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湖 南 科 技 大 學(xué)
畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)外文翻譯
學(xué)生姓名： 周 薇 學(xué) 號(hào)： 1103010214
學(xué) 院： 機(jī) 電 工 程 學(xué) 院
專 業(yè)： 機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)制造及其自動(dòng)化
設(shè)計(jì)（論文）外文翻譯題目： 包裝機(jī)械的發(fā)展
指導(dǎo)老師： 谷 金 良
2015/5/10
Packing machinery development
Our country packs the mechanical profession start in the 20th century 70's, and the 90’s intermediate stages obtain the rapid development in the end of the 80's. Has become in the mechanical industry one of 10 big professions, regardless of is the output, in the variety, has all obtained the amazing achievement, packed the industry for our country the fast development to provide the powerful safeguard. At present, our country has become the world packing mechanical industrial production and expends one of great nations.
Current our country food and a packing machinery prominent question is the new product development cycle long, imitates much, innovates few, not only this with designs personnel's state-of-art related, also concerns with the correlation profession development. The international advanced method utilizes the simulation technology, by the computer automatic synthesis three-dimensional model, will pass has occurred production line breakdown data feeds the computer, then will demonstrate the actual operating mode, according to will need to carry on the revision in front of the user, finally will consummate. The packing machinery took one product, its meaning is not merely the product itself material significance, but is includes the form product, the stealth product and extends the product 3 meanings. The form product is refers to packaging machine itself the concrete shape and the basic function; The stealth product is refers to the packaging machine the actual utility which provides to the user; Extends the product is refers to the packaging machine the quality assurance, the use instruction and the post-sale service and so on. Therefore the packaging machine design should include: Market investigation and study, schematic diagram design, structural design, construction drawing design, instruction for use compilation and post-sale service predetermined plan and so on.
The new packing machinery often is machine, the electricity, the gas integration equipment. The full use information product newest achievement, uses air operated separation transmission technologies and so on implementing agency, servo motor-driven, may cause the complete machine the transmission chain to reduce greatly, the structure is greatly the simplification, the work precision and the speed enhances greatly. One of key technologies has used the multi-electrical machinery dragging synchronization control technology. Actually grasps this kind of technology not very difficultly, only is some designs the personnel not to understand the packing machinery this trend of development. If beforehand our country packs the machine design is the imitation, the study stage, and then we should have the innovation design consciousness now.
“十五” period, our country packs the mechanical industrial development to be rapid, in recent years imports the equipment all is domestic cannot make or the manufacture level is far from, may see our disparity from the import to be at. Food security problem whole nation attention. “十一五” period should enhance food security domain the science and technology and the equipment level, the development fast, in accurate appraisal food harms the factor the technology and the equipment, further researches and develops the pathogenic microorganism resistance, cause of disease prevention technologies and the preserve technology and the equipment and so on control. Food and the packing machinery form the profession already for 20 years, is opposite in food packing, a new profession. These 20 years also are the world technological development quickest times, the new technology applies unceasingly in the profession, but the domestic profession foundation is weak, technical and the scientific research lack of strength, its development relative lag, has towed food and the packing industry hind leg to a certain extent. Although overall development quick, but food packing mechanical industrial development is quicker.
the goal is must reduce this space, catches up with the world advanced level for the food industry, for causes the packing great nation to make great strides forward to the packing powerful nation, provides the advanced technical equip, lets import the equipment the role which only plays in the domestic market appropriates lost articles fills a vacancy. This request domestic food and the packing machinery year development speed surpasses 18%, the new product output value rate achieves 25%. On the international packing and food machinery development is take the big customer request as the goal, the impetus correlation machinery development. The big customer request mainly manifests in the below aspect: One, is higher well to the production efficiency request. This may reduce the product the cost, satisfies the date of delivery. The high speed packaging machine request must have the correlation engagement with the first working procedure, does not have to transport the link, including the control engagement, the entire production line must achieve the inverted order according to the production and the packing working procedure arrangement to start, smooth engine off. If Leng Guanzhuang the production line makes something a matter of political line automatically from the plastic raw material to the drink fills installs, the big packing piles buttress completely automatically in seals up in the workshop to carry on. Two, may adapt the product renewal change. The packing machinery must have the very high flexibility and the flexibility, the production line permission the packing material size may change in certain size scope. Because product life cycle far short in useful life of equipment, change product and packing not as for replacement expensive packing production line. Three is the equipment common breakdown rapid elimination. The solution inputs the computer in advance, when the equipment appears the common breakdown may diagnose voluntarily, also may implement the long-distance diagnosis to eliminate the breakdown abreast in row. Four, the request has the automatic diagnosis function. On the one hand may automatic diagnosis packing material thickness, degree of hardness, the counter-tension and so on, feed back through the computer to the manipulator adjusts the movement scope, does not guarantee the resilience. On the other hand, each different product, like shape each different chocolate or the dessert and so on, installs to the identical box in, its arrangement is orderly. The production line transmits the product is a disorder, the available probe head scanning, determined the different shape the material position, feeds back again to the different manipulator, it can accurately unmistakably puts in the goods according to the accurate position and the direction in the tray, moreover, removes the manual control quickly the vision and finger weariness. Five, may reduce the environmental pollution as far as possible. The reduction including the noise, the dust pollution, and reduces the reject as far as possible, this point especially is important in the food processing process. Food raw material when processing not only harvests the main product, like corn processing, product besides corn starch, but also has the corn oil, the salad oil, the margarine, the glucose, the corn protein and the feed, as well as the sewage treatment and so on produces the entire process, is the automation. Does not have the reject, not to pollute, other product value has surpassed the corn starch greatly the value.
