齒輪內(nèi)部缺陷自動(dòng)檢測(cè)裝置數(shù)字樣機(jī)設(shè)計(jì)
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齒輪內(nèi)部缺陷自動(dòng)檢測(cè)裝置數(shù)字樣機(jī)設(shè)計(jì)論文.doc
齒輪內(nèi)部缺陷自動(dòng)檢測(cè)裝置數(shù)字樣機(jī)設(shè)計(jì)
目 錄
摘要 1
Abstract II
第1章 緒論 3
1.1 課題分析 3
第2章 數(shù)字樣機(jī)總體方案設(shè)計(jì) 4
2.1 檢測(cè)裝置總體方案設(shè)計(jì) 6
2.1.1系統(tǒng)運(yùn)動(dòng)方式的確定 9
2.1.2伺服系統(tǒng)的選擇 5
2.1.5設(shè)計(jì)方案的可行性分析 7
第3章 機(jī)械部分設(shè)計(jì) 8
3.1 步進(jìn)電機(jī)的選用 8
3.1.1 步進(jìn)電機(jī)的計(jì)算 8
3.1.2步進(jìn)電機(jī)的選用 8
3.2 滾動(dòng)導(dǎo)軌的設(shè)計(jì)與尺寸確定 9
3.2.1 滾珠導(dǎo)軌的選擇 10
3.2.2.滾動(dòng)導(dǎo)軌的預(yù)緊 11
3.2.3.額定壽命的計(jì)算 11
3.2.4.載荷計(jì)算 12
3.2.5.滾動(dòng)體確定 137
3.2.6 許用負(fù)荷驗(yàn)算 18
3.2.7.滾動(dòng)導(dǎo)軌的材料和熱處理 19
3.3 滾珠絲杠螺母副的設(shè)計(jì)與尺寸確定 14
3.3.1滾珠絲杠螺母副的選用 15
3.3.2滾珠絲杠螺母副的計(jì)算 16
3.3.3 滾珠絲杠螺母副的驗(yàn)算 19
3.4變速機(jī)構(gòu)中齒輪的設(shè)計(jì) 21
3.4.1 齒輪參數(shù)計(jì)算 21
結(jié)論 26
致謝 27
參考文獻(xiàn) 28
摘要
在工業(yè)化發(fā)展的今天,各種機(jī)械產(chǎn)品層出不窮,精度要求不斷提高。齒輪傳動(dòng)作為傳動(dòng)機(jī)構(gòu)的重要組成部分,其精度高低直接影響產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量。因此,提高齒輪傳動(dòng)精度成為了提高產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量的一種方法。齒輪傳動(dòng)精度的高低主要受裝配精度、齒輪制造精度兩方面的影響
齒輪制造精度是由加工刀具來保證。而齒輪是加工齒輪的重要刀具,尤其是齒輪在加工各種齒輪的過程中得到了廣泛的應(yīng)用。所以,對(duì)齒輪精度的分析檢測(cè)是非常有必要的。
關(guān)鍵詞 齒輪內(nèi)部缺陷 檢查儀 齒輪
Abstract
In industrialized development today, endless variety of mechanical products, the accuracy improved. Gear drive as a major component of its accuracy will directly affect the quality of products. Therefore, improving the precision gear drive into improving the quality of products of a rational design. Precision Gear mainly by the level of two aspects : the assembly of precision,
the gear manufacturing precision.
Gear manufacturing precision machining tool is to be guaranteed. And Hob processing gear is an important tool, Archimedes is particularly Hob in the processing of various gear the process to be widely used. Therefore, Archimedes Hob accuracy of detection is very necessary.
