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黃河科技學院本科畢業(yè)設(shè)計(論文)任務書
工 學院 機械 系 機械設(shè)計制造及其自動化 專業(yè) 2008 級 2 班
學 號 學生 指導教師
畢業(yè)設(shè)計(論文)題目:
立臥式44軸組合鉆床上主軸箱設(shè)計
畢業(yè)設(shè)計(論文)工作內(nèi)容與基本要求(目標、任務、途徑、方法,應掌握的原始資料(數(shù)據(jù))、參考資料(文獻)以及設(shè)計技術(shù)要求、注意事項等):
基本要求:
1、 了解發(fā)動機機體大批量生產(chǎn)流水線中組合機床的原理、結(jié)構(gòu)、工藝水平、分析使用現(xiàn)狀及存在的問題;
2、 分析三缸機體的結(jié)構(gòu)、工藝流程及設(shè)計要求;
3、 按組合機床設(shè)計規(guī)范要求完成設(shè)計任務。
主要內(nèi)容:
1、 課題調(diào)研,搜集查閱資料,撰寫文獻綜述;
2、 裝配圖,主要零件圖;
3、 編寫設(shè)計說明書,翻譯外文資料。
主要參考資料:
1、 機械設(shè)計基礎(chǔ),張衛(wèi)國,華中科技大學出版社;
2、 機械設(shè)計手冊,機械設(shè)計委員會,機械工業(yè)出版社;
3、 組合機床設(shè)計簡明手冊,謝家瀛,機械工業(yè)出版社。
設(shè)計時間安排:
1、 第1—2周(2月13日—2月26日):完成開題報告;
2、 第3—4周(2月27日—3月11日):完成譯文,文獻綜述;
3、 第5—12周(3月12日—5月6日):完成總體設(shè)計,設(shè)計說明書;
4、 第13周(5月7日—5月13日): 答辯文獻準備完成;
5、 第14周(5月14日—5月19日): 答辯。
畢業(yè)設(shè)計(論文)時間: 2012 年 2 月 13 日至 2012 年 5 月 15 日
計 劃 答 辯 時 間: 2012 年 05 月 19 日
專業(yè)(教研室)審批意見:
審批人簽名:
黃河科技學院畢業(yè)設(shè)計(論文)開題報告表
課題名稱
立臥式44軸組合鉆床上主軸箱設(shè)計
課題來源
教師擬訂
課題類型
AX
指導教師
學生姓名
專 業(yè)
機械設(shè)計制造及其自動化
學 號
一、調(diào)研資料的準備
根據(jù)任務書的要求,在做本課題前,查閱了與課題相關(guān)的資料有:機械設(shè)計基礎(chǔ)、機械設(shè)計手冊、組合機床設(shè)計簡明手冊、機械設(shè)計、機械制圖、機械制造工藝學、與畢業(yè)設(shè)計指導手冊等。
二、設(shè)計的目的與要求
通過此次設(shè)計過程,了解發(fā)動機機體大批量生產(chǎn)流水線中組合機床的原理、結(jié)構(gòu)、工藝水平、分析使用現(xiàn)狀及存在的問題,以及分析三缸機體的結(jié)構(gòu)、工藝流程及設(shè)計要求。
按組合機床設(shè)計規(guī)范要求完成設(shè)計任務。
三、設(shè)計的思路與預期成果
1、設(shè)計思路
分析加工工藝,根據(jù)“三圖一卡”繪制主軸箱原始設(shè)計依據(jù)圖,確定主軸結(jié)構(gòu)、軸頸及齒輪模數(shù),擬定傳動系統(tǒng),用計算機計算和驗算箱體軸孔的坐標尺寸,繪制主軸箱裝配圖、主要零件圖及編制組件明細表。
2、預期的成果
(1)完成文獻綜述一篇,不少與3000字,與專業(yè)相關(guān)的英文翻譯一篇,不少于3000字
(2)編寫設(shè)計說明書一份
(3)繪制主軸箱裝配圖,主要零件圖
(4)刻錄包含本次設(shè)計的所有內(nèi)容的光盤一張
四、任務完成的階段內(nèi)容及時間安排
1、第1—2周(2月13日—2月26日):完成開題報告;
2、第3—4周(2月27日—3月11日):完成譯文,文獻綜述;
3、第5—12周(3月12日—5月6日):完成總體設(shè)計,設(shè)計說明書;
4、第13周(5月7日—5月13日): 答辯文獻準備完成;
5、第14周(5月14日—5月19日): 答辯。
五、完成設(shè)計(論文)所具備的條件因素
本人已修完機械設(shè)計基礎(chǔ)機械設(shè)計、機械制圖、液壓與氣壓傳動、金屬工藝學、機械制造技術(shù)基礎(chǔ)、等課程,借助圖書館的相關(guān)文獻資料,相關(guān)的網(wǎng)絡(luò)等資源,查閱機械設(shè)計手冊、組合機床設(shè)計手冊畢業(yè)設(shè)計指導手冊,以及良好的計算機繪圖(CAD)操作能力。
指導教師簽名: 日期:
課題來源:(1)教師擬訂;(2)學生建議;(3)企業(yè)和社會征集;(4)科研單位提供
課題類型:(1)A—工程設(shè)計(藝術(shù)設(shè)計);B—技術(shù)開發(fā);C—軟件工程;D—理論研究;E—調(diào)研報告
(2)X—真實課題;Y—模擬課題;Z—虛擬課題
要求(1)、(2)均要填,如AY、BX等。