Along with the science and technology development and the market competition aggravating, the customer demand more and more is also high. This kind of demand manifests in following several aspects: One, enhances the production efficiency, satisfies the date of delivery and reduces the production cost the need, to some products, but also requests the packing machinery and the production machinery links up; Two, is meets the product renewal change need, the packing machinery must have the high flexibility and the flexibility; Three is when the equipment appears the breakdown, the request can carry on the long-distance diagnosis service; Four, favors the environmental protection, the noise, the dust and the reject are few; Five is the equipment purchase investment are as far as possible few, the price must be as far as possible low. Therefore, must certainly in the market investigation and study foundation, the full understanding, analyze the user earnestly the demand, the definite packaging machine should complete the function and each technical specification, draw up the preliminary principle design proposal.
The modern packaging machine design process should include: The market investigation and study, the user demand analysis, the packaging machine function determination, the feasible proof, the formulation design proposal, the user benefit analysis, the plan feasible proof, the schematic diagram design, the structural design, the construction drawing design, the prototypical manufacture (hypothesized manufacture), the technical confirmation and the construction drawing revise, the formulation post-sale service predetermined plan and the long-distance diagnosis plan, the improvement design, the serialized design and so on.
The market investigation and study is the foundation work which all packaging machines design. Without the market investigation and study, we do all design work all possibly is equal to the zero. The market investigation and study, may according to the policy guidance, the profession supply and demand information, the expert analyze, the profession unfolds clues and so on meeting, technical meeting, found the user the demand information, after and reorganizes the analysis, the definite packaging machine should complete function. In the principle project design process, first must understand fully the related information product, the electronic products function, understood the air operated part the performance, and uses to simplify the mechanical drive system, but also may use the multi-electrical machinery dragging to reduce the mechanical transmission chain. Regarding the essential mechanical drive system, should make the best the modernized design method, in to product functional analysis foundation in, through innovation idea, system modeling, mechanical analysis, dynamic optimization, thus obtains the best design proposal. The technical design is the principle design structurization, definite spare part quantity, the shape, the size, the material and so on; the essential components carry on the power computation, the power computation, the strength calculation, the rigidity computation to the major component in.
When system design, must consider the entire packaging machine system comprehensively the layout, the movement coordination, the modeling design, the human - machine environment as well as the packing transportation and so on. The modular design is one advanced design method, its core thought is divides into systematically according to the function certain modules, the identical function unit designs the packaging machine in has the module which the different performance, may exchange, through the module different combination, causes the packaging machine multi-purpose, the serration. Uses this method the merit is: (1) makes the packaging machine renewal speed to speed up. Because of the new type substitution, often is the partial improvement. The vanguard technology introduction corresponding module, compared with easy to realize the partial improvement; (2) reduction design cycle. After the user proposed the request, only must replace the module, or the design manufacture partial modules, then obtain the new type, meets the user need; (3) reduces the cost, is advantageous for the service; (4) performance stable reliable. Because time module design, to the packaging machine function division and the module design, has conducted the careful research, has guaranteed the module performance, for example: Cam gear, servo, examination system, and transmission system, control system, measurement organization, and yummy treats organization and so on.
Other packing machinery serration, modular profession standard, also arrived should formulate, the packing machinery has become our country one of ten big mechanical professions, but serialized, the modular profession standard formulation will certainly to promote our country to pack on the mechanical profession cross new stair.