Keywords profile error Tester Gear
第1章 緒論
隨著國內(nèi)工業(yè)化的飛速發(fā)展,如汽車制造業(yè),航空航天工業(yè)、造船業(yè)、機(jī)械裝備制造業(yè)以及IT行業(yè)等的飛速發(fā)展,對(duì)各種工業(yè)產(chǎn)品的質(zhì)量提出了更高的要求,特別是各行業(yè)生產(chǎn)設(shè)備。而衡量這些生產(chǎn)設(shè)備的質(zhì)量的好壞最重要的一點(diǎn)就是其性能。性能的好壞主要又是由構(gòu)成設(shè)備的零部件精度決定的。所以,對(duì)零部件精度的掌握在一定程度上就體現(xiàn)出了公司對(duì)產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量把握,決定了公司的效益。
齒輪作為機(jī)械產(chǎn)品傳動(dòng)機(jī)構(gòu)的重要組成部分,對(duì)機(jī)械產(chǎn)品的性能有很重要的影響。所以,各大齒輪制造商在擴(kuò)大齒輪產(chǎn)量、增加齒輪品種的同時(shí),更加注重提高齒輪質(zhì)量。
影響齒輪質(zhì)量的因數(shù)很多,最直接的因數(shù)就是齒輪的加工刀具。齒輪是加工齒輪的重要刀具,尤其是齒輪在加工各種齒輪的過程中得到了廣泛的應(yīng)用。因此,研究齒輪測(cè)量技術(shù)和研制相應(yīng)的檢測(cè)儀器是非常必要的。
在早期的生產(chǎn)中,檢測(cè)齒輪加工刀具是否達(dá)到自己所希望的精度,通常用的是手動(dòng)測(cè)量裝置。不僅檢測(cè)精度很難保證,而且工作效率低,越來越難滿足人們生產(chǎn)需要。隨著機(jī)械工業(yè)和電子信息技術(shù)的發(fā)展與融合,我們把傳感器、脈沖電機(jī)等電子設(shè)備與機(jī)械機(jī)構(gòu)相結(jié)合得到了檢測(cè)更精確,工作效率更高的齒輪加工刀具誤差測(cè)量儀。
本設(shè)計(jì)主要是對(duì)零齒輪的齒輪內(nèi)部缺陷進(jìn)行檢測(cè)。由于在設(shè)計(jì)中采用了先進(jìn)的機(jī)械電子技術(shù),提高了設(shè)備檢測(cè)精度與生產(chǎn)效率。所以,我們相信本設(shè)計(jì)的產(chǎn)品一定會(huì)比早期的產(chǎn)品更適合工業(yè)化生產(chǎn)。
1.1 課題分析
(1) 系統(tǒng)功能
實(shí)現(xiàn)一定尺寸范圍內(nèi)齒輪金屬零件自動(dòng)超聲檢測(cè)的功能,重點(diǎn)實(shí)現(xiàn)各種型號(hào)小汽車變速箱齒輪的內(nèi)部缺陷檢測(cè)。它可以發(fā)現(xiàn)齒輪中各種缺陷及缺陷的位置,按規(guī)范要求自動(dòng)判別是否報(bào)廢或返修,并予以顯示。除了裝、卸料和更換探頭外,全部操作過程在計(jì)算機(jī)的控制下自動(dòng)完成。
(2)被測(cè)工件:外徑>ф1000mm
(3)檢測(cè)要求的運(yùn)動(dòng)方式及運(yùn)動(dòng)參數(shù):
1)運(yùn)動(dòng)方式:工件旋轉(zhuǎn),探頭沿工件的徑向和軸向進(jìn)給掃描;
2)工件轉(zhuǎn)速范圍為:5~60r/min;
3)進(jìn)給速度:1~20mm/r(這里的每轉(zhuǎn)是指工件旋轉(zhuǎn)一周的進(jìn)給量)。
(4)探頭可以定量手工調(diào)節(jié)入射角度,調(diào)節(jié)范圍為±100。
第2章 總體方案設(shè)計(jì)
2.1 檢測(cè)裝置總體方案設(shè)計(jì)
系統(tǒng)總體方案設(shè)計(jì)內(nèi)容包括:
? 系統(tǒng)運(yùn)動(dòng)方式的確定。
? 伺服系統(tǒng)的選擇。
? 執(zhí)行機(jī)構(gòu)得結(jié)構(gòu)及傳動(dòng)方式的確定。
2.1.1系統(tǒng)運(yùn)動(dòng)方式的確定
數(shù)控系統(tǒng)按運(yùn)動(dòng)方式可分點(diǎn)位控制系統(tǒng)、點(diǎn)位直線系統(tǒng)、連續(xù)控制系統(tǒng)。點(diǎn)位控制系統(tǒng)是指被控制件由一點(diǎn)到另一點(diǎn)快速準(zhǔn)確定位,卻不能在兩點(diǎn)之間工作的系統(tǒng);點(diǎn)位直線系統(tǒng)是指被控制件沿平面內(nèi)平行于導(dǎo)軌作直線工作的系統(tǒng);連續(xù)控制系統(tǒng)是指被控制件沿平面內(nèi)任何曲線都能工作的系統(tǒng)。點(diǎn)位控制系統(tǒng)造價(jià)低廉,適用于兩點(diǎn)之間快速點(diǎn)位的系統(tǒng);連續(xù)控制系統(tǒng)造價(jià)高,適用于連續(xù)工作的系統(tǒng);點(diǎn)位直線系統(tǒng)造價(jià)介于前兩者之間,適用于簡(jiǎn)單直線運(yùn)動(dòng)。
由于齒輪齒形是直線,檢測(cè)齒輪內(nèi)部缺陷只需沿直線運(yùn)動(dòng),所以選擇點(diǎn)位直線控制系統(tǒng)。
2.1.2伺服系統(tǒng)的選擇
開環(huán)伺服系統(tǒng)在負(fù)荷不大時(shí)多采用功率步進(jìn)電機(jī)作為伺服電機(jī),開環(huán)控制系統(tǒng)由于沒有檢測(cè)反饋部件,因而不能糾正系統(tǒng)的傳動(dòng)誤差,但開環(huán)系統(tǒng)結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)單、調(diào)整維修容易、在速度和精度要求不太高的場(chǎng)合得到廣泛應(yīng)用。
閉環(huán)伺服系統(tǒng)具有在設(shè)備移動(dòng)部件上得檢測(cè)反饋元件來檢測(cè)實(shí)際位移量,能補(bǔ)償系統(tǒng)的傳動(dòng)誤差。因而伺服控制精度高,閉環(huán)系統(tǒng)造價(jià)高、結(jié)構(gòu)和調(diào)試較復(fù)雜,多用于精度要求高的場(chǎng)合。
此儀器屬于測(cè)量儀器,其分辨率為0.005mm,所測(cè)齒輪加工的齒輪精度:8級(jí),所以采用閉環(huán)伺服系統(tǒng)
2.1.3執(zhí)行機(jī)構(gòu)的確定
為保證數(shù)控系統(tǒng)得傳動(dòng)精度和工作平穩(wěn)性。在設(shè)計(jì)機(jī)械傳動(dòng)裝配時(shí),通常采用低摩擦、低慣量、高剛度、無間隙、高諧振以及有適宜的阻尼比要求的傳動(dòng)方式??紤]以上幾點(diǎn),本設(shè)計(jì)采用以下措施:
1、盡量采用低摩擦的傳動(dòng)和導(dǎo)向元件。如采用滾珠絲杠螺母副,滾動(dòng)導(dǎo)軌等。
致謝
本文主要闡述了齒輪檢測(cè)裝置設(shè)計(jì)。通過這次設(shè)計(jì)使我對(duì)齒輪加工過程產(chǎn)生了濃厚的興趣,同時(shí),受我主修專業(yè)的影響,我已經(jīng)習(xí)慣于設(shè)計(jì)帶來的一系列機(jī)遇與挑戰(zhàn)。