黃河科技學院畢業(yè)設(shè)計(文獻綜述) 第 6 頁
組合機床
摘要:本文介紹了組合機床的概念、發(fā)展歷史、組成、發(fā)展現(xiàn)狀及發(fā)展趨勢等內(nèi)容。通過這些對組合機床有一個大致的了解,為設(shè)計做準備。
關(guān)鍵詞:組合機床
1. 前言
組合機床是以通用部件為基礎(chǔ),配以按工件特定外形和加工工藝設(shè)計的專用部件和夾具,組成的半自動或自動專用機床。
組合機床一般采用多軸、多刀、多工序、多面或多工位同時加工的方式,生產(chǎn)效率比通用機床高幾倍至幾十倍。由于通用部件已經(jīng)標準化和系列化,可根據(jù)需要靈活配置,能縮短設(shè)計和制造周期。因此,組合機床兼有低成本和高效率的優(yōu)點,在大批、大量生產(chǎn)中得到廣泛應用,并可用以組成自動生產(chǎn)線。
組合機床一般用于加工箱體類或非凡外形的零件。加工時,工件一般不旋轉(zhuǎn),由工具的旋轉(zhuǎn)運動和刀具與工件的相對進給運動,來實現(xiàn)鉆孔、擴孔、锪孔、鉸孔、鏜孔、銑削平面、切削內(nèi)外螺紋以及加工外圓和端面等。有的組合機床采用車削頭夾持工件使之旋轉(zhuǎn),由刀具作進給運動,也可實現(xiàn)某些回轉(zhuǎn)體類零件(如飛輪、汽車后橋半軸等)的外圓和端面加工。[1]
2. 組合機床發(fā)展歷史
專用機床是隨著汽車工業(yè)的興起而發(fā)展起來的。在專用機床中某些部件因重復使用,逐步發(fā)展成為通用部件,因而產(chǎn)生了組合機床。
最早的組合機床是1908年美國福特汽車公司制成的,用于加工汽車零件。1928年,前蘇聯(lián)開始生產(chǎn)組合機床。我國的組合機床制造技術(shù)是從“一五”計劃期間,“一汽”、“洛拖”引進組合機床開始的。1956年3月,當時的第一機械工業(yè)部第二機器管理局批準了第一專業(yè)設(shè)計處(即線大連組合機床研究所的前身,)全面引進了前蘇聯(lián)的組合機床通用部件和設(shè)計指導資料,開始了我國組合機床的創(chuàng)業(yè)階段,并于同年在大連機床廠制造出我國的第一臺組合機床。1961年,又制造出我國第一條組合機床自動線。組合機床設(shè)計制造從“一廠一所”起步發(fā)展到如今一個獨立的配套齊全的行業(yè)。
我國組合機床制造技術(shù)的發(fā)展大體經(jīng)歷以下四個階段:
(1) 引進消化,開創(chuàng)我國組合機床技術(shù)標準體系;
(2) 普及組合機床技術(shù),發(fā)展形成行業(yè);
(3) 組織科技攻關(guān),努力提高組合機床技術(shù)水平;
(4) 柔性制造技術(shù)的發(fā)展,推動了組合機床傳統(tǒng)制造技術(shù)的轉(zhuǎn)變。[2]
3. 組合機床的組成
初期,各機床制造廠都有各自的通用部件標準。為了提高不同制造廠的通用部件的互換性,便于用戶使用和維修,1953年美國福特汽車公司和通用汽車公司與美國機床制造廠協(xié)商,確定了組合機床通用部件標準化的原則,即嚴格規(guī)定各部件間的聯(lián)系尺寸,但對部件結(jié)構(gòu)未作規(guī)定。
通用部件按功能可分為動力部件、支撐部件、輸送部件、控制部件和輔助部件五類。動力部件是為組合機床提供主運動和進給運動的部件。主要有動力箱、切削頭和動力滑臺。
支撐部件是用以安裝動力滑臺、帶有進給機構(gòu)的切削頭或夾具等的部件,有側(cè)底座、中間底座、支架、可調(diào)支架、立柱和立柱底座等。
輸送部件是用以輸送工件或主軸箱至加工工位的部件,主要有分度回轉(zhuǎn)工作臺、環(huán)形分度回轉(zhuǎn)工作臺、分度鼓輪和往復移動工作臺等。
控制部件是用以控制機床的自動工作循環(huán)的部件,有液壓站、電氣柜和操縱臺等。輔助部件有潤滑裝置、冷卻裝置和排屑裝置等。[3]
為了使組合機床能在中小批量生產(chǎn)中得到應用,往往需要應用成組技術(shù),把結(jié)構(gòu)和工藝相似的零件集中在一臺組合機床上加工,以提高機床的利用率。這類機床常見的有兩種,可換主軸箱式組合機床和轉(zhuǎn)臺式組合機床。[4]
4. 組合機床的發(fā)展現(xiàn)狀及趨勢
在科學技術(shù)飛速發(fā)展的今天,先進組合機床的生產(chǎn)技術(shù)亦日新月異,主要有以下發(fā)展趨勢:
(1)組合機床品種的發(fā)展重點
在組合機床這類專用機床用,回轉(zhuǎn)式多工位組合機床和自動線占有很重要的地位。因為這兩類機床可以把工件的許多加工工序分配到多個加工工位上,并同時能從多個方向?qū)ぜ膸讉€面進行加工,此外,還可以通過轉(zhuǎn)位夾具(在回轉(zhuǎn)工作臺機床上)或通過轉(zhuǎn)位、翻轉(zhuǎn)裝置(在自動線上)實現(xiàn)工件的五面加工或全部加工,因而具有很高的自動化程度和生產(chǎn)效率,被汽車、摩托車和壓縮機等工業(yè)部門所采用。
根據(jù)有關(guān)統(tǒng)計資料,德國在1990~1992年期間,回轉(zhuǎn)式多工位組合機床和自動線的產(chǎn)量約各占組合機床總數(shù)的50%左右。
