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附錄A
機械制造技術是研究產品設計、生產、加工制造、銷售使用、維修服務乃至回收再生的整個過程的工程學科,是以提高質量、效益、競爭力為目標,包含物質流、信息流和能量流的完整的系統(tǒng)工程。隨著社會的發(fā)展,人們對產品的要求也發(fā)生了很大變化,要求品種要多樣、更新要快捷、質量要高檔、使用要方便、價格要合理、外形要美觀、自動化程度要高、售后服務要好、要滿足人們越來越高的要求,就必須采用先進的機械制造技術。
1 先進制造技術的特點
1.1面向21世紀的技術
先進制造技術是制造技術的最新發(fā)展階段，是由傳統(tǒng)的制造技術發(fā)展起來的，既保持了過去制造技術中的有效要素，又要不斷吸收各種高新技術成果，并滲透到產品生產的所有領域及其全部過程。先進制造技術與現(xiàn)代高新技術相結合而產生了一個完整的技術群，它是具有明確范疇的新的技術領域，是面向21世紀的技術。
1.2 是面向工業(yè)應用的技術
先進制造技術并不限于制造過程本身，它涉及到產品從市場調研、產品開發(fā)及工藝設計、生產準備、加工制造、售后服務等產品壽命周期的所有內容，并將它們結合成一個有機的整體。先進制造技術的應用特別注意產生最好的實際效果，其目標是為了提高企業(yè)競爭和促進國家經濟和綜合實力的增長。目的是要提高制造業(yè)的綜合經濟效益和社會效益。
1.3駕馭生產過程的系統(tǒng)工程
先進制造技術特別強調計算機技術、信息技術、傳感技術、自動化技術、新材料技術和現(xiàn)代系統(tǒng)管理技術在產品設計、制造和生產組織管理、銷售及售后服務等方面的應用。它要不斷吸收各種高新技術成果與傳統(tǒng)制造技術相結合，使制造技術成為能駕馭生產過程的物質流、能量流和信息流的系統(tǒng)工程。
1.4 面向全球競爭的技術
20世紀 80年代以來，市場的全球化有了進一步的發(fā)展， 發(fā)達國家通過金融、經濟、科技手段爭奪市場，傾銷產品，輸出資本。隨著全球市場的形成，使得市場競爭變得越來越激烈，先進制造技術正是為適應這種激烈的市場競爭而出現(xiàn)的。因此，一個國家的先進制造技術，它的主體應該具有世界先進水平，應能支持該國制造業(yè)在全球市場的競爭力。
1.5市場競爭三要素的統(tǒng)一
在20世紀 70年代以前，產品的技術相對比較簡單，一個新產品上市，很快就會有相同功能的產品跟著上市。因此，市場競爭的核心是如何提高生產率。到了20世紀80年代以后，制造業(yè)要贏得市場競爭的主要矛盾已經從提高勞動生產率轉變?yōu)橐詴r間為核心的時間、成本和質量的三要素的矛盾。先進制造技術把這三個矛盾有機結合起來，使三者達到了統(tǒng)一。
2 先進機械制造技術的發(fā)展現(xiàn)狀
近年來，我國的制造業(yè)不斷采用先進制造技術，但與工業(yè)發(fā)達國家相比，仍然存在一個階段性的整體上的差距。
?。?）管理方面。工業(yè)發(fā)達國家廣泛采用計算機管理，重視組織和管理體制、生產模式的更新發(fā)展，推出了準時生產（JIT）、敏捷制造（AM）、精益生產（LP）、并行工程（CE）等新的管理思想和技術。我國只有少數大型企業(yè)局部采用了計算機輔助管理，多數小型企業(yè)仍處于經驗管理階段。
?。?）設計方面。工業(yè)發(fā)達國家不斷更新設計數據和準則，采用新的設計方法，廣泛采用計算機輔助設計技術（CAD/CAM），大型企業(yè)開始無圖紙的設計和生產。我國采用CAD/CAM技術的比例較低。
