shí)盡量貫徹既完
整全面又簡(jiǎn)潔實(shí)用的思想。其主要內(nèi)容包括:互換性與標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化概論、圓柱體結(jié)合
尺寸精度的控制與評(píng)定、測(cè)量技術(shù)基礎(chǔ)、幾何公差及檢測(cè)、表面輪廓特征的控制
與評(píng)定、典型零部件的幾何精度設(shè)計(jì)、圓柱齒輪傳動(dòng)誤差的評(píng)定與齒輪的精度設(shè)
計(jì)、機(jī)械系統(tǒng)的精度設(shè)計(jì)和機(jī)械精度設(shè)計(jì)與實(shí)例分析。附錄中還列出“常用詞匯
中英文對(duì)照”和若干工程示意圖，書中所有工程實(shí)例可利用索引查找，并為任課
教師免費(fèi)提供電子課件。本書是機(jī)械工程及其自動(dòng)化專業(yè)的教學(xué)用書，也可以作
為近機(jī)類專業(yè)如輕工機(jī)械、化工機(jī)械等專業(yè)的教學(xué)用書，同時(shí)可供科研及生產(chǎn)單
位從事產(chǎn)品設(shè)計(jì)和計(jì)量測(cè)試等工作的工程技術(shù)人員使用。(陳于萍，周兆元.互換
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