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機械加工工藝規(guī)劃實施綠色制造技術(shù)
The machining process planning and implementation of green manufacturing technology
一：綠色加工技術(shù)
Fist: green processing technology
機械制造中的綠色加工技術(shù)包含以下若干方面。一，是減少物料資源(如實體；原材料、輔助原材料)消耗的技術(shù)；二，是如何使用清潔或可再生能源的技術(shù);三，是如何降低能耗的技術(shù)；四，是廢棄物的再生與利用技術(shù)；五，是減少有害廢棄物和排放物的技術(shù)。"將上述綠色技術(shù)具體運用于零件制造工藝技術(shù)中，就形成零件的綠色加工技術(shù)體系"。
Green machining technology of the machinery includes the following several aspects. fist, it is to reduce the material resource consumption of the auxiliary raw materials in (such as entity; raw materials)Technology; Second, how the use of clean and renewable energy technologies; Three, it is how to reduce the energy consumption of technology; Four, it is a waste of regeneration and utilization of technology; five, it is to reduce the harmful waste and emissions technology. "There will be the green technology concrete application in parts manufacturing process technology, forming part of" green processing technology system.
二：綠色制造工藝規(guī)劃技術(shù)國內(nèi)外研究現(xiàn)狀
Second: green manufacturing process planning technology research status at home and abroad
綠色工藝規(guī)劃問題從本質(zhì)上說就是一種關(guān)于決策的問題，"它是綠色制造的重要組成部分"，綠色工藝規(guī)劃雖然是以傳統(tǒng)的工藝技術(shù)為基礎(chǔ)，但是它結(jié)合了材料科學(xué)、控制技術(shù)、表面技術(shù)等新技術(shù)，是一種現(xiàn)代工藝規(guī)劃方法，它重點在于考慮制造加工過程的環(huán)境影響和資源消耗問題，其目的是通過對制造加工工藝方法，規(guī)劃設(shè)計和過程的優(yōu)化選擇，制定出綠色工藝實施方案，從而提高原材料的利用率，減少能源的消耗。降低零件制造成本，減少廢棄物的產(chǎn)生，"因此，綠色工藝規(guī)劃技術(shù)是一種專門用于解決產(chǎn)品制造加工過程中資源消耗和環(huán)境問題的方法"。綠色制造中急需解決的關(guān)鍵技術(shù)之一就是基于綠色制造的機械加工工藝規(guī)劃問題，即產(chǎn)品加工過程中的廢物流及其影響問題。它在國際上受到了各方面的高度重視"。
Green process planning problem in essence is a kind of questions about the decision, "it is an important part of the green manufacturing", while green process planning is based on the traditional technology, but it is a combination of materials science, control technology and surface technology, new technology,which is a modern process planning method, it is focused on considering environmental impact and resource consumption problem in the process of manufacturing processes, the purpose is to through to the manufacturing process method, planning and design and optimal selection of the process, developing green technology implementation, so as to improve the utilization rate of raw materials, reducing energy consumption. Parts manufacturing to reduce costs, reducing the production of waste, "as a result, the green process planning technology is a dedicated to solve product manufacturing resource consumption and environmental problems in the process of machining method". Urgently needed to be solved during green manufacturing is one of the key technology of machining process planning based on green manufacturing problems, namely the waste streams and effect problem in the process of product processing. It attaches great importance to by all aspects in the world."
在國外，如美國的NSF/ARPA機床敏捷制造研究所(MTAMR工)曾聯(lián)合其他4所。著名高校：加利福尼亞大學(xué)Berkeley分校(UCB)，伊利諾斯州立大學(xué)(UIUC)!密執(zhí)根技術(shù)大學(xué)(MTU)，內(nèi)布拉斯加州立大學(xué)(UN)于1995年設(shè)立了“環(huán)境意識機床系統(tǒng)”的重大研究課題，制定了各階段的短期目標和長期的目標，開展工藝規(guī)劃方面的研究，"此項課題將機床系統(tǒng)看成一個I/0系統(tǒng)，系統(tǒng)的輸入(I)為切削速度，切削深度，進給速度等可控參數(shù)；輸出(0)為切削廢液、切削熱、磨損刀
具和報廢的機床等，系統(tǒng)目標為利潤、成本、時間和工件精度等，"該課題還對與環(huán)境意識機床加工系統(tǒng)有關(guān)的切屑的形態(tài)學(xué)、切削液系統(tǒng)、運動學(xué)及動力學(xué)機理、機床壽命性能、刀具磨損、切削熱的生成和傳遞機理、健康毒性評價以及非傳統(tǒng)加工系統(tǒng)的廢物流特性等進行了研究"，用戶通過國際互聯(lián)網(wǎng)登陸(Login)本軟件接口界面(Interface)，在其中輸入加工參數(shù)、應(yīng)用方法、切削液的類型，現(xiàn)場因素等參數(shù)，并向CFEST確認提交"CFEST系統(tǒng)將處理結(jié)果以圖形或超文本的方式反饋給用戶，"其輸出結(jié)果主要是一些量化數(shù)據(jù),其中包括切削液的環(huán)境影響、工藝性能、健康與安全毒性打分、采購和使用成本等的量化數(shù)據(jù)"，CFEST是一個包括UCB的健康與安全毒性評價模塊!MTU開發(fā)的工藝性能模塊和U工UC開發(fā)的切削液處理影響模塊的分布而又集成的軟件原型，"該軟件目前只對鍵削浸泡式、車削浸泡式、噴射式和攻絲等四種加工方式的切削液進行評價，"對于處于不同地理位置的軟件模塊，可由UIUC開發(fā)的數(shù)據(jù)傳輸機制通過工nternet向其傳輸數(shù)據(jù)"。