（3）制造工藝方面。工業(yè)發(fā)達國家較廣泛的采用高精密加工、精細加工、微細加工、微型機械和微米/納米技術、激光加工技術、電磁加工技術、超塑加工技術以及復合加工技術等新型加工方法。我國普及率不高，尚在開發(fā)、掌握之中。
（4）自動化技術方面。工業(yè)發(fā)達國家普遍采用數控機床、加工中心及柔性制造單元（FMC）、柔性制造系統(tǒng)（FMS）、計算機集成制造系統(tǒng)（CIMS），實現(xiàn)了柔性自動化、知識智能化、集成化。我國尚處在單機自動化、剛性自動化階段，柔性制造單元和系統(tǒng)僅在少數企業(yè)使用。
3 我國先進機械制造技術的發(fā)展趨勢
?。?）全球化。一方面由于國際和國內市場上的競爭越來越激烈，例如在機械制造業(yè)中，國內外已有不少企業(yè)，甚至是知名度很高的企業(yè)，在這種無情的競爭中紛紛落敗，有的倒閉，有的被兼并。不少暫時還在國內市場上占有份額的企業(yè)，不得不擴展新的市場；另一方面，網絡通訊技術的快速發(fā)展推動了企業(yè)向著既競爭又合作的方向發(fā)展，這種發(fā)展進一步激化了國際間市場的競爭。這兩個原因的相互作用，已成為全球化制造業(yè)發(fā)展的動力，全球化制造的第一個技術基礎是網絡化，網絡通訊技術使制造的全球化得以實現(xiàn)。
?。?）網絡化。網絡通訊技術的迅速發(fā)展和普及，給企業(yè)的生產和經營活動帶來了革命性的變革。產品設計、物料選擇、零件制造、市場開拓與產品銷售都可以異地或跨越國界進行。此外，網絡通訊技術的快速發(fā)展，加速技術信息的交流、加強產品開發(fā)的合作和經營管理的學習，推動了企業(yè)向著既競爭又合作的方向發(fā)展。
?。?）虛擬化。制造過程中的虛擬技術是指面向產品生產過程的模擬和檢驗。檢驗產品的可加工性、加工方法和工藝的合理性，以優(yōu)化產品的制造工藝、保證產品質量、生產周期和最低成本為目標，進行生產過程計劃、組織管理、車間調度、供應鏈及物流設計的建模和仿真。虛擬化的核心是計算機仿真，通過仿真軟件來模擬真實系統(tǒng)，以保證產品設計和產品工藝的合理性，保證產品制造的成功和生產周期，發(fā)現(xiàn)設計、生產中不可避免的缺陷和錯誤。
?。?）自動化。自動化是一個動態(tài)概念，目前它的研究主要表現(xiàn)在制造系統(tǒng)中的集成技術和系統(tǒng)技術、人機一體化制造系統(tǒng)、制造單元技術、制造過程的計劃和調度、柔性制造技術和適應現(xiàn)化生產模式的制造環(huán)境等方面。制造自動化技術的發(fā)展趨勢是制造全球化、制造敏捷化、制造網絡化、制造虛擬化、制造智能化和制造綠色化。
?。?）綠色化。綠色制造則通過綠色生產過程 、綠色設計、綠色材料、綠色設備、綠色工藝、綠色包裝、綠色管理等生產出綠色產品，產品使用完以后再通過綠色處理后加以回收利用。采用綠色制造能最大限度地減少制造對環(huán)境的負面影響，同時使原材料和能源的利用效率達到最高。
制造業(yè)特別是機械制造業(yè)是國民經濟的支柱產業(yè)，現(xiàn)代制造業(yè)正在改變著人們的生產方式、生活方式、經營管理模式乃至社會的組織結構和文化。由于中國潛在的巨大市場和豐富的勞動力資源，世界的制造業(yè)正在向中國轉移，中國正在成為世界的制造大國。我國在家電等若干產品的產量已居世界第一位。但是在自主知識產權的創(chuàng)新設計、先進制造工藝和裝備及現(xiàn)代化管理等方面仍然存在很大差距，所以我們還不是制造強國。本文僅就機械制造企業(yè)目前管理中存在的問題、如何利用信息技術提高管理水平、管理信息化的特點和技術發(fā)展趨勢作一些研究，供機械制造企業(yè)制定信息化方案時參考。?