本篇論文雖然凝聚著自己的汗水,但卻不是個(gè)人智慧的產(chǎn)品,沒有導(dǎo)師的指引和贈(zèng)予,沒有父母和朋友的幫助和支持,我在大學(xué)的學(xué)術(shù)成長肯定會(huì)大打折扣。當(dāng)我打完畢業(yè)論文的最后一個(gè)字符,涌上心頭的不是長途跋涉后抵達(dá)終點(diǎn)的欣喜,而是源自心底的誠摯謝意。我首先要感謝我的指導(dǎo)老師張文生老師,對(duì)我的構(gòu)思以及論文的內(nèi)容不厭其煩的進(jìn)行多次指導(dǎo)和悉心指點(diǎn),使我在完成論文的同時(shí)也深受啟發(fā)和教育。
再次由衷感謝答辯組的各位老師對(duì)學(xué)生的指導(dǎo)和教誨,我也在努力的積蓄著力量,盡自己的微薄之力回報(bào)母校的培育之情,爭(zhēng)取使自己的人生對(duì)社會(huì)產(chǎn)生些許積極的價(jià)值!
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22 楊 昆.用CNC齒輪測(cè)量中心實(shí)現(xiàn)誤差項(xiàng)目的連續(xù)測(cè)量.西安工業(yè)學(xué)院報(bào).
畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)任務(wù)書 學(xué) 院、系 : 機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)制造及自動(dòng)化 專 業(yè) : 學(xué) 生 姓 名: 學(xué) 號(hào): 設(shè) 計(jì) 題 目 : 齒輪內(nèi)部缺陷自動(dòng)檢測(cè)裝置數(shù)字樣機(jī)設(shè)計(jì) 起 迄 日 期 : 設(shè) 計(jì) 地 點(diǎn) : 指 導(dǎo) 教 師 : 系 主 任 : 發(fā)任務(wù)書日期 : 任務(wù)書填寫要求 1.畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)任務(wù)書由指導(dǎo)教師根據(jù)各課題的具體情況填寫,經(jīng) 學(xué)生所在系 的負(fù)責(zé)人 審查、系領(lǐng)導(dǎo)簽字后生效。此任務(wù)書應(yīng)在畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)開始前一周內(nèi)填好并發(fā)給學(xué)生; 2. 任務(wù)書內(nèi)容必須用黑墨水筆工整 書寫或按教務(wù)處統(tǒng)一設(shè)計(jì)的電子文檔標(biāo)準(zhǔn)格式(可從教務(wù)處網(wǎng)頁上下載)打印,不得隨便涂改或潦草書寫,禁止打印在其它紙上后剪貼; 3. 任務(wù)書內(nèi)填寫的內(nèi)容,必須和學(xué)生畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)完成的情況相一致,若有變更,應(yīng)當(dāng)經(jīng)過所在專業(yè)及系主管領(lǐng)導(dǎo)審批后方可重新填寫; 4. 任務(wù)書內(nèi)有關(guān)“學(xué)院、系”、“專業(yè)”等名稱的填寫,應(yīng)寫中文全稱,不能寫數(shù)字代碼。學(xué)生的“學(xué)號(hào)”要寫全號(hào)(如 0201140102,為 10 位數(shù)),不能只寫最后 2 位或 1 位數(shù)字; 5. 有關(guān)年月日等日期的填寫,應(yīng)當(dāng)按照國標(biāo) 7408— 94《數(shù)據(jù)元和交換格式、信息 交換、日期和時(shí)間表示法》規(guī)定的要求,一律用阿拉伯?dāng)?shù)字書寫。如“ 2004 年 3 月 15 日”或“ 2004 畢 業(yè) 設(shè) 計(jì) 任 務(wù) 書 1.畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)課題的任務(wù)和要求: 該同學(xué)承擔(dān)“齒輪內(nèi)部缺陷自動(dòng)檢測(cè)裝置數(shù)字樣機(jī)設(shè)計(jì)”設(shè)計(jì)任務(wù)。 設(shè)計(jì)要求:能實(shí)現(xiàn) 工件旋轉(zhuǎn),探頭沿工件的徑向和軸向進(jìn)給掃描 ,超聲的耦合 采用水浸耦合方式,探頭的入射方向可以手工定量調(diào)節(jié)。 2.畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)課題的具體工作內(nèi)容(包括原始數(shù)據(jù)、技術(shù)要求、工作要求等): 具體工作內(nèi)容: ( 1)制定總體方案; ( 2)設(shè)計(jì)工作臺(tái)裝配圖; ( 3)進(jìn)行運(yùn)動(dòng)學(xué)和動(dòng)力學(xué)仿真; ( 4)設(shè)計(jì)重要非標(biāo)零件; ( 5)翻譯外文資料。 技術(shù)要求: ( 1) 系統(tǒng)功能 實(shí)現(xiàn)一定尺寸范圍內(nèi)齒輪金屬零件自動(dòng)超聲檢測(cè)的功能,重點(diǎn)實(shí)現(xiàn)各種型號(hào)小汽車變速箱齒輪的內(nèi)部缺陷檢測(cè)。它可以發(fā)現(xiàn)齒輪中各種缺陷及缺陷的位置,按規(guī)范要求自動(dòng)判別是否報(bào)廢或返修,并予以顯示。除了裝、卸料和更換探頭外,全部操作過程在計(jì)算機(jī)的控制下自動(dòng)完成。 ( 2)被測(cè)工件:外徑 >ф 1000 3)檢測(cè)要求的運(yùn)動(dòng)方式及運(yùn)動(dòng)參數(shù): 1)運(yùn)動(dòng)方式:工件旋轉(zhuǎn),探頭沿工件的徑向和軸向進(jìn)給掃描; 2)工件轉(zhuǎn)速范圍為: 5~ 60r/ 3)進(jìn)給速度: 1~20mm/r(這里的每轉(zhuǎn)是指工件旋轉(zhuǎn)一周的進(jìn)給量 )。 ( 4)探頭可以定量手工調(diào)節(jié)入射角度,調(diào)節(jié)范圍為 ± 100。 ( 5)其它要求: 超聲檢測(cè)要用水進(jìn)行耦合,工件和探頭都要浸在水中,要有供水和排水機(jī)構(gòu),也要考慮防銹問題。 畢 業(yè) 設(shè) 計(jì) 任 務(wù) 書 3.對(duì)畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)課題成果的要求〔包括畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)、圖紙、實(shí)物樣品等〕: ( 1)三維裝配體圖 1 張 ( 2)二維裝配工程圖 1 張 ( 3)零件圖 5 張 ( 4)設(shè)計(jì)說明書 1 份 ( 5)英文翻譯資料 1 份 4.畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)課題工作進(jìn)度計(jì)劃: 起 迄 日 期 工 作 內(nèi) 容 2011 年 2 月 21 日 ~ 3 月 18 日 3 月 19 日 ~ 5 月 31 日 6 月 01 日 ~ 6 月 10 日 6 月 11 日 ~ 6 月 20 日 撰寫開題報(bào)告,確定技術(shù)方案 完成具體設(shè)計(jì) 撰寫設(shè)計(jì)說明書 畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)答辯 學(xué)生所在系審查意見: 系主任: 年 月 日 畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)外文資料翻譯學(xué)院(系): 機(jī)械工程學(xué)院 專 業(yè) : 機(jī)械工程及自動(dòng)化 姓 名 : 學(xué) 號(hào) : 外文出處 :Distributed Network Research Center and Its Application in Agile Manufacturing 附 件: 1.