應指出,回轉(zhuǎn)式多工位組合機床實際上是一種特殊型式的小型自動線,適合于加工輪廓尺寸≤250mm的中小件。與自動線相比,在加工同一種工件的情況下,回轉(zhuǎn)式多工位組合機床所占作業(yè)面積要比自動線約小2/3。[5]
(2)自動線節(jié)拍時間進一步縮短
目前,以大批量生產(chǎn)為特征的轎車和輕型載貨車,其自動機的年產(chǎn)量通常為60萬臺左右,實現(xiàn)這樣大的批量生產(chǎn),回轉(zhuǎn)式多工位組合機床和自動線在三班運行的情況下,其節(jié)拍時間一般為20~30秒,當零件生產(chǎn)批量更大時,機床的節(jié)拍時間還要更短些。在70年代,自動線要實現(xiàn)這樣短的節(jié)拍,往往要采用并列的雙工位或設(shè)置雙線的辦法,即對決定自動線節(jié)拍的、工序時間最長的加工工序要通過并聯(lián)兩個相同的加工工位,如果限制性工序較多時,則通過采用兩條相同的自動線來平衡自動線系統(tǒng)的加工節(jié)拍。顯然,這樣就要增加設(shè)備投資和作業(yè)面積。
縮短基本時間的主要途徑是采用新的刀具材料和新穎刀具,以通過提高切削速度和進給速度來縮短基本時間??s短輔助時間主要是縮短包括工件輸送、加工模塊快速引進以及加工模塊由快進轉(zhuǎn)換為工進后至刀具切入工件所花的時間。為縮短這部分空行程時間,普遍采用提高工件(工件直接輸送)或隨行夾具的輸送速度和加工模塊的快速移動速度。[6]
(3)組合機床柔性化進展迅速
十多年來,作為組合機床重要用戶的汽車工業(yè),為迎合人們個性化需求,汽車變型品種日益增多,以多品種展開競爭已成為汽車市場競爭的特點之一,這使組合機床制造業(yè)面臨著變型多品種生產(chǎn)的挑戰(zhàn)。為適應多品種生產(chǎn),傳統(tǒng)以加工單一品種的剛性組合機床和自動線必須提高其柔性。在70年代,數(shù)控系統(tǒng)的可靠性有了很大的提高,故到70年代末和80年代初,像Alfing、Huller-Hille和Ex-cell-o等公司相繼開發(fā)出數(shù)控加工模塊和柔性自動線(FTL),從此數(shù)控組合機床和柔性自動線逐年增多。在1988年至1992年間,日本組合機床和自動線(包括部分其他形式的專用機床)產(chǎn)量的數(shù)控化率已達32%~39%,產(chǎn)值數(shù)控化率達35%~51%;德國組合機床和自動線產(chǎn)量的數(shù)控化率為18%~62%,產(chǎn)值數(shù)控化率達45%~66%。這些數(shù)字表明,近十年來,組合機床的數(shù)控化發(fā)展是十分迅速的。應指出,進入90年代以來,汽車市場競爭更趨激烈,產(chǎn)品市場壽命進一步縮短,新車型的開發(fā)周期日益縮短(目前一般為35個月),汽車品種不斷增多,因而汽車工業(yè)對柔性自動化技術(shù)裝備的需求量日益增多。如日本豐田汽車公司,在本世紀末的目標是公司下屬工廠的柔性化生產(chǎn)效率的條件下,進一步提高其柔性就愈來愈具有重要意義。[7]
(4)加工精度日益提高
二十世紀70年代以來,隨著可轉(zhuǎn)位刀具、密齒銑刀、鏜孔尺寸自動檢測和刀具自動補償技術(shù)的發(fā)展,組合機床的加工精度也有所提高。銑削平面的平面度可達0.05毫米/1000毫米,表面粗糙度可低達2.5~0.63微米;鏜孔精度可達IT7~6級,孔距精度可達0.03~0.02微米。
特別自80年代中期以來,汽車制造業(yè)為增強其汽車的競爭力,不斷地加嚴其發(fā)動機關(guān)鍵件的制造公差,并通過計算機輔助測量和分析方法,以及通過設(shè)備能力檢驗來提高其產(chǎn)品的質(zhì)量。目前,在驗收組合機床和自動線時,已普遍要求設(shè)備的工序能力系數(shù)要大于1.33,有的甚至要求工序能力系數(shù)要大于1.67,以便確保穩(wěn)定的加工精度。應指出,采用Cp≥1.33來驗收設(shè)備,這實際上是加嚴了工件的制造公差,即工件的實際加工公差僅為工件給定公差的1/3~1/2,這無疑是對組合機床和自動線提出了更高的要求。組合機床制造廠為了滿足用戶對工件加工精度的高要求,除了進一步提高主軸部件、鏜桿、夾具(包括鏜模)的精度,采用新的專用刀具,優(yōu)化切削工藝過程,采用刀具尺寸測量控制系統(tǒng)和控制機床及工件的熱變形等一系列措施外,目前,空心工具(HSK)和過程統(tǒng)計質(zhì)量控制(SPC)的應用已成為自動線提高和監(jiān)控加工精度的新的重要技術(shù)手段。
空心刀具錐柄是一種采用徑向(錐面)和軸向(端面)雙向定位的新穎工具,其優(yōu)點是具有較高的抗彎剛度、扭轉(zhuǎn)剛度和很高的重復精度。在機床上采用空心錐柄的鏜刀,就可使用預調(diào)的刀具加工出IT7/IT6精密孔。SPC是基于工序能力的用于監(jiān)控工件加工質(zhì)量的一種方法。目前,在自動線上這種質(zhì)量保證系統(tǒng)愈來愈多地被用來對整個生產(chǎn)過程中的加工質(zhì)量進行連續(xù)監(jiān)控。[8]