中國機械制造業(yè)經過幾十年的努力已經具有相當的規(guī)模，積累了大量的技術和經驗。但是隨著世界經濟一體化的形成，由于中國潛在的巨大市場和豐富的勞動力資源，國外的技術、資金、產品大量涌入中國，中國企業(yè)面臨前所未有的國內外激烈的競爭局面。競爭要求企業(yè)產品更新?lián)Q代快、產品質量高、價格低、交貨及時、服務好。這些市場競爭的武器與企業(yè)管理的模式、管理方法、管理手段、組織結構、業(yè)務流程密切相關。然而中國企業(yè)及人們的思想意識由于受到30-40年計劃經濟的影響，上述競爭武器與發(fā)達國家相比存在很大差距。
?中國機械制造業(yè)管理的特點:?機械制造業(yè)與其它制造業(yè)的管理具有共性也有個性；機械制造業(yè)本身隨著生產類型，生產批量，生產組織方式不同其管理方法存在差異；中國的制造業(yè)與發(fā)達國家相比，由于企業(yè)文化、法律、制度的不同也有其特殊性。
械械制造業(yè)管理信息化的發(fā)展趨勢:?隨著全球經濟一體化進程的加快，新的管理模式和管理方法不斷涌現(xiàn)，計算機和網絡通信技術高速發(fā)展，特別是國際互聯(lián)網絡滲透到世界的每個角落。作為機械制造企業(yè)管理信息化的重要工具---企業(yè)資源計劃ERP系統(tǒng)，正在發(fā)生著深刻的變化和發(fā)展。下面我們從管理思想、系統(tǒng)性能和軟件開發(fā)平臺三個方面講述其發(fā)展趨勢。?
（1）管理思想的發(fā)展?
1.在網絡系統(tǒng)支持下，新的ERP系統(tǒng)將給世界帶入這樣一種境界：消費者或客戶通過互聯(lián)網絡在電子商場了解產品性能、價格，通過電子商務給生產廠商下達訂單；生產者通過ERP系統(tǒng)下達物料采購和生產制造指令，通過電子商務完成物料采購、支付活動；經過生產制造，最后將商品按時送交用戶，在網上完成交易和結算。它使供應商、生產者、分銷商、客戶，通過供應鏈緊密集成，物料不間斷的流動，達到減少庫存，最大限度減少經營成本，快速響應客戶需求，提高企業(yè)市場競爭能力和經濟效益。所以供應鏈管理SCM，電子商務EC將必不可少。?
2.由于市場競爭加劇，制造商要從過去的“以產品為中心”轉向以“客戶為中心”的經營策略。
客戶關系管理CRM它為企業(yè)提供全方位的客戶視角，賦予企業(yè)更完善的與客戶交流的能力，是一種最大化客戶收益率的方法。它在充分了解客戶的特殊需求基礎上，進行“一對一”的個性化服務，提高客戶對企業(yè)的滿意度和忠誠度，使企業(yè)取得競爭優(yōu)勢。其目的在于建立一個系統(tǒng)，使企業(yè)在客戶服務、市場競爭、銷售及支持方面形成彼此協(xié)調的全新的關系。CRM既是技術，又是一種新型的管理哲理和機制。?
3.支持敏捷制造和虛擬制造。
敏捷制造是使企業(yè)具有卓越的自適應能力，在多變的環(huán)境中占據競爭主導地位的總體戰(zhàn)略。在經營管理范疇中其實現(xiàn)的技術手段包括：準時生產JIT，精良生產LP，并行工程CE，業(yè)務流程再造BPR，虛擬制造VM等。通過快速建模工具和參考模型庫，加快業(yè)務流程再造的過程。采用基于瀏覽器/服務的體系結構和軟構件技術，通過標準虛擬專用網VPN技術，完全可以構建虛擬制造的環(huán)境，支持虛擬企業(yè)和虛擬制造的管理需求。?
4.企業(yè)績效管理EPM（Enterprise?Performance?Management）。
EPM根據企業(yè)的戰(zhàn)略目標和經營目標，設置各個部門的目標，并將這些目標層層分解為每個員工的目標，通過ERP系統(tǒng)采集其執(zhí)行情況，并與分配的目標進行比較，以確定員工的報酬和獎勵。并對整個公司、部門和員工的績效進行分析。EPM包括計劃、管理和分析的全過程。以建立完善的激勵機制，促成公司目標的實現(xiàn)，提高企業(yè)的績效。?