外文資料翻譯譯文;2.外文原文。 指導(dǎo)教師評(píng)語:該外文翻譯語言流暢通順,較準(zhǔn)確完整地翻譯了原文,所翻譯的齒輪的特點(diǎn)和作用的文章,與畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)的課題相關(guān)。達(dá)到了本科畢業(yè)外文翻譯的要求。簽名: 年 月 日注:請(qǐng)將該封面與附件裝訂成冊(cè)。附件 1:外文原文Gear features and functionsAbstractGears in the mechanical equipment to achieve an integral, it is a lot of superior performance. The appropriate gear and reasonable use of transmission gears can improve equipment performance but also could prolong gear life.Keywords Gear, characteristics, fault, applicationWheel gear's spreading to move is a the most wide kind of the application spreads to move a form in the modern machine.Its main advantage BE1 spreads to move to settle, work than in a moment steady, spread to move accurate credibility, can deliver space arbitrarily sport and the motive of the of two stalks;Power and speed scope2 applies are wide;3 spreads to move an efficiency high, η =0.92-0.98;4 work is dependable, service life long;5 Outline size outside the is small, structure tightly packed.The wheel gear constituted to°;;;from wheel gear, stalk, bearings and box body decelerates a machine, useding for prime mover and work machine or performance organization of, have already matched to turn soon and deliver a function of turning , the application is extremely extensive in the modern machine. 6 Local deceleration machine much with the wheel gear spread to move, the pole spread to move for lord, but widespread exist power and weight ratio small, or spread to move ratio big but the machine efficiency lead a low problem.There are also many weaknesses on material quality and craft level moreover, the especially large deceleration machine's problem is more outstanding, the service life isn't long.The deceleration machine of abroad, with Germany, Denmark and Japan be placed in to lead a position, occupying advantage in the material and the manufacturing craft specially, decelerating the machine work credibility like, service life long.But it spreads to move a form to still take settling stalk wheel gear to spread to move as lord, physical volume and weight problem, don't also resolve like The direction which decelerates a machine to is the facing big power and spread to move ratio, small physical volume, high machine efficiency and service life to grow greatly nowadays develops.Decelerating the connecting of machine and electric motor body structure is also the form which expands strongly, and have already produced various structure forms and various products of power model numbers.Be close to ten several in the last yearses, control a technical development because of the modern calculator technique and the number, make the machine process accuracy, process an efficiency to raise consumedly, pushed a machine to spread the diversification of movable property article thus, the mold piece of the whole machine kit turns, standardizing, and shape design the art turn, making product more fine, the beauty turns. Become a set a machine material In 21 centuries medium, the wheel gear is still a machine to spread a dynamic