(5)綜合自動化程度日益提高
近十年來,為進一步提高工件的加工精度和減少工件在生產(chǎn)過程中的中間儲存、搬運以及縮短生產(chǎn)流程時間,將工件加工流程中的一些非切削加工工序(如工序間的清洗、測量、裝配和試漏等)集成到自動線或自動線組成的生產(chǎn)系統(tǒng)中,以實現(xiàn)工件加工、表面處理、測量和裝配等工序的綜合自動化。
(6)自動線可靠性和利用率不斷改善和提高
自動線的經(jīng)濟性只有在其進行連續(xù)生產(chǎn)的情況下才有可能實現(xiàn)。為提高自動線加工過程的可靠性、利用率和工件的加工質(zhì)量,目前在自動線上愈來愈多的采用過程監(jiān)控,快速進行故障診斷和早期預報加工偏差,使操作人員和維修人員能及時地進行干預,以縮短設(shè)備調(diào)試周期、減少設(shè)備停機時間和避免加工質(zhì)量偏差。
顯然,提高自動線的利用率和工件加工質(zhì)量是生產(chǎn)控制和監(jiān)控的主要目的。
從目前自動線生產(chǎn)控制和監(jiān)控的內(nèi)容看,生產(chǎn)控制和監(jiān)控系統(tǒng)基本上是由質(zhì)量監(jiān)控系統(tǒng)、自動線運行控制與監(jiān)控系統(tǒng)和刀具監(jiān)控系統(tǒng)這幾個部分組成的。[9]
近年來,質(zhì)量監(jiān)控已日益成為現(xiàn)代自動線生產(chǎn)監(jiān)控的重要一環(huán)。這主要是由于汽車工業(yè)不斷提高發(fā)動機質(zhì)量的緣故。各汽車制造廠普遍要求將零件的設(shè)計公差帶壓縮1/3~1/2作為工序公差,對機床能力系數(shù)提出了很高的要求。為此,自動線制造廠為確保設(shè)備具有穩(wěn)定的加工質(zhì)量,已日益重視應用SPC對自動線的生產(chǎn)過程進行連續(xù)監(jiān)控,對加工質(zhì)量偏差的趨向進行早期預報,以便把工件的加工公差始終控制在預定的范圍內(nèi)。
現(xiàn)代自動線的過程控制和監(jiān)控不僅包含對變得愈來愈復雜的自動線的過程控制和對所有終點開關(guān)、電動機保護開關(guān)、節(jié)拍時間、冷卻和潤滑液的供給以及液壓、氣動功能等進行監(jiān)控和診斷,而且還包括對刀具耐用度、設(shè)備維修間隔和工件計數(shù)進行管理,并通過一些直觀的過程圖形顯示、操作指引、故障報警和診斷指示,使操作人員更便于監(jiān)控整個自動線的生產(chǎn)過程。[10]
(7)其他技術(shù)的應用動向
在工業(yè)發(fā)達國家的組合機床行業(yè)中,下列技術(shù)得到了較為廣泛的應用。
組合機床設(shè)計普及CAD技術(shù):
在國外許多公司中,組合機床設(shè)計已普遍采用CAD工作站。在設(shè)計室?guī)缀鹾茈y見到傳統(tǒng)的繪圖板。CAD除應用于繪圖工作外,并在構(gòu)件的剛度分析(有限元方法)、組合機床及自動線設(shè)計方案比較和選擇,以及方案報價等方面均已得到廣泛應用,從而顯著地提高了設(shè)計質(zhì)量和縮短了設(shè)計周期。加之國外許多公司在組合機床和自動線組成模塊方面的系列化和通用化程度很高(一般達90%以上),使組合機床和自動線的交貨期進一步縮短。[11]
推行并行工程:
近十年來,為縮短汽車開發(fā)周期、降低制造費用和提高產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量,世界上許多汽車廠都在積極推行日本豐田汽車公司首創(chuàng)的精益生產(chǎn)方式(Lean Production))。旨在從整體優(yōu)化的觀點合理配置和利用企業(yè)擁有的生產(chǎn)要素,以達到高速、高效、高質(zhì)量和低成本地開發(fā)制造汽車,促使企業(yè)獲得更高的綜合效益。[12]
參考文獻
[1] 謝家瀛.組合機床設(shè)計簡明手冊[M].北京:機械工業(yè)出版社,2002.
[2] 大連組合機床研究所編.組合機床設(shè)計第一冊[M].北京:機械工業(yè)出版社,1975.
[3] 范國清.組合機床通用部件專輯[M].大連:大連組合研究所,1975.
[4] 沈陽工學院.組合機床設(shè)計[M].上海:上??萍汲霭嫔?1985.
[5] 裘愉.從幾個側(cè)面看組合機床的發(fā)展動向[J].組合機床與自動化加工技術(shù),1994(1).
[6] 徐英男.組合機床及其自動線的使用與調(diào)整[M].北京:勞動人事出版社,1987.
[7] 李秀敏.組合機床行業(yè)現(xiàn)狀與發(fā)展思考[J].航空制造技術(shù),2003(4).
[8] 李明,王合增,張應武.組合機床的發(fā)展趨勢及企業(yè)的對策[M].機械產(chǎn)品與科技,2002(1).
[9] 李如松.組合機床和自動線的技術(shù)發(fā)展[J].組合機床與自動化加工技術(shù),1990(1).