包裝機(jī)械的發(fā)展
我國(guó)包裝機(jī)械行業(yè)起步于20世紀(jì)70年代，在80年代末和90年代中期得到迅速發(fā)展。已成為機(jī)械工業(yè)中的10大行業(yè)之一，無(wú)論是產(chǎn)量，還是品種上，都取得了令人矚目的成就，為我國(guó)包裝工業(yè)的快速發(fā)展提供了有力的保障。目前，我國(guó)已成為世界包裝機(jī)械工業(yè)生產(chǎn)和消費(fèi)大國(guó)之一。
當(dāng)前我國(guó)食品和包裝機(jī)械的一個(gè)突出問題是新產(chǎn)品開發(fā)周期長(zhǎng)、模仿多、創(chuàng)新少，這不僅與設(shè)計(jì)人員的知識(shí)水平有關(guān)，也和相關(guān)行業(yè)的發(fā)展有關(guān)。 國(guó)際先進(jìn)的作法是運(yùn)用仿真技術(shù)，由計(jì)算機(jī)自動(dòng)合成三維模型，將過去曾經(jīng)發(fā)生過的生產(chǎn)線故障數(shù)據(jù)輸入計(jì)算機(jī)，即可演示實(shí)際工況，在用戶面前根據(jù)需要進(jìn)行修改，最終完善。包裝機(jī)械作為一種產(chǎn)品，它的含義不僅僅是產(chǎn)品本身的物質(zhì)意義，而是包括形式產(chǎn)品、隱形產(chǎn)品及延伸產(chǎn)品3層含義。形式產(chǎn)品是指包裝機(jī)本身的具體形態(tài)和基本功能；隱形產(chǎn)品是指包裝機(jī)給用戶提供的實(shí)際效用；延伸產(chǎn)品是指包裝機(jī)的質(zhì)量保證、使用指導(dǎo)和售后服務(wù) 等。所以包裝機(jī)的設(shè)計(jì)應(yīng)該包括：市場(chǎng)調(diào)研、原理圖設(shè)計(jì)、結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)、施工圖設(shè)計(jì)、使用說(shuō)明書編寫及售后服務(wù)預(yù)案等。
新型包裝機(jī)械往往是機(jī)、電、氣一體化的設(shè)備。充分利用信息產(chǎn)品的最新成果，采用氣動(dòng)執(zhí)行機(jī)構(gòu)、伺服電機(jī)驅(qū)動(dòng)等分離傳動(dòng)技術(shù)， 可使整機(jī)的傳動(dòng)鏈大大縮短，結(jié)構(gòu)大為簡(jiǎn)化，工作精度和速度大大提高。其中的關(guān)鍵技術(shù)之一是采用了多電機(jī)拖動(dòng)的同步控制技術(shù)。其實(shí) 掌握這種技術(shù)并不很難，只是一些設(shè)計(jì)人員不了解包裝機(jī)械的這一發(fā)展趨勢(shì)。如果說(shuō)以前我國(guó)包裝機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)是仿制、學(xué)習(xí)階段，那么現(xiàn)在 我們應(yīng)該有創(chuàng)新設(shè)計(jì)的意識(shí)。
“十五”期間，我國(guó)包裝機(jī)械工業(yè)發(fā)展迅速，近幾年進(jìn)口的設(shè)備都是國(guó)內(nèi)不能制造或者制造水平相差甚遠(yuǎn)的，從進(jìn)口可以看出我們的差距所在。 食品安全問題舉國(guó)關(guān)注?！笆晃濉逼陂g應(yīng)提高食品安全領(lǐng)域的科技和裝備水平，研制快速、準(zhǔn)確鑒定食品中危害因子的技術(shù)和裝備，進(jìn)一步研發(fā)病原微生物的抗性、病原的控制等預(yù)防技術(shù)及儲(chǔ)藏技術(shù)和裝備。 食品和包裝機(jī)械形成行業(yè)已20年，相對(duì)于食品包裝，還是一個(gè)新行業(yè)。這20年又是世界技術(shù)發(fā)展最快的時(shí)期，新技術(shù)不斷在行業(yè)上應(yīng)用，而國(guó)內(nèi)行業(yè)的基礎(chǔ)薄弱，技術(shù)及科研力量不足，其發(fā)展相對(duì)滯后，在某種程度上拖了食品和包裝工業(yè)的后腿?？傮w發(fā)展雖然較快，但食品包裝機(jī)械工業(yè)發(fā)展更快?！笆晃濉钡哪繕?biāo)是要縮小這個(gè)空間，為食品工業(yè)趕上世界先進(jìn)水平，為使包裝大國(guó)向包裝強(qiáng)國(guó)邁進(jìn)，提供先進(jìn)的技術(shù)裝備，讓進(jìn)口設(shè)備在國(guó)內(nèi)市場(chǎng)上只起到拾遺補(bǔ)缺的作用。