basic parts.CNC tool machine and the craft technical development, pushed a machine to spread to move structure to fly to develop soon.Be spreading to move the electronics control, liquid in the system design to press to spread to move, wheel gear, take the mixture of chain to spread to move, will become become soon a box to design in excellent turn to spread to move a combination of direction.The academics that is in spread move the design crosses, will become new spread a movable property article the important trend of the development. Is the use of gear teeth of two gears meshing each other transmission of mechanical power and motion transmission. According to the relative position of the gear axis parallel to axis of cylindrical sub-gear drive, bevel gear axis intersect and cross-axis helical drive gear. Compact structure, high efficiency, long life and so on. Gear refers to the main, driven wheel gear direct, movement and power transmission devices. Of all the mechanical transmission, the most widely used gear can be used to transfer between any two axes of motion and power.The characteristics of gear is: a smooth gear transmission, the transmission ratio accurate, reliable, high efficiency, long life, the use of power, speed and size range. For example, transmission of power from small to almost 100,000 kilowatts; speeds of up to 300m / s; gear diameter from a few millimeters to more than 20 meters. However, the need for specialized gear manufacturing equipment, the meshing noise transmission. Gear failure for the five forms, should be the appropriate design criteria established. However, tooth wear, plastic deformation and so on, as they have not been widely established and well-established engineering practice to use the calculation method and design data, so the gear drive design, it is usually only on the guarantee that the tooth root bending fatigue strength and tooth surface to ensure contact fatigue strength calculation of the two criteria. For high-power high-speed gear transmission (such as aero-engine main drive, drive turbine-generator unit, etc.), but also ensure the tooth surface by the anti-bonding capacity calculation guidelines. As for the ability to resist other failure, although generally not at present be calculated, but the measures to be taken to strengthen the tooth's ability to resist these failures. 1 closed gear transmission Informed by practice, in the closed gear transmission, usually to ensure that the main tooth contact fatigue strength. Tooth surface hardness for high strength and low core-tooth gear (such as 20,20 Cr steel by quenching after carburizing gears) or a more brittle material of the gear, usually at the tooth root bending fatigue strength to ensure that the main. If the two gears are hardened and the tooth surface hardness as high as, then as the case may be. Larger transmission power, such as the input power of 75kW closed more than gear, heat, easy to lead to bad lubrication and gear damage, such as glue, in order to control the temperature rise, but also for calculation of cooling capacity. 