[10] N. Chernor. Machine Tools[M],1984.
[11] John. L. Feirer. Machine Tools Netalworking [M],1973.
[12] Menfred Weck. Handbook of Machine Tools [M],1984.
單位代碼 0 2
學 號
分 類 號 TH6
密 級
畢業(yè)設(shè)計
文獻綜述
院(系)名稱
工學院機械系
專業(yè)名稱
機械設(shè)計制造及其自動化
學生姓名
指導教師
2012年2月20日
黃河科技學院畢業(yè)設(shè)計(文獻翻譯) 第 12 頁
Multi-purpose aggregate machine-tool time
Timothy and Jacobs, Denis' A receives then then,
outstanding Philip U.S.A. Michigan university
Summary: The aggregate machine-tool machining center may cause the demand which the processing manufacturing industry adapts changes unceasingly, uses the pool of labor power effectively, and has the competitive power in global scale's market.
Key word: Aggregate machine-tool
Aggregate machine-tool is based on general parts, according to the specific shape and workpiece machining process of the special components and fixture design, semi-automatic or automatic special machine.
Aggregate machine-tool machining
Aggregate machine-tool usually adopts the multiaxial, knife, more processes, and multi-faceted or multistage and processing, production efficiency than general machine high several times or more. Due to the standardization and serialization general parts have, can according to need flexible configuration, can shorten the cycle of design and manufacture. Therefore, the combination machine has the advantages of low cost and high efficiency, in large, large production is widely used, and the automatic production line can be used to composition.
Aggregate machine-tool generally used for for processing general box or special shape of parts. Processing, workpiece rotate, generally by the tool and workpiece rotate movement and tools for the relative motion, to realize in drilling, reaming, economic hole, reaming, boring, cutting and milling, and the processing thread and fiber-end surface etc. Some combination machine adopts clamping workpiece machining head to rotate, feeding movement by the tool for, also can achieve some axisymmetrical parts (such as the flywheel, automobile rear half axle, etc.) of the circle and the process.
Combination machine parts classification
General parts according to the function can be divided into power components and parts, transmission parts, supporting the control and auxiliary parts. Power components are provided for aggregate machine-tool in the movement and moving parts. Main motivation, cutting head and dynamic slide.
Supporting components are installed power to slide into to institutions, cutting head or fixture, have side base, base, support, adjustable bracket, column and column base, etc.
Transmission parts is used to transport or spindle box to the processing of the main parts, workstation dividing rotating table, the annular dividing rotating table, drum and to-and-fro moving workbench, etc.
Control components are used to control the machine parts, automatic working cycle is hydraulic pressure station and electrical cabinets and control console, etc. Auxiliary parts are lubrication device and cooling device and scraps discharge device etc.
The development of modular machine tool
In order to make the aggregate machine-tool in small batch production, often applied to the structure, the application of group technology and craft of similar parts in a centralized modular machine tool, in order to improve the machining efficiency. This machine has two kinds of common, spindle box aggregate machine-tool and turn tower aggregate machine-tool.
Regarding the multi-purpose aggregate machine-tools, in the industrial field has many names to describe it, like “the multitasking installment”, “the multi-purpose engine beds”, “the multi-procedure production system” and so on, it may be called the processing domain truly the nova, may reduce the cost, the simplified disposition, and has maintained in the US territory produces. In the past only then used the duty which many machine operations could complete, now may concentrate to an engine bed on processes completes.
As a result of market demand's unceasing change, the product life cycle is reducing unceasingly, today's market more intense demand multitasking installment concept. Carries out the fine profit management when the entire production environment, compared to having not concentrated the components processing to a machine on completes a finer profit.
Some tradition's manufacturing industry manufacturer thought that the multi-purpose aggregate machine-tools are too complex, very difficult to find the appropriate operators also the difficult problem innovates on the spot on the insufficiency for the metal working basic principle and in the Production workshop related new engine bed use solution aspect training.
Intuition type technical control
The equipment use “carries off the quantity of heat” the type design, has different material which the lathe bed, the steeliness straight line rolling guide, on the steeliness revolving tool box saddle, the equipment uses, all these combine make an engine bed together. These with the thermal conductivity, the volume expansion are related. All different size's thing can by the different speed growth.
As a result of this reason, needs to make the hot friendly engine bed, with the aim of knowing gives off heat the weak point in where, can compensate through the reasonable engine bed design. The part is the entire journey movement. The engine bed glide produces rubs and transform hotly. The machining produces the hot filings fall to the different place, the refrigerant can mix in the entire process in which. Will present the different temperature province continually on the cutting tool, will therefore also have many things to have the influence to the thermostability. The cutting tool technology turned the multi-purpose aggregate machine-tools has had the milling and cutting power “the versatile machine”.
According to the material introduced that the most remarkable characteristic is in these engine bed whole has the intuition. The anti-collision preservation technology was already mature, in certain circumstances, even if uses the manual operation pattern, can also avoid the occurrence which collides. Because the control software has the very good intuition, the user operation friendly degree unceasingly is also enhancing. Believe the multi-purpose aggregate machine-tools by its survivability world-wide in the more different processing scenes.
The off-line programming optimization and the NC automatic control system's formation already made this technology to be easier to accept, when therefore uses the procedure when the engine bed, does not need to spend many time tune-up procedure and confirmed that some part does not have the question. If components need to provide the high and low two revolving tool box saddle simultaneously to carry on the rough machining, in this kind of situation the programming is quite difficult, because it needs two revolving tool box saddles also to feed. The AdMac system may realize tool rest's automatic programming which simultaneously feeds to these, and can cause the correct main axle speed, the correct feed rate and so on all parameters to realize the synchronization.