這就要求國(guó)內(nèi)食品和包裝機(jī)械的年發(fā)展速度超過18%，新產(chǎn)品產(chǎn)值率達(dá)到25%。 國(guó)際上包裝和食品機(jī)械的發(fā)展是以大客戶的要求為目標(biāo)，帶動(dòng)相關(guān)機(jī)械的發(fā)展。大客戶的要求主要體現(xiàn)在以下方面： 一是對(duì)生產(chǎn)效率要求越高越好。這樣可以降低產(chǎn)品的成本，滿足交貨期。高速包裝機(jī)要求與前道工序要有相關(guān)銜接，不需搬運(yùn)環(huán)節(jié)，包括控制銜接，整個(gè)生產(chǎn)線按生產(chǎn)及包裝工序排列要做到倒序啟動(dòng)，順序停機(jī)。如冷灌裝生產(chǎn)線從塑料原料自動(dòng)上線到飲料灌裝、大包裝碼垛全部自動(dòng)在封閉車間內(nèi)進(jìn)行。 二是可適應(yīng)產(chǎn)品的更新變化。包裝機(jī)械要具有很高的柔性和靈活性，生產(chǎn)線允許在一定的尺寸范圍內(nèi)包裝物大小可以變化。因?yàn)楫a(chǎn)品的生命周期遠(yuǎn)短于設(shè)備使用壽命，變更產(chǎn)品及包裝不至于更換昂貴的包裝生產(chǎn)線。 三是設(shè)備常見故障迅速排除。解決方案預(yù)先輸入電腦，當(dāng)設(shè)備出現(xiàn)常見的故障時(shí)可以自行診斷，亦可實(shí)行遠(yuǎn)程診斷并排除故障。 四是要求具有自動(dòng)識(shí)別功能。一方面可以自動(dòng)識(shí)別包裝材料的厚度、硬度、反彈力等，通過電腦反饋到機(jī)械手調(diào)整動(dòng)作幅度，保證不反彈。另一方面，各種不同的產(chǎn)品，如形狀各異的巧克力或點(diǎn)心等，裝到同一盒中，其排列是有規(guī)律的。生產(chǎn)線傳遞的產(chǎn)品是無(wú)序的，可用探頭掃描，確定不同形狀的物料位置，再反饋到不同的機(jī)械手，它會(huì)準(zhǔn)確無(wú)誤地將物品按準(zhǔn)確的位置及方向放入托盤中，快而且準(zhǔn)，排除人工操作的視覺及手指的疲勞。 五是可以盡量減少環(huán)境污染。減少包括噪聲、粉塵污染，并盡量減少?gòu)U棄物，這一點(diǎn)在食品加工過程中尤為重要。食品原料在加工時(shí)不僅收獲主要產(chǎn)品，如玉米加工，產(chǎn)品除了玉米淀粉外，還有玉米油、色拉油、人造黃油、葡萄糖、玉米蛋白及飼料，以及污水處理等生產(chǎn)全過程，均為自動(dòng)化。沒有廢棄物、沒有污染，其它產(chǎn)品的價(jià)值已大大超過玉米淀粉的價(jià)值。
包裝機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)方法的改進(jìn)思路：首先在設(shè)計(jì)理念上要借鑒先進(jìn)國(guó)家的經(jīng)驗(yàn)，以用戶的需求為設(shè)計(jì)的目標(biāo)，并結(jié)合柔性設(shè)計(jì)、模塊化設(shè)計(jì)的理念，一機(jī)多用，或更換少 量的零、部件就可以完成不同的功能，或滿足不同的產(chǎn)品需求。
隨著科學(xué)技術(shù)的發(fā)展及市場(chǎng)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的加劇，客戶的需求也越來(lái)越高。這種需求體現(xiàn)在以下幾個(gè)方面：一是提高生產(chǎn)效率，以滿足交貨期 和降低生產(chǎn)成本的需要，對(duì)一些產(chǎn)品，還要求包裝機(jī)械和生產(chǎn)機(jī)械相銜接；二是為適應(yīng)產(chǎn)品更新變化的需要，包裝機(jī)械要具有高的柔性和 靈活性；三是當(dāng)設(shè)備出現(xiàn)故障時(shí)，要求能進(jìn)行遠(yuǎn)程診斷服務(wù)；四是利于環(huán)境保護(hù)，噪聲、粉塵和廢棄物少；五是設(shè)備購(gòu)置投資盡可能少， 價(jià)格要盡可能低。所以，一定要在市場(chǎng)調(diào)研的基礎(chǔ)上，充分了解、認(rèn)真分析用戶的需求，確定包裝機(jī)應(yīng)該完成的功能和各項(xiàng)技術(shù)指標(biāo)，制訂初步的原理設(shè)計(jì)方案。