In foreign countries, such as the United States NSF/ARPA agile manufacturing machine tool research institute (MTAMR workers) have joined other 4. Famous university: university of California at Berkeley (UCB), the university of Illinois (UIUC)! Technology university of Michigan (MTU), university of Nebraska (UN) in 1995 set up a major research topic in the "environmental consciousness of machine tool system", set in different stages of the short-term goals and long-term goals and process planning aspects of the study, "the subject machine system as an I / 0, the system input (I) as the cutting speed, cutting depth, feed speed; controllable parameters, such as the output (0) for cutting waste, cutting heat, wear and tear And scrap machine tools, the system target for profit, cost, time and precision of workpiece, "the subject is related to environmental awareness machine tool machining system chip morphology, cutting fluid system, kinematics and dynamics of mechanism, machine tool's performance, tool wear, cutting heat generation and transfer mechanism, toxicity of health evaluation and the characteristics of waste streams of non-traditional machining system is studied, such as", the user Login (Login) this software through the Internet interfaces (Interface), in which the input processing parameters, application method, the type of cutting fluid, the factors such as parameters, and shall submit to CFEST confirm "CFEST system will process the results feedback to the user, in the form of graphics or hypertext" its output is mainly some quantitative data, including the environmental impact of cutting fluid, process performance, health and safety, toxicity grade, procurement and use of quantitative data, such as the cost ", CFEST is a health and safety including UCB toxicity evaluation module! MTU development process performance of the module and U work UC cutting fluid processing affect the distribution of the module and integrated software prototype, "the software is only for key cut immersion, turning immersion, jet and tapping and other four kinds of processing way to evaluate cutting fluid," for software modules in the different geographical position, can be developed by UIUC data transmission mechanism through work nternet to transmit data ".
與此同時，美國國家清潔工業(yè)和處理技術(shù)中心(CenCITT)為了便于長期支持
環(huán)境意識制造方面課題的研究。專門設(shè)立了環(huán)境意識制造的技術(shù)專題：如
J.W.Sutherland承擔(dān)的環(huán)境意識制造，離散產(chǎn)品加工過程中的廢物流分析
課題，該項目利用決策工具對工藝的廢物流進行預(yù)測，其目標是通過研究產(chǎn)品制造過程中的廢物流特性。提出廢物流更小的工藝方法。
At the same time, the national clean industrial and processing center (CenCITT) to facilitate the long-term support environmental consciousness manufacturing research. set up special environmental consciousness of manufacturing technology projects: such as J.W.S utherland assume the environmental consciousness of manufacturing, waste flow analysis in the process of discrete product processing. subject, the program using decision making tools to process waste streams to forecast, the goal is through studying the characteristics of the waste stream in the process of product manufacturing. Less waste streams process method is put forward.
隸屬于Berkeley加州大學(xué)的綠色設(shè)計與制造聯(lián)盟從事綠色制造方面的研究工作積累了長期的經(jīng)驗，在綠色工藝方面做了次量的研究。他們提出了一種-基于特征的綠色工藝規(guī)劃方法，建立了一種面向綠色制造的切削加工分析模型、并對切削液的健康毒性評價等進行了較為深入的研究。
Affiliated with the university of California, Berkeley alliance for a green design and manufacturing in the fields of green manufacturing research work has accumulated experience for a long time, do the research of the amount of the time in green technology. They proposed a - green process planning method based on feature, for green manufacturing were also built a analysis model of machining process, and to the health of cutting fluid toxicity evaluation and so on has carried on the thorough research.
國內(nèi)的一些高校和科研院所也對面向綠色制造的工藝規(guī)劃問題進行了初探，并緊密跟蹤國外的研究進展,取得了較好的成果"。
Some domestic universities and research institutes also to the problem of process planning for green manufacturing has carried on the preliminary study, and closely track the foreign research progress, good results have been achieved."