2 open-gear transmission Open (semi-open) gear drive, according to tooth surface is supposed to be based to ensure that anti-wear and anti-fracture ability Dedendum two criteria are calculated, but as mentioned earlier, on the tooth surface abrasion resistance of the method of calculating capacity is not perfect yet, so off-type (semi-open) gear drive, the current only to ensure that the tooth root bending fatigue strength as a design criteria. In order to extend the open (semi-open) the life of gear, the specific needs of visualization to be obtained by increasing the appropriate modulus. Reducer is the prime mover with an independent closed between the work gear to reduce speed and to increase torque. In addition, in some occasions, there are devices used for growth, and known as the accelerator. When the motor output shaft speed input from the initiative, the drive pinion rotation, and the drive pinion gear movement, and a large number of teeth than the gear pinion, and the speed ratio gear pinion slow, then the shaft gear ( output shaft) output, which has played the role of output slowdown. Reducer of the type, variety, many types have been formulated for the trip (the country) the subject of more than 40 kinds of reducer. Reducer is based on the type of gear used, tooth profile curve divided; reducer species is based on the use of the different needs of the reducer structure; the type of reducer in the basic structure of the tooth surface, based on hardness, transmission level, the shaft type, assembly type, installation type, connection type and other factors designed reducer different characteristics. Reducer connected with the work load of the state of more complex machines, a great impact on the speed reducer is a reducer selection and calculation of an important factor in the load reducer that is the work of the state machine (from the motives) of the load, and is usually divided into three categories: 1 uniform load;2 Medium impact load; 3 strong impact load. Mechanical aspects of the slowdown in the devices typically are:1 for the speed is relatively small, less torque on the gear drive system - ranging from a pair of gear teeth (speed) or a range of gear teeth ( variable speed). Large number of teeth for which the driving wheel, a large number of teeth used for the driven wheel. 2 for speed is relatively small, a larger torque on the gear drive system - a screw and a gear. Screw driving force with which to make decisions. If the gear teeth for N, while rotating around each gear, screw on the ring must be rotating N. 3 for the speed ratio, and torque transmission on a large turbine vice - a rod and a vortex turbine. Used to decide under which vortex dynamics. If the turbine for the number of teeth N, while rotating around each turbine, vortex must be rotating N pole lap. Air power plant is typically used for turbine Vice reducer. Its role is to: 1 deceleration at the same time increase the output torque, torque output by motor output by the ratio of reduction ratio, but bearing in mind that do not exceed the rated torque reducer. 