Okuma Corporation's collision avoidance system design based on actual processing operating mode anti-collision simulation, therefore, if the operator has installed the wrong cutting tool or has established the wrong parameter, the control system will examine and prevents the engine bed to enter the processing condition. Through cooperates with the Siemens, INDEX Corporation may provide the 3D pattern now “the hypothesized engine bed”, has custom-made according to some specific model's engine bed. The result indicated that the simulation processes not only the fabricated parts and the actual end product is similar, is the one-to-one copy simply.
The intuition type control interface, the simulation as well as other software technique are progressive, the more Production workshops have opened wide the front door to the multi-purpose aggregate machine-tools, but if does not have the corresponding knowledge to train and to solve the question creativity, the manufacturer is also very difficult to realize and the full use advanced engine bed flexibility aspect superiority. The work which does to the machine are more, the machine will be more complex, also needs to have the stronger skill person correspondingly to be able to operate it.
If machinist past one day operated 3 engine beds, then he has this kind of multi-purpose engine bed now, might produce more components. More importantly, he may draw support from software's help to cause the production efficiency to be higher, regarding transformation processing components preparation, may also establish the processing craft plan. Because the replacement components need to lower 3 main axles, therefore before replacing the components, the workshop should process as far as possible many components. Regarding the multi-purpose engine beds, the transformation components speed is quick, the production batch of time interval is shorter, the stock is lower, the production efficiency is higher. Can use multi-purpose engine bed's some workshops fully, very quick will discover the post function the unification. Now, a workshop may only use an operator, an adjuster and a programming teacher, in the future these 3 work definitely may do by a person.
In the traditional post description the machinist will transit becomes one to adjust engineer, if this engineer the familiar components processing programming, that were also more ideal. Regarding such transformation, training has been simple, so long as trains 1 individual line, but is not 3 individuals. Looking from the long views, this will provide to the people the higher post degree of satisfaction. When adjusts engineer to be responsible to process the programming, and pays attention to the components processing personally time the entire process, he completely has become this components control. In addition, but should also makes more effort in the cutting tool choice and the programming aspect, must make any model the multi-purpose aggregate machine-tool to succeed, the workshop needs to provide the skilled machinist, has ability and completes many kinds of operations nimbly. Therefore, crosswise training was at any time in the past more important. Regarded as the milling and the lathe work the different discipline the viewpoint never to return. Regarding the programmers, this belongs to their time. Regarding personnel who will program, will understand the engine bed and controls it, this will be their ability manifestation.
The cutting tool will choose most people not to install the passenger vehicle tire to the race car on, but processed the cutting tool to have such situation. The cutting tool should match with the new engine bed, is conceivably redundant on the new engine bed uses the old cutting tool to the production efficiency influence. In order to match the multi-purpose aggregate machine-tools, the new cutting tool and the cutting tool adapter technology was already developed. At present the industrial field is developing the development the processing cutting tool, may complete the turning on the identical tool rest, boring and drills truncates the processing, is only processes the phase to differ from regarding the work piece angle. The processing operates the difference even confuses is unclear. The new processing cutting tool may complete the milling and the turning.
Since has moved the technology (engine bed) is this century develops is extremely rapid and one of influence enormous science and technology. The modern automation technology is one kind of completely new productive forces, is one of direct creation public wealth principal means that is playing the enormous promotion effect to humanity's production activity and the material civilization. Therefore, the automated technology receives various countries widely to take seriously with more and more applications. The machinery automation (engine bed), mainly refers to the machine-building industry applies the automated technology, realizes the processing object continuously the automatic production, realizes the optimized effective automatic production process, the increase production investment processing transformation and the flow rate. The machinery automation technology's application and the development, are the machine-building industry technological transformations, the technology advancement principal means and the technological development main direction. Machinery automation technical standards, not only affects the entire machine-building industry the development, and has the very tremendous immediate influence to the national economy various departments' technology advancement. Therefore, develops our country's machine-building industry automation technology, conforms to our country socialism basic principle, conforms to our country modern production law of development. How to develop our country's machinery automation technology (engine bed), here has the technical policy question, should be realistic, all embark from our country's concrete national condition, do each foundation work, takes the China's road of machinery automation technological development. The domestic and foreign industry history tells us, realizes the machinery automation is from to high-level, from simply to complex, from is preliminarily imperfect the consummation the developing process. After machine's operation uses the automatic regulator, the production method only then gradually transits from the mechanization to the mechanism control (tradition) automated, the numerical control automation, the computer control automation. Only then after having established the Automated factory, the production process can overall automate, can make the productivity to enhance comprehensively, achieves automated the high-level ideal stage.
The machinery automation technology first starts from the 1920s in the machine manufacture cold finishing production in enormous quantities process to develop the application, after in the 60s, to adapt the market demand and the change, for the enhancement machine-building industry to the market nimble rapid reaction's ability, starts to establish the variable automation production system, namely revolves the computer technology the flexible automation. It is in the manufacture system invariable or in the change small situation, the machinery equipment either production management process through the automatic detection, the information processing, the analysis judgment realizes the anticipated operation or some kind of process automatically, and can from make one kind of components to transform automatically to makes another kind of different components. The social practice proved that under this kind of definition's manufacture system automation and the contemporary majority enterprises are not actually accommodating. The contemporary society also not in the science and technology, the material and the personnel aspect prepares to realize this automated condition, insists such to do only meets the wasted effort. This kind of situation is not exceptional regarding the separate production method's machine-building industry, the difficulty can bigger.
