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附 錄
附錄A
Heavy Off-Road Vehicle Drive Axle Of Breaking
The important thing is, in the great assembly at the end of the transmission. Its basic function is increased by the transmission shaft or directly by the torque, came to the torque distribution to left and right drive wheels, and make the right and left wheel drive car has required the kinematics differential function, While carrying the spring load and the car wheel, the frame of the body through suspension or integral to plumb-lines, longitudinal and transverse force and moment force, Also the biggest transfer transmission torque, still under the bridge housing reaction torque.
Drive structure and driving wheel is closely related to the suspension structure. When driving wheel using an independent suspension, using the broken open axles, When driving wheels adopt independent suspension, match with breaking drive axles, independent suspension. Look from exterior, independent suspension axles connectionless left and right of the whole bridge rigid driving wheel, shell is bridge housing, and other relative movement between. This bridge is installed in the middle frame or integral car transmission and driving wheel transmission device and part of the quality of the automobile suspension with belong to the quality and the side of the drive wheels with independent suspension of elastic component and frame or weak connection for cars. Therefore, one on either side of the drive wheels can independently, relative to the frame or cars do, swing, left, and right shaft corresponding requirements and their corresponding shell makes the corresponding swing. Cars drive by breaking the suspension, and the quality of small and independent suspension matching, can make the driving wheels of various earthing and adaptability, good roads that can greatly reduce the cars in the rough road impact and vibration during the body decreases wheel and axle tilt, the dynamic loads of vehicle, improve and enhance average speed, Reduce the damage, improve its components reliability and prolong its service life.
Based on the development of China's heavy independent suspension of six x 6 cross-country car cut off from the drive axles, for example, is insufficient, the development technology independent suspension drive axle of necessity and independent suspension drive axle of structural principle in aspects of heavy off-road vehicle drive with independent suspension of this development.
1 Domestic independent suspension drive technology situation
At present domestic independent suspension axles in cars, light off-road vehicle and JN252 8 x 8, etc ZhongDunWei military car has been applied and independent suspension heavy off-road vehicle axles technology is basically blank, Foreign independent suspension heavy off-road vehicle axles technology also only by American company, belarus, Minsk Sisu, Finland has TIMONEY company and Korea etc, and application scope of military and civilian limitations in some special models.
2 Develop independent suspension drive axle of necessity
In recent years, with independent suspension off-road vehicle market demand more and more widely. Restrict independent suspension off-road vehicle development is one of the key factors, thus breaking drive axles of the necessity of developing broken off.
2.1Military car development needs
Currently our extensive use of grade 6 x 6 type 7t SX2190 models is shaanxi automobile manufacturing factory using STEYR technology development of new generation rover, has good performance, and strong adaptability, good performance advantages over the past 20 years for national defense construction made great contribution. The truck with 8 x 8 upward-leading continuous casting.the JN2270 15t and capability of type x 8 August JN2300 type, the successful development of China's second DaiJun car development was at an end. In order to adapt to the needs of modern war, the third DaiJun car development was put on the agenda. Article DaiJun car features for independent suspension of high performance of motor vehicles. As its core technology is one of the big Hollywood drive shaft cut off, domestic blank, basic is dependence on imports, if do not accord with national also does not conform to the military.
2.2The basic needs of national construction
For many years, our national economy is developing rapidly, and infrastructure investment growth, hydroelectric power, oil field, mine, coal and other industries such as fire like tea. The industry is inseparable from the high quality, the high performance of transport vehicles, independent suspension off-road vehicle is among the top. However, these vehicles almost entirely on imports, spent a great deal of foreign exchange. To develop a replacement model is of great significance to meet the market demand.
3 Independent suspension structure theory. Drive axle of
China's heavy automobile group company with development and production status, independent development drive axle of the independent suspension 6 x 6 cross-country car drive shaft cut off big Hollywood. According to 6 x 6 independent suspension chassis design requirements, in this model adopted high transmission fault type axles. The first thing is to cut off to drive, high of double bridge for breaking through the medium-sized Bridges, rear axles turn for breaking steering of high axles. Three bridge are installed with gas control differential between the wheel lock differential, medium-sized Bridges across the bridge box installed with gas control differential between the lock shaft differential. Main reducer ratio for 1 2023, gear ratio for 4. 26 (belt wheel side filling put gas system, ABS), the total ratio 7.016, The medium-sized Bridges for Φ 180 input end tooth flanges, output for Φ 165 end flange, rear axle gears before the input for Φ 165 end tooth flange, Each shaft axis for jose 13t. This design is mainly in steyr drive technology based on the development and design, design thoughts and 6 x is 6, 8 x 8, 10 December 10, military USES 10 series assemblies, reduce the new design of special parts. 8 x 8 middle bridge, 10 assembly, 10, and 12 million spxillion structure types are similar. The new design two broken open bridge, front axle shell adopts the breakthrough in the shell, type of bridge, using the same type of the rear axle housing learnings. On the basis of that, left, right, two kinds of half axle and cover and spline set assembly, and on the reduction and bridge box shell and the local improvement. High technology to drive the corresponding design. Before using high to drive axle of bridge structure, thus make the box with the same drive axle of center distance of the bridge, i.e. input than the original structure of flange steyr 100mm up front axle and bridge, can satisfy the same height flange vehicle transmission Angle to decorate the small request. Before turning mainly by high drive axles, before breaking casting bridge in the middle of the disc brake, using the shell with the filling of the deflated wheelhub ball cage patterned assembly, universal shaft coupling assembly etc. And now the thing turn compared with has the following characteristics: ①Using steel bridge housing, good rigidity, high strength. ②Using steyr mature main reducer and axle box of bridge structure of the existing technology (without prior to drive axle box structure), improve cross the bridge reliability.③Using the ball cage patterned double gimbal couplings, can make the centerline of ball cage with to the center of the kingpin always in line with the wheels, reduce sliding wear.