5.ERP要走專業(yè)化的道路。
鑒于不同行業(yè)在管理細節(jié)上存在較大差異，需要針對不同的行業(yè)特點、運作機理，設置相應的業(yè)務流程、搭建相應的組織結構并設計相應的軟件架構去實現(xiàn)。不能指望用一個通用解決方案去適用所有行業(yè)，特別是在涉及到生產、銷售、采購和成本這樣的企業(yè)業(yè)務細節(jié)時，必須擁有專注于某一行業(yè)的方案才能有效解決不同應用環(huán)境的信息化問題。另外專業(yè)化的ERP軟件產品其開發(fā)周期短、升級換代快、實施容易、成本低等特點。
制造技術不僅是衡量一個國家科技發(fā)展水平的重要標志,也是國際間科技競爭的重點。我國正處于經濟發(fā)展的關鍵時期,制造技術是我們的薄弱環(huán)節(jié)。只有跟上發(fā)展先進制造技術的世界潮流,將其放在戰(zhàn)略優(yōu)先地位,并以足夠的力度予以實施,才能盡快縮小與發(fā)達國家的差距,才能在激烈的市場競爭中立于不敗之地?？傊?在我國研究和發(fā)展先進制造技術勢在必行。
附錄B
The machine manufacture technology mainly studies the product design, theproduction, the processing manufacture, the sales use, the serviceserves and even recycles the regeneration the entire process projectdiscipline, taking improves the quality, the benefit, the competitiveability as the goal, contains the material class, the information flowand Energy integrity systems engineering. Along with society'sdevelopment, the people also had very sweeping change to the productrequest, the request variety have had diverse, the renewal to havequickly, the quality to have upscale, the use to have convenient, theprice to have reasonable, the contour to have artistic, theautomaticity to have high, the post-sale clothing to have to be good,want to satisfy the people more and more high request, had to use theadvanced machine manufacture technology. 1 advanced manufacture technology characteristic
1.1 the technologies of Facing 21st century
The advanced manufacture technology is the manufacturetechnology most recent development stage, is by the traditionalmanufacture technological development, both maintained in the pastmanufacture technology active principle, and must unceasingly absorbeach kind of high-tech achievement, and seeps to product productionall domains and its the complete process. The advanced manufacturetechnology and the modern high-tech unified has produced a completetechnical group, it was has is clear about the category the new areaof technology, was faceing for the 21st century the technologies.
1.2 the technology of facing the industrial application
The advanced manufacture technology certainly is not restrictedin manufacture process itself, it involves to the product from productlife cycle and so on market investigation and study, productdevelopment and technological design, production preparation,processing manufacture, post-sale service all contents, and ties themsynthesizes an organic whole. The advanced manufacture technologyapplication specially pays attention has the best actual effect, itsgoal is for enhance the enterprise competition and the promotion stateeconomy and the synthesis strength growth. The goal is must enhancethe manufacturing industry the comprehensive economic efficiency andthe social efficiency.
1.3 controling production process systems engineering
The advanced manufacture technology specially emphasized thecomputer technology, the information technology, Transmission induction the technology, the automated technology, the new material technology andthe modern system administration technology in the product design, themanufacture and the production organization manages, aspect the and soon sale and post-sale service application. It must unceasingly absorbeach kind of high-tech achievement and the traditional manufacturetechnology unifies, causes the manufacture technology to become cancontrol the production process the matter to flow,energy and theinformation flow systems engineering.
1.4 faces the global competition the technology Since the 1980s, the market globalization had the furtherdevelopment, the developed country through the finance, the economy,the technical method capture the market, dumps the product, the outputcapital. Along with the global market formation, causes the marketcompetition to change more and more intensely, the advancedmanufacture technology is precisely for adapts this kind of intensemarket competition to appear. Therefore, a national advancedmanufacture technology, its main body should have the world advancedlevel, ought to be able to support this country manufacturing industryin the global market competitive ability.