In the 80s internationally appeared started to use computer integration manufacture system CIMS (Computer Integrated Manufacturing System), the flexible automation production pattern also had this kind of situation. The initial period take the information integration as a key point, take the high automaticity as the characteristic, but in realized in the process to encounter the difficulty. In view of the fact that realizes the large amount investment which the computer integration manufacture system's automation overall needs (an overall Automated factory to spend several hundred hundred million US dollars, flexible manufacture system regular price is 600 ~ 25,000,000 US dollars), undertakes the huge risk, in addition questions and so on technical difficulty and reliability, the world industrially advanced country started “to run into a wall produces a different product”, transfers pays great attention the information integration the effect, pursues low cost automation LCA (Low Cost Automation) enterprise organizational structure and movement way.
In order to make the aggregate machine-tool in small batch production, often applied to the structure, the application of group technology and craft of similar parts in a centralized modular machine tool, in order to improve the machining efficiency. This machine has two kinds of common, spindle box aggregate machine-tool and turn tower aggregate machine-tool.
The aggregate machine-tool future development more use transmissions and so on variable speed motor and ball bearing guide screw, will simplify structure, the reduction production metre; Uses the numerical control system and the headstock, the jig automatic replacement system, enhances the craft controllability; As well as integrates the flexible manufacture system and so on.
多功能組合機床時代
蒂莫西雅各布斯,丹尼斯阿斯納斯,
卓越飛利浦
美國密西根大學
摘要:組合機床加工中心可使加工制造業(yè)適應不斷變化的需求,有效利用勞動力資源,并在全球范圍的市場上更具競爭力。
關(guān)鍵字:組合機床
組合機床是以通用部件為基礎(chǔ),配以按工件特定形狀和加工工藝設(shè)計的專用部件和夾具,組成的半自動或自動專用機床。
組合機床加工方式
組合機床一般采用多軸、多刀、多工序、多面或多工位同時加工的方式,生產(chǎn)效率比通用機床高幾倍至幾十倍。由于通用部件已經(jīng)標準化和系列化,可根據(jù)需要靈活配置,能縮短設(shè)計和制造周期。因此,組合機床兼有低成本和高效率的優(yōu)點,在大批、大量生產(chǎn)中得到廣泛應用,并可用以組成自動生產(chǎn)線。
組合機床一般用于加工箱體類或特殊形狀的零件。加工時,工件一般不旋轉(zhuǎn),由刀具的旋轉(zhuǎn)運動和刀具與工件的相對進給運動,來實現(xiàn)鉆孔、擴孔、锪孔、鉸孔、鏜孔、銑削平面、切削內(nèi)外螺紋以及加工外圓和端面等。有的組合機床采用車削頭夾持工件使之旋轉(zhuǎn),由刀具作進給運動,也可實現(xiàn)某些回轉(zhuǎn)體類零件(如飛輪、汽車后橋半軸等)的外圓和端面加工。
組合機床部件分類
通用部件按功能可分為動力部件、支承部件、輸送部件、控制部件和輔助部件五類。動力部件是為組合機床提供主運動和進給運動的部件。主要有動力箱、切削頭和動力滑臺。
支承部件是用以安裝動力滑臺、帶有進給機構(gòu)的切削頭或夾具等的部件,有側(cè)底座、中間底座、支架、可調(diào)支架、立柱和立柱底座等。
輸送部件是用以輸送工件或主軸箱至加工工位的部件,主要有分度回轉(zhuǎn)工作臺、環(huán)形分度回轉(zhuǎn)工作臺、分度鼓輪和往復移動工作臺等。
控制部件是用以控制機床的自動工作循環(huán)的部件,有液壓站、電氣柜和操縱臺等。輔助部件有潤滑裝置、冷卻裝置和排屑裝置等。
對于多功能組合機床,工業(yè)領(lǐng)域內(nèi)有很多稱呼來形容它,如“多任務處理裝置”、“多功能機床”、“多程序生產(chǎn)系統(tǒng)”等,他確實可稱為加工領(lǐng)域的新星,可降低成本,簡化配置,并一直在美國本土生產(chǎn)。過去只有使用多機操作才能完成的任務,現(xiàn)在可以集中到一臺機床上加工完成。