4 conclusion
With independent suspension car of rapid development, large-tonnage breaking drive axle of development of necessity and urgency. It not only can greatly improve the car ride and mobility, also for automobile driving performance such as power, economy, and has a direct impact on the stability, etc. Both can satisfy the military modernization needs, also can meet the needs of the development of national economy, therefore has the important practical significance.
附 錄B
重型越野汽車斷開式驅(qū)動橋的研發(fā)
驅(qū)動橋是汽車的重要大總成 ,處于傳動系的末端。其基本功能是增大由傳動軸或直接由變速箱傳來的轉(zhuǎn)矩 ,將轉(zhuǎn)矩分配給左、右驅(qū)動車輪 ,并使左、右車輪具有汽車行駛運動學(xué)所要求的差速功能 ;同時承載著汽車的簧上荷重及地面經(jīng)車輪、車架或承載式車身經(jīng)懸架給予鉛垂力、縱向力、橫向力及其力矩 ;還傳遞著傳動系中的最大轉(zhuǎn)矩 ,橋殼還承受著反作用力矩。
驅(qū)動橋的結(jié)構(gòu)型式與驅(qū)動車輪的懸架結(jié)構(gòu)密切相關(guān)。當(dāng)驅(qū)動車輪采用非獨立懸架時,采用非斷開式驅(qū)動橋;當(dāng)驅(qū)動車輪采用獨立懸架時,則配以斷開式驅(qū)動橋,即獨立懸架驅(qū)動橋。從外觀上看,獨立懸架驅(qū)動橋無連接左、右驅(qū)動輪的剛性整體橋殼,它的橋殼是分段的,且彼此之間可作相對運動。這種橋的中段安裝在車架或承載式車身上,并與傳動軸及一部分驅(qū)動車輪傳動裝置的質(zhì)量同屬于汽車的懸掛質(zhì)量,而兩側(cè)的驅(qū)動車輪則以獨立懸架的彈性元件與車架或車廂作弱性聯(lián)接。因此,兩側(cè)的驅(qū)動車輪可以彼此獨立地相對于車架或車廂做上、下擺動,相應(yīng)要求左、右半軸及其相應(yīng)外殼作相應(yīng)的擺動。汽車采用斷開式驅(qū)動橋,則非懸掛質(zhì)量小而且它又與獨立懸架相匹配,可使驅(qū)動輪接地情況及對各種路況適應(yīng)性較好,這樣便可大大減少汽車在不平路面上行駛時振動沖擊和車身的傾斜,減小車輪和車橋上的動載荷,提高汽車的行駛平順性,提高汽車平均行駛速度;減少零件的損壞,提高其可靠性并延長其使用壽命。
本文以中國重汽研制開發(fā)的獨立懸架6×6越野汽車的斷開式驅(qū)動橋為例,從驅(qū)動橋技術(shù)現(xiàn)狀的不足、開發(fā)獨立懸架驅(qū)動橋的必要性及獨立懸架驅(qū)動橋的結(jié)構(gòu)原理等方面對重型越野汽車用獨立懸架驅(qū)動橋的開發(fā)作以闡述。
1國內(nèi)獨立懸架驅(qū)動橋技術(shù)現(xiàn)狀
目前國內(nèi)獨立懸架驅(qū)動橋在轎車、輕型越野車及JN252 8×8等中噸位軍用車上得到了應(yīng)用,而獨立懸架重型越野汽車驅(qū)動橋技術(shù)基本上是空白;國外獨立懸架重型越野汽車驅(qū)動橋技術(shù)也只有美國美馳公司、白俄羅斯明斯克、芬蘭Sisu公司及韓國TIMONEY等具有,且應(yīng)用范圍局限于軍用及民用的一些特殊車型。
2開發(fā)獨立懸架驅(qū)動橋的必要性
近年來,對獨立懸架越野汽車的市場需求越來越廣。制約獨立懸架越野汽車發(fā)展的關(guān)鍵因素之一是斷開式驅(qū)動橋,因此開發(fā)斷開式驅(qū)動橋的必要性凸現(xiàn)。
2.1軍用汽車發(fā)展的需要