重慶大學(xué)劉飛教授及其研究團隊于1999一2000年期間在國家863/cIMs
的資助下。一直從事與基于綠色制造工藝規(guī)劃方面直接相關(guān)的制造系統(tǒng)物能資源
節(jié)約、機械加工能量特性等方面的探索。尤其在綠色制造工藝規(guī)劃方法及實用
技術(shù)研究課題中，該研究團隊對壓力加工、切削加工、鑄造、焊接、特種加工、
熱處理、覆蓋層、裝配與包裝等9個工藝大類中的一些典型工藝的資源屬性和環(huán)
境特性做了大量深入而細致的工作，對面向綠色制造的工藝規(guī)劃中的工藝參數(shù)優(yōu)
化、工藝種類選擇、單工件多機床的節(jié)能調(diào)度等關(guān)鍵技術(shù)進行了初步的研究和探
索，并初步建立了一個關(guān)于綠色制造工藝數(shù)據(jù)庫和知識庫的原型系統(tǒng)"。
chongqing university professor’s Liufei and his research team in 1999 during a 2000 in the national 863 / cIMs.Funding. Have been engaged in and based on green manufacturing process planning is directly related to the content of manufacturing system resources To save energy, mechanical processing characteristics of exploration. Especially in the green manufacturing process planning method and practical Technology research topic, the research team of pressure processing, machining, casting, welding, special processing,Heat treatment, coating, assembly and packing and so on nine categories of some typical processes of the resource properties and ring Habitat characteristics done a lot of in-depth and meticulous work, the process planning for green manufacturing process parameters optimizationType selection, process, key technology such as simplex a machine more energy-efficient scheduling has carried on the preliminary research and exploration Preliminary established, and a prototype system about green manufacturing process database and knowledge base ".
除了重慶大學(xué)外，國內(nèi)的清華大學(xué)、上海交通大學(xué)、華中科技大學(xué)，同濟大
學(xué)、合肥工業(yè)大學(xué)、機械科學(xué)研究院等在內(nèi)的國內(nèi)其他單位也開展了一些與面向
綠色制造工藝相關(guān)的研究工作"。近年來，一批專門從事綠色制造研究的科研團隊已經(jīng)形成，隨之大量的研究性學(xué)術(shù)論文和學(xué)術(shù)專著得到發(fā)表或出版，有關(guān)技術(shù)手冊和標準也收錄了綠色設(shè)計與制造方面的技術(shù)"。2000年第9期5中國機械工程6雜志曾出版了綠色制造專輯論文"。
In addition to the chongqing university, tsinghua university, Shanghai jiao tong university, huazhong university of science and technology, tongji universityScience, hefei university of technology, mechanical science research institute, the domestic other units also carried out some and oriented Green manufacturing process related research work. "in recent years, a number of specialized in green manufacturing research team has been formed, with a large number of research papers and monographs published or print, the related technical manual and the standard also includes green design and manufacturing technology". 5. 9th 2000 Chinese journal of mechanical engineering 6 had published a green manufacturing "album paper.
三：綠色制造及其相關(guān)技術(shù)的研究具有的意義:
Three: the meaning of green manufacturing and its related technology research
1；綠色制造是人類社會可持續(xù)發(fā)展的必然需求,具有重大社會效益.
2；綠色制造也將是21世紀企業(yè)取得顯著經(jīng)濟效益的機遇.
3；國際環(huán)境管理標準的提出,更增添了企業(yè)對綠色制造的需求.
4；綠色制造的實施將為我國企業(yè)消除國際綠色貿(mào)易壁壘提供有力支撐.
5；綠色制造的實施將推動一大批新興產(chǎn)業(yè)的形成,包括1綠色產(chǎn)品制造產(chǎn)
業(yè)，實施綠色制造的軟件產(chǎn)業(yè).
1; Green manufacturing is the inevitable demand of the sustainable development of human society, has significant social benefits.
2; Green manufacturing is the 21st century enterprise has made significant economic benefit opportunities.
3; International environmental management standards, more added enterprise demand for green manufacturing.
4. The implementation of green manufacturing for our country enterprise international green trade barriers to provide strong support.
5; The implementation of green manufacturing will promote the formation of a large number of emerging industries, including creates green product manufacturing, the implementation of green manufacturing software industry.
企業(yè)實施綠色制造,需要大量實施工具和軟件產(chǎn)品，如計算機輔助綠色設(shè)計
系統(tǒng)、綠色工藝規(guī)劃系統(tǒng)、綠色制造的決策支撐系統(tǒng)、15014000國際認證的支
撐系統(tǒng)等。將會推動一類新興軟件產(chǎn)業(yè)的形成。
Entprises to implement green manufacturing, need a lot of implementation of tools and software products, such as computer aided system of green design, green, green manufacturing process planning system of decision support system of 15014000 international certification, support system and so on. Will promote the formation of a kind of emerging software industry.
因此綠色制造是具有重要社會效益和經(jīng)濟效益的國際技術(shù)前沿，具有非常重
要的研究意義和應(yīng)用前景，綠色制造的研究內(nèi)容體系涉及產(chǎn)品整個生命周期的所
有問題，主要是五綠問題的集成,即綠色設(shè)計、綠色材料、綠色工藝、綠色
包裝、綠色處理問題的集成，"因此綠色工藝技術(shù)是綠色制造研究和實施的重要內(nèi)容之一"。
Therefore, green manufacturing is a important social benefits and economic benefits of the international forefront of technology, it is a very important research significance and application prospect of the research content of green manufacturing system involves the product whole life cycle of all problems, mainly five green problems of integration, namely, green design, green material, green technology, green packing, green and deal with the problem of integration, "so the green technology is one of the important contents of the research and implementation of green manufacturing".