1.5 marketing competitions three essential factors unifications
Before 20th century 70's, product technology relative quitesimple, a new product goes on the market, is very quick can have thesame function the product with to go on the market. Therefore, how themarket competition core does enhance the productivity. To 1980s after,the manufacturing industry had to win the market competition theprincipal contradiction already to transform from the enhancementlabor productivity into take the time as the core time, the cost andthe quality three essential factors contradictions. The advancedmanufacture technology these three contradictions organic synthesis,enabled three to achieve the unification.
2 .advanced machine manufactures technology development presentsituation In recent years, our country manufacturing industry unceasinglyused the advanced manufacture technology, but compared with theindustry developed country, still had in a gradual whole thedisparity.
(1) managing the aspect. The industry developed country widely uses thecomputer management, takes to organize and the management system, theproduction pattern renewal development, has promoted the punctualproduction (JIT), the agile manufacture (AM), the fine profitproduction (LP), the parallel project (CE) and so on the newmanagement thought and the technology. Our country only the minoritymajor industry partially to use the computer assistance management,the most small businesses still were in the experience to manage thestage.
(2) designing the aspect. The industry developed country unceasinglyrenews the design data and the criterion, uses the new design method,widely uses the computer-aided design technology (CAD/CAM), the majorindustry starts the non- blueprint design and the production. Ourcountry uses the CAD/CAM technology the proportion to be lower.
(3) makingthe craft aspect. The industry developed country morewidespread use high precise processing, the fine processing, the tinyprocessing, the miniature machinery and a micron/nanotechnology, thelaser processing technology, the electromagnetism processingtechnology, ultra model the processing technology as well as thecompound processing technology and so on the new processing method.Our country popular rate is not high in, still at develops, grasps.
(4) automated technology aspect. The industry developed countrygenerally uses numerical control engine bed, processing center and theflexible manufacture unit (FMC), the flexible manufacture system(FMS), the computer integration manufacture system (CIMS), hasrealized the flexible automation, the knowledge intellectualization,the integration. Our country still occupied the single planeautomation, the rigid automation stage, the flexible manufacture unitand the system only uses in the minority business enterprise.
3 .our country advanced machine manufacture technology developmenttendency
(1) globalization. On the one hand because international and inthe domestic market competition is more and more intense, for examplein the mechanical manufacturing industry, domestic and foreign hadmany enterprises, even is the well-knownness very high enterprise,falls the defeat in abundance in this kind of heartless competition,some going out of business, some are annexed. Many temporarily alsoholds the share in the domestic market the enterprise, can not butexpand the new market; On the other hand, the network communicationtechnology fast development impelled the enterprise to both to competethe direction which and cooperated to develop, this kind ofdevelopment further intensified the international market competition.These two reasons mutual function, has become the globalizationmanufacturing industry development the power, the globalizationmanufacture first technology base is the network, the networkcommunication technology enables the manufacture the globalization torealize.
(2) network. The network communication technology rapid developmentand the popularization, have brought the revolutionary transformationfor enterprise's production and management. The product design, thematerial choice, the components manufacture, the market developmentand the product sale all may different or surmounts the nationalboundary to carry on. In addition, the network communicationtechnology fast development, the acceleration technical informationexchange, strengthens the product development the cooperation and themanagement management study, impelled the enterprise to both tocompete the direction which and cooperated to develop.
(3) hypothesized. In the manufacture process hypothesized technologyis refers face the product production process simulation and theexamination. The examination product workability, the processingmethod and the craft rationality, take optimizes the product themanufacture craft, the guarantee product quality, the production cycleand the most low cost as a goal, carries on the production processplan, the organization manages, the workshop dispatcher, supplies thechain and the thing flows the design the modelling and the simulation.The hypothesized core is the computer simulation, simulates the realsystem through simulation software, guarantees the product design andthe product craft rationality, the guarantee product manufacturesuccess and the production cycle, in the discovery design, theproduction the inevitable flaw and the mistake.
(4) automation. The automation is a dynamic concept, at present itsresearch mainly displays in the manufacture system the integratedtechnology and the system technology, the man-machine integrationmanufacture system, the manufacture unit technology, the manufactureprocess plan and the dispatch, the flexible manufacture technology andthe adaption presently melts production pattern aspect and so onmanufacture environment. The manufacture automation technologydevelopment tendency is makes the globalization, the manufacture isagile, the manufacture network, the manufacture hypothesized, themanufacture intellectualization and makes the green.