由于市場需求的不斷變化,產(chǎn)品的生命周期在不斷縮小,今天的市場更加強烈需求多任務處理裝置概念。在整個生產(chǎn)環(huán)境中推行精益管理時,沒有比把零件加工集中到一臺機器上完成更精一些傳統(tǒng)的制造業(yè)廠商認為多功能組合機床過于復雜,很難找到合適的操作人員也就不足為奇了。在一些勞動力市場,要找到能夠?qū)Χ噍S組合機床加工中心進行手工編程的人事不太可能的事。但資料顯示,解決方案可有兩個,一個是現(xiàn)代多功能組合機床的直覺式技術(shù),另一個是針對金屬加工基本原理及在生產(chǎn)車間現(xiàn)場有關(guān)新機床使用中難題創(chuàng)新解決方面的培訓。
直覺式技術(shù)控制
設(shè)備采用“帶走熱量”式設(shè)計,有床身、鋼制直線滾動導軌、鋼制轉(zhuǎn)塔刀架、設(shè)備上使用的不同材料,所有這些組合到一起建造成一臺機床。這些都與導熱系數(shù)、體積膨脹相關(guān)。所有不同尺寸的東西都會以不同的速度生長。
據(jù)資料介紹,最顯著的特點是這些機床整體上更具直覺性。防撞保護技術(shù)已經(jīng)非常成熟,在某些情況下,即使采用手動操作模式,也能避免碰撞的發(fā)生。由于控制軟件有很好的直覺性,用戶操作友好程度也在不斷提高。相信多功能組合機床會以其生存能力遍布于更多不同的加工現(xiàn)場。離線編程優(yōu)化和NC自動控制系統(tǒng)的形成已經(jīng)使這一技術(shù)更容易接受,因此當將程序用在機床上時,不必花很多時間去調(diào)整程序和確認某一元件沒有問題。如果一個零件需要配備上下兩個轉(zhuǎn)塔刀架同時進刀。AdMac系統(tǒng)可以實現(xiàn)對這些同時進刀的刀架的自動編程,并能使正確的主軸速度、正確地進給速度等所有參數(shù)實現(xiàn)同步。
Okuma公司的防撞系統(tǒng)設(shè)計基于實際加工工況的防撞模擬,因此,如果操作者安裝了錯誤的道具或設(shè)定了錯誤的參數(shù),控制系統(tǒng)會檢測出來并阻止機床進入加工狀態(tài),通過與西門子公司合作,INDEX公司現(xiàn)在可以提供3D模式的“虛擬機床”,按照某一特定型號的機床定制。結(jié)果表明,模擬加工出來的成品零件不只是與實際成品相似,簡直就是一對一的拷貝。直覺式控制界面、模擬以及其他軟件技術(shù)進步,更多的生產(chǎn)車間向多功能組合機床敞開了大門,但如果沒有相應的知識培訓和解決問題的創(chuàng)造力,制造商也很難體會到和充分利用先進機床柔順性方面的優(yōu)勢。對機器所做的工作越多,機器就會越復雜,也相應地需要具備更強技能的人才能操縱它。
假如一個機械師過去一天操作3臺機床,那么現(xiàn)在他有這樣一臺多功能的機床,就可以生產(chǎn)出更多的零件。更為重要的是,他可以借助軟件的幫助使生產(chǎn)效率更高,對于轉(zhuǎn)換加工零件的準備,也可以編制加工工藝計劃。因為更換零件需要降下3個主軸,因此在更換零件之前,車間應加工盡可能多的零件。對于多功能機床,轉(zhuǎn)換零件速度非???,生產(chǎn)批次間隔時間更短,庫存更低,生產(chǎn)效率更高。能夠充分利用多功能機床的一些車間,很快就會發(fā)現(xiàn)崗位功能的統(tǒng)一?,F(xiàn)在,一個車間可以只用一個操作人員、一個調(diào)整工和一個編程師,將來這3項工作完全可以由一個人來做。傳統(tǒng)崗位描述中機械師將過渡成為一個調(diào)整工程師,如果該工程師還熟悉零件加工編程,那就更理想了。對于這樣的轉(zhuǎn)換,培訓就比較簡單了,只要培訓1個人就行,而不是3個人。從長遠觀點來看,這將提供給人們更高的崗位滿意度。當調(diào)整工程師負責加工編程并且親自關(guān)注零件加工的整個過程時,他就完全成了這個零件的主宰者。除此之外,還應該在刀具選擇和編程方面做更多的努力,要使任何型號的多功能組合機床都成功,車間需要配備熟悉的機械師,有能力并靈活地完成多種操作。因此,橫向培訓比過去任何時候都重要了。把銑削和車削加工視為不同學科的觀點一去不復返了。對于編程人員來說,這是屬于他們的時代。對于會編程的人員,懂機床并控制它,這是他們能力的體現(xiàn)。
刀具選擇
大多數(shù)人不會將轎車輪胎裝到跑車上,但加工刀具就發(fā)生了這樣的情況。刀具應與新機床相匹配,可以想像在新機床上重復使用舊對局對生產(chǎn)效率的影響。為匹配多功能組合機床,新刀具和刀具適配器技術(shù)已經(jīng)被開發(fā)出來。目前工業(yè)領(lǐng)域正在研制開發(fā)的加工刀具,可以在同一刀架上完成車削、鏜削和鉆削加工,只是加工時相對于工件的角度有所不同而已。加工操作上的差別甚至都混淆不清了。新的加工刀具可以完成銑削和車削。
自動化技術(shù)(機床)是本世紀以來發(fā)展極迅速和影響極大的科學技術(shù)之一?,F(xiàn)代自動化技術(shù)是一種完全新型的生產(chǎn)力,是直接創(chuàng)造社會財富的主要手段之一,對人類的生產(chǎn)活動和物質(zhì)文明起著極大的推動作用。因此,自動化技術(shù)受到世界各國的廣泛重視和越來越多的應用。
機械自動化(機床),主要指在機械制造業(yè)中應用自動化技術(shù),實現(xiàn)加工對象的連續(xù)自動生成,實現(xiàn)優(yōu)化有效的自動生產(chǎn)過程,加快生產(chǎn)投入物的加工變換和流動速度。機械自動化技術(shù)的應用于發(fā)展,是機械制造業(yè)技術(shù)改造、技術(shù)進步的主要手段和技術(shù)發(fā)展的主要方向。機械自動化的技術(shù)水準,不僅影響整個機械制造業(yè)的發(fā)展,而且對國民經(jīng)濟各部門的技術(shù)進步有很大的直接影響。因此,發(fā)展我國的機械制造業(yè)自動化技術(shù),符合我國社會主義的基本原則,符合我國現(xiàn)代化生產(chǎn)的發(fā)展規(guī)律。如何發(fā)展我國的機械自動化技術(shù)(機床),這里有個技術(shù)政策問題,應實事求是,一切從我國的具體國情出發(fā),做好各項基礎(chǔ)工作,走中國的機械自動化技術(shù)發(fā)展之路。國內(nèi)外的工業(yè)發(fā)展史告訴我們,實現(xiàn)機械自動化是一個由低級到高級、由簡單到復