2 The speed at the same time reducing the load inertia, the reduction of inertia than the square of speed. We can look at General Electric has a value of inertia. There is a general helical gear reducer reducer (including parallel shaft helical gear reducer, worm gear reducer, bevel gear reducer, etc.), planetary gear reducer, cycloid reducer, worm gear reducer, planetary-type friction mechanical CVT machine and so on.And we have a common type of speed reducer: 1 worm gear reducer is a main feature of the reverse self-locking function, can have a larger reduction ratio, input shaft and output shaft axis is not the same, nor in the same plane . But in general larger, the transmission efficiency is not high, the accuracy is not high.2 harmonic of the harmonic drive speed reducer is to use flexible components of the elastic deformation controlled to convey movement and momentum, and volume not very high accuracy, but the drawback is the limited life Flexspline, the impact of intolerance, rigidity and metal pieces compared to poor. 3 planetary reducer compare the advantage of compact structure, the return gap small, high precision, long life, rated output torque can do a lot. Enter the speed can not be too high. However, the price a little expensive. Mechanical transmission is the use of mechanical power transmission and motion transmission. Mechanical transmission in mechanical engineering in a wide range of applications, there are a variety of forms, can be divided into two categories1 by mechanical friction between the transmission of power and movement of the friction drive, including belt drive, rope drive and friction wheel drive and so on. Easy to achieve continuously variable friction transmission, and most of them can adapt to the larger axis of the transmission distance of occasions, been able to play a buffer containing the spin and the role of the protection gear, but generally can not be used for high-power transmission of the occasion, there is no guarantee that an accurate the transmission ratio. 2 items by active engagement with the follower, or through transmission of power or middleware meshing engagement campaign drive, including the gear drive, chain drive, screw drive and harmonic drive and so on. Meshing can be used for high-power transmission of the occasions, the exact transmission ratio, but the general requirements for the manufacture of high precision and accuracy of the installation. The form of mechanical transmission is divided into: friction drive, chain drive, gear drive, belt drive, under vortex turbine drive, ratchet drive, the crankshaft connecting rod drive, pneumatic drive, hydraulic transmission (hydraulic plane), universal joint transmission,steel transmission (the most widely elevator) drive coupling, spline drive.附件 2:外文資料翻譯譯文齒輪的特點(diǎn)和作用摘要 齒輪實(shí)現(xiàn)在機(jī)械設(shè)備中不可缺少的組成,它很多優(yōu)越的性能。齒輪的傳動(dòng)合理恰當(dāng)?shù)倪\(yùn)用齒輪可以提高設(shè)備的性能同時(shí)也能延長齒輪的壽命。關(guān)鍵詞 齒輪 特點(diǎn) 故障 應(yīng)用齒輪是應(yīng)用的最廣泛的一種傳播朝著現(xiàn)代機(jī)器.它的的形式主要益處:1 擴(kuò)散轉(zhuǎn)移到定居,比在目前穩(wěn)定的工作,傳動(dòng)準(zhǔn)確可信性,可以提供空間任意體育和秸稈的兩個(gè)動(dòng)機(jī),動(dòng)力和速度范圍2 適用是廣泛;3 利差動(dòng)議一項(xiàng)效率高,η= 0.92-0.98;4 工作可靠,使用壽命長;5 外形尺寸外小,結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊齒輪組成的,由齒輪,軸,軸承和箱體,減速機(jī)器,為原動(dòng)機(jī)和工作機(jī)使用或業(yè)績組織,已經(jīng)匹配很快轉(zhuǎn)向提供一個(gè)轉(zhuǎn)折點(diǎn)功能,應(yīng)用極為廣泛的現(xiàn)代機(jī)器。很大的危機(jī)蔓延到移動(dòng)齒輪減速機(jī)6 當(dāng)?shù)氐臈U傳動(dòng)的領(lǐng)主,但存在著廣泛的權(quán)力和重量比小,或傳動(dòng)比大 , 但是機(jī)械的效率低問題.領(lǐng)導(dǎo)也有很多不足之處對(duì)材料質(zhì)量和工藝水平 , 而且,特別是大型減速機(jī)的問題更加突出,使用壽命不長 , 樸拙貼身的減速機(jī)在國外,與德國,丹麥和日本放在領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的位置,占據(jù)優(yōu)勢(shì) , 在材料和制造工藝特殊,減速機(jī)等工作的信譽(yù),服務(wù)壽命本.但是蔓延至移動(dòng)形式 , 還需要解決秸稈齒輪的傳動(dòng)為領(lǐng)主,體積和重量問題,也解決不喜歡減速的方向 , 是一臺(tái)機(jī)器所面臨的大國和傳動(dòng)比,小體積,高機(jī)械效率和使用壽命大大增長 , 現(xiàn)在發(fā)展.