(5) green. The green manufacture through the green production process,the green design, the green material, the green equipment, the greencraft, the green packing, the green management and so on will producethe green product, the product add-on uses later to recycle the useagain through green processing. Uses the green manufacture to be ablemaximum limit to reduce the manufacture to the environment negativeinfluence, simultaneously causes the raw material and the energy useefficiency achieves high.
Machinery manufacturing industry, especially the manufacturing sector is a pillar industry in the national economy. Modern manufacturing industry is changing people's ways of production and lifestyle, management patterns, and even the social structure and culture. China's huge market potential and rich labor resources, is the world's manufacturing to China, China is becoming the world's manufacturer. China's household appliance products in a number of ranking first in the world. But the independent intellectual property rights of innovative designs, advanced manufacturing technology and equipment and modern management, and other areas there is a big gap, so we do not create power. This article will present machinery manufacturing enterprises in the Management of the problem, how to use information technology to improve the level of management, Information management and technical characteristics of the development trend for some, for the machinery manufacturing enterprises develop information programs reference.
China's machinery industry after several decades of effort has grown to a considerable size and has accumulated a great deal of skill and experience. However, with the integration of the world economy formed, because China's huge market potential and rich labor resources. foreign technology, capital and products into China, Chinese enterprises are facing an unprecedented internal and external situation of fierce competition. Competitive products require less the product of high quality, low price, prompt delivery, and good service. These weapons market competition and enterprise management mode and the method of management, management tools, organizational structures, business processes are closely linked. However, the Chinese enterprises and people's consciousness due to 30 -40 years of the planned economy, These competitive weapons Compared with developed countries, there are very large discrepancies.
China's machinery manufacturing management characteristics of machinery manufacturing and the management of other manufacturing industries common to have personality; machinery manufacturing itself with the type of production, production volume, production organization, its mode of management differences; China's manufacturing Compared with the developed countries, because of corporate culture, law, a different system has its particularity.
Armed with firearms manufacturing management information with the development trend of global economic integration process is accelerated, The new management model and management methods are constantly emerging, computer and high-speed network communications technology development, especially Internet to infiltrate every corner of the world. Machinery manufacturing enterprises as a management information tool -- the Enterprise Resource Planning system, is undergoing profound changes and developments. Now we are thinking from management, system performance and software development platform on three aspects of its development trend.
1.the development of management thinking of one. The network system support, The new ERP system will give this world into a realm : consumers or customers through the Internet in electronic malls understand product performance, price, through e-commerce for manufacturers to issue orders; Producer issued through the ERP system materials procurement and manufacturing orders through e-commerce completed materials procurement, pay; After manufacturing, the final products will be delivered on time users, the Internet completion of the transaction and settlement. It enables suppliers, producers, distributors, customers, supply chain through closer integration, uninterrupted flow of materials, reduce the amount of inventory, minimize operating costs, rapid response to customer demand, enhance market competitiveness and economic benefits. Therefore, SCM, e-commerce EC will be essential.
2. As market competition intensifies, manufacturers from the past "to the product as the center" to a "customer-centric" operating strategy. Customer Relationship Management CRM it to provide a full range of enterprise customers perspective, give enterprises more comprehensive exchanges with the customer's ability to maximize customer is a yield method. It fully understood the special needs of customers, based on the "one-on-one" personalized services, enhance customer of the business satisfaction and loyalty, and enable enterprises to gain a competitive edge. Its purpose is to establish a system so that enterprises in customer service, market competition, Sales and support each other to form a new coordinating relations. CRM is both a technology and is a new type of management philosophy and mechanisms.
3. Agile manufacturing and virtual manufacturing. Agile manufacturing is the enterprise has a remarkable adaptive capacity, in volatile competitive environment to occupy the leading position in the overall strategy. In the area of management to achieve its technical means, including : JIT JIT, sophisticated production LP, concurrent engineering, BPR BPR, such as VM virtual manufacturing. Through rapid modeling tools and reference models for acc