現(xiàn)代包裝機(jī)的設(shè)計(jì)過程應(yīng)該包括：市場(chǎng)調(diào)研、用戶需求分析、包裝機(jī)功能的確定、可行性論證、制定設(shè)計(jì)方案、用戶效益分析、方案 的可行性論證、原理圖設(shè)計(jì)、結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)、施工圖設(shè)計(jì)、樣機(jī)制作(虛擬制造)、技術(shù)驗(yàn)證和施工圖修改、制定售后服務(wù)預(yù)案及遠(yuǎn)程診斷方 案、改進(jìn)設(shè)計(jì)、系列化設(shè)計(jì)等。
市場(chǎng)調(diào)研是一切包裝機(jī)設(shè)計(jì)的基礎(chǔ)工作。沒有市場(chǎng)調(diào)研，我們所做的所有設(shè)計(jì)工作都可能等于零。市場(chǎng)調(diào)研，可以根據(jù)政策導(dǎo)向、行 業(yè)供求信息、專家分析、行業(yè)展會(huì)、技術(shù)交流會(huì)等線索，找到用戶的需求信息，并加以整理分析后，確定包裝機(jī)應(yīng)該完成的功能。在原理方案設(shè)計(jì)過程中，首先要充分了解相關(guān)的信息產(chǎn)品、電子產(chǎn)品的功能，了解氣動(dòng)元件的性能，并用以簡(jiǎn)化機(jī)械傳動(dòng)系統(tǒng)，還可 采用多電機(jī)拖動(dòng)來(lái)縮短機(jī)械傳動(dòng)鏈。對(duì)于必不可少的機(jī)械傳動(dòng)系統(tǒng)，應(yīng)盡量利用現(xiàn)代化設(shè)計(jì)手段，在對(duì)產(chǎn)品功能分析的基礎(chǔ)上，通過創(chuàng)新 構(gòu)思、系統(tǒng)建模、動(dòng)力分析、動(dòng)態(tài)優(yōu)化，從而得到最佳設(shè)計(jì)方案。技術(shù)設(shè)計(jì)是將原理設(shè)計(jì)結(jié)構(gòu)化，確定零部件的數(shù)量、形狀、尺寸、材料等，對(duì)主要部件中關(guān)鍵零件進(jìn)行動(dòng)力計(jì)算、功率計(jì)算、強(qiáng)度計(jì)算、剛度計(jì)算。
總體設(shè)計(jì)時(shí)，要全面考慮整個(gè)包裝機(jī)系統(tǒng)的布局、運(yùn)動(dòng)協(xié)調(diào)性、造型設(shè)計(jì)、人-機(jī)環(huán)境以及裝箱運(yùn)輸?shù)?。模塊化設(shè)計(jì)是一種先進(jìn)的設(shè) 計(jì)方法，它的核心思想是將系統(tǒng)根據(jù)功能分為若干模塊，將包裝機(jī)中同一功能的單元設(shè)計(jì)成具有不同性能、可以互換的模塊，通過模塊的 不同組合，使包裝機(jī)多功能化、系列化。采用這種方法的優(yōu)點(diǎn)是：(1)使包裝機(jī)更新?lián)Q代速度加快。因?yàn)樾聶C(jī)型的替代，往往是局部改 進(jìn)。將先進(jìn)技術(shù)引進(jìn)相應(yīng)的模塊，比較容易實(shí)現(xiàn)局部改進(jìn)；(2)縮短設(shè)計(jì)周期。當(dāng)用戶提出要求后，只需更換模塊，或設(shè)計(jì)制造部分模 塊，即可得到新的機(jī)型，滿足用戶需求；(3)降低成本，便于維修；(4)性能穩(wěn)定可靠。因?yàn)槟K設(shè)計(jì)時(shí)，對(duì)包裝機(jī)的功能劃分和模 塊設(shè)計(jì)，進(jìn)行了精心的研究，保證了模塊的性能，如：傳動(dòng)系統(tǒng)、控制系統(tǒng)、計(jì)量機(jī)構(gòu)、下料機(jī)構(gòu)等。
另外包裝機(jī)械系列化、模塊化的行業(yè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，也到了該制定的時(shí)候，包裝機(jī)械已成為我國(guó)十大機(jī)械行業(yè)之一，而系列化、模塊化的行業(yè) 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的制定必將促進(jìn)我國(guó)包裝機(jī)械行業(yè)跨上新的臺(tái)階。
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