目前我軍大量使用的7t級6×6型SX2190車型是陜西汽車制造總廠利用STEYR技術(shù)研制的新一代越野車,具有動力性好、適應(yīng)性強、越野性能優(yōu)良等優(yōu)點,近20年來為國防建設(shè)作出了巨大貢獻。隨著載重12t的8×8型JN2270和載重15t的8×8型JN2300的研制成功,我國第二代軍車系列的開發(fā)便劃上了句號。為適應(yīng)現(xiàn)代化戰(zhàn)爭的需要,第三代軍車的開發(fā)便提上了日程。第三代軍車主要特點為獨立懸掛的高機動性能車輛。作為其核心技術(shù)之一的大軸荷斷開式驅(qū)動橋,國內(nèi)基本是空白,若依賴進口,既不符合國情也不符合軍情。
2.2國家基本建設(shè)的需要
多年來,我國的國民經(jīng)濟飛速發(fā)展,基建投資規(guī)模大幅增長,水電、油田、礦山及煤炭等行業(yè)更是如火如茶。這些行業(yè)都離不開高品質(zhì)、高性能的運輸車輛,獨立懸架越野汽車更是其中的佼佼者。但是,這些車輛幾乎全部依賴進口,花費了大量外匯。盡快開發(fā)出一種替代車型滿足市場需求意義重大。
3獨立懸架驅(qū)動橋的結(jié)構(gòu)原理
中國重型汽車集團公司結(jié)合開發(fā)生產(chǎn)驅(qū)動橋的現(xiàn)狀,自主開發(fā)了獨立懸架6×6越野汽車大軸荷斷開式驅(qū)動橋。根據(jù)6×6獨立懸掛底盤的設(shè)計要求,在該車型上采用了高位傳動斷開式驅(qū)動橋。其中前轉(zhuǎn)向驅(qū)動橋為斷開式高位轉(zhuǎn)向非貫通驅(qū)動橋,雙聯(lián)橋的中橋為斷開式貫通非轉(zhuǎn)向驅(qū)動橋,后橋為斷開式轉(zhuǎn)向非貫通高位驅(qū)動橋。三個橋均裝設(shè)帶氣控差速鎖的輪間差速器,中橋過橋箱裝設(shè)帶氣控差速鎖的軸間差速器。主減速器速比為1. 647,輪邊減速器速比為4. 26(帶輪邊充放氣系統(tǒng)、ABS),總速比7.016;中橋的輸入端為Φ180端面齒法蘭,輸出端為Φ165端面齒法蘭,前、后橋的輸入端為Φ165端面齒法蘭;各軸軸荷均為13t。本次設(shè)計主要是在斯太爾驅(qū)動橋技術(shù)的基礎(chǔ)上進行開發(fā)設(shè)計,設(shè)計思想是和已有的6×6、8×8、10×10、12×10軍車所用總成形成系列,盡量減少新設(shè)計的專用件。橋中段總成8×8、10×10、12×10結(jié)構(gòu)類型均類同。新設(shè)計兩種斷開式橋殼,前橋采用非貫通式橋殼,中、后橋相同的采用貫通式橋殼。在此基礎(chǔ)上,設(shè)計左、右兩種半軸及端蓋和花鍵套總成,并對主減殼和和過橋箱作了局部改進。同時對高位驅(qū)動橋技術(shù)進行了相應(yīng)的設(shè)計。前轉(zhuǎn)向高位驅(qū)動橋采用貫通橋的過橋箱結(jié)構(gòu),從而使該驅(qū)動橋跟貫通橋具有相同的中心距,即該橋的輸入法蘭比斯太爾前橋原結(jié)構(gòu)抬高了100mm,與貫通橋的法蘭高度相同,能滿足整車布置傳動軸夾角盡量小的要求。前轉(zhuǎn)向驅(qū)動橋主要由高位前驅(qū)動橋中段、斷開式鑄造橋殼、采用盤式制動器的帶中央充放氣構(gòu)的輪邊減速器總成、雙球籠等速萬向聯(lián)軸器總成等組成。與現(xiàn)用的轉(zhuǎn)向驅(qū)動橋相比有以下特點:①采用鑄鋼橋殼,剛性好,強度高。②采用成熟的斯太爾主減速器及其貫通橋結(jié)構(gòu)的過橋箱技術(shù)(現(xiàn)有技術(shù)的前轉(zhuǎn)向驅(qū)動橋無過橋箱結(jié)構(gòu)),提高了整橋的可靠性。③采用自定心的雙球籠等速萬向聯(lián)軸器,可使球籠中心線與轉(zhuǎn)向主銷的中心線始終在一條線上,減少車輪滑移與磨損。
4結(jié)束語
隨著獨立懸架汽車的快速發(fā)展，大噸位斷開式驅(qū)動橋的開發(fā)具有現(xiàn)實的緊迫性和必要性。它不僅可以大大提高汽車的平順性與機動性,也對汽車的行駛性能如動力性、經(jīng)濟性、通過性、操縱穩(wěn)定性等有直接影響。既能滿足軍隊現(xiàn)代化建設(shè)需要,也能滿足國家經(jīng)濟發(fā)展的需要,因此具有重要現(xiàn)實意義。
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