減速的機(jī)械和電氣汽車車身結(jié)構(gòu)也是連接形式擴(kuò)大強(qiáng)烈,并已編制了不同的結(jié)構(gòu)形式和權(quán)力模式號(hào)碼.有接近 10多個(gè) , 在過去一些年,控制由于現(xiàn)代計(jì)算機(jī)技術(shù)和數(shù)字技術(shù)的發(fā)展,使機(jī)械加工精度的各種產(chǎn)品,過程效率提高不以為然,推到機(jī)器上傳播動(dòng)產(chǎn)第多樣化,因此,整個(gè)機(jī)器包件模具曲折,規(guī)范,設(shè)計(jì)和塑造的藝術(shù)之交,使產(chǎn)品更加精細(xì),變成美麗。 成為 21世紀(jì)中期一套機(jī)器材料,齒輪機(jī)床仍然是一個(gè)動(dòng)態(tài)的傳播基本組成.CNC機(jī)床和工藝技術(shù)的發(fā)展,推動(dòng)一機(jī)傳動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu) , 飛速發(fā)展快速.在蔓延移動(dòng)電子控制,在系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)液體新聞界傳動(dòng),齒輪,采取連鎖混合物蔓延到移動(dòng),不久將成為成為一個(gè)框 , 以優(yōu)秀的設(shè)計(jì)又蔓延到移動(dòng)的方向相結(jié)合。的學(xué)者提出 , 在傳播交叉的設(shè)計(jì),將成為新的傳播動(dòng)產(chǎn)文中提到的發(fā)展的重要趨勢(shì)。就是兩個(gè)齒輪嚙合齒輪使用各種機(jī)械動(dòng)力和運(yùn)動(dòng)傳遞等傳輸。根據(jù)相對(duì)位置的齒輪軸平行的圓柱子軸齒輪傳動(dòng),傘齒輪軸交叉和跨斜軸傳動(dòng)齒輪。結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊,效率高,壽命長等。齒輪是指主要,直接驅(qū)動(dòng)齒輪,運(yùn)動(dòng)和動(dòng)力傳輸設(shè)備。 在所有的機(jī)械傳動(dòng),使用最廣泛的設(shè)備可用于運(yùn)動(dòng)之間轉(zhuǎn)移和權(quán)力的任何兩個(gè)軸。 齒輪的特點(diǎn)是:齒輪傳動(dòng)平穩(wěn),傳動(dòng)比準(zhǔn)確,可靠,效率高,壽命長,權(quán)力運(yùn)行,速度和尺寸范圍。例如,傳輸功率小 , 幾乎一十點(diǎn)零零萬千瓦,最高速度 300米/秒,從幾毫米齒輪直徑超過 20米。但是,專門齒輪生產(chǎn)設(shè)備的需要,嚙合噪聲傳播。 齒輪故障的 5種形式,應(yīng)建立適當(dāng)?shù)脑O(shè)計(jì)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。不過,牙齒磨損,塑性變形等,因?yàn)樗麄儧]有得到普遍建立和完善的工程實(shí)踐中使用的計(jì)算方法和設(shè)計(jì)數(shù)據(jù),因此,齒輪傳動(dòng)的設(shè)計(jì),它通常只有在保證齒根彎曲疲勞強(qiáng)度和齒面接觸疲勞 , 以確保這兩個(gè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn) , 強(qiáng)度計(jì)算。高功率高速(如航空發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)的主要驅(qū)動(dòng)器,驅(qū)動(dòng)汽輪發(fā)電機(jī)組等),而且還確保了反鍵能力的計(jì)算方針 , 齒面齒輪傳動(dòng)。至于抵抗能力其他故障,但一般不會(huì)在目前的計(jì)算方法,但將采取什么措施 , 以加強(qiáng)牙齒的能力 , 抵御這些故障。 1 封閉齒輪傳動(dòng) 知情實(shí)踐,在封閉齒輪傳動(dòng),通常以確保主要齒面接觸疲勞強(qiáng)度。齒高強(qiáng)度和低核心齒輪(如 20,20鉻鋼表面硬度齒輪滲碳淬火后)或更多的齒輪脆性材料,通常是在牙齒彎曲疲勞強(qiáng)度 , 以確保主要根源。如果兩個(gè)齒輪硬化和高達(dá)齒面硬度,然后視情況而定。較大的發(fā)射功率 , 如輸入功率 75千瓦,比齒輪封閉,熱,容易導(dǎo)致諸如潤滑不良膠和齒輪損壞,更長時(shí)間,以便控制溫度上升,而且對(duì)制冷量的計(jì)算。 2 開放式齒輪傳動(dòng) 開放式(半開)齒輪傳動(dòng),根據(jù)牙齒表面應(yīng)該是基礎(chǔ) , 確??鼓p和抗斷裂能力齒根兩個(gè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)計(jì)算,但如前所述,在牙齒表面的耐磨性的方法計(jì)算能力還不完美,因此關(guān)閉型(半開)齒輪傳動(dòng),目前只以確保齒根彎曲的設(shè)計(jì)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)作為疲勞強(qiáng)度。為了擴(kuò)大開放(半開放式)的齒輪生活,可視具體需要通過增加適當(dāng)?shù)哪A揩@得。 減速的原動(dòng)力是一個(gè)獨(dú)立的工作之間的封閉齒輪減速 , 增加扭矩。此外,在某些情況下,有增長使用的設(shè)備,并作為加速器眾所周知的。 當(dāng)電機(jī)輸出軸的速度從主動(dòng)投入,驅(qū)動(dòng)齒輪旋轉(zhuǎn),齒輪驅(qū)動(dòng)齒輪運(yùn)動(dòng),以及齒輪齒齒輪比大量的速比齒輪齒條緩慢,那么軸齒輪(輸出軸)輸出,這起到了產(chǎn)量下降的作用。 類型,品種減速,許多種類已制定了旅游(國家)的超過 40種的減速問題。減速機(jī)是根據(jù)使用的類型的齒輪,齒廓曲線的分割,減速機(jī)種是在對(duì)減速器結(jié)構(gòu)的不同需要使用為根基,在牙齒表面硬度的基本結(jié)構(gòu)為基礎(chǔ),水平型傳動(dòng)減速器,軸型,裝配式,安裝類型,連接類型和不同特點(diǎn)設(shè)計(jì)的減速器的其他因素。減速器與更復(fù)雜的機(jī)器,就減速造成重大影響有關(guān)國家的工作負(fù)荷是一個(gè)減速選擇和負(fù)載減速這是國家機(jī)器的工作(從動(dòng)機(jī))的一個(gè)重要因素計(jì)算負(fù)載,通常分為三類:1 布載荷;2 中等沖擊載荷;3 強(qiáng)烈的沖擊負(fù)荷。 機(jī)械方面的設(shè)備通常是:放緩的速度,是比較小,減少對(duì)齒輪傳動(dòng)系統(tǒng)扭-從齒輪(速度)或齒輪(變速)范圍內(nèi)對(duì)不等。大量健康的牙齒是驅(qū)動(dòng)輪,一為驅(qū)動(dòng)輪大量使用的牙齒。速度相對(duì)較小,對(duì)大齒輪傳動(dòng)系統(tǒng)扭矩-的螺絲釘和齒輪。螺桿動(dòng)力對(duì)此做出決定。如果 N的齒輪,而彼此圍繞旋轉(zhuǎn)的齒輪,環(huán)上的螺絲必須旋轉(zhuǎn)。速度比,傳遞扭矩在一個(gè)大渦輪副-一棒和一個(gè)渦輪渦。用來決定下渦動(dòng)力學(xué)。如果對(duì)牙齒的數(shù)渦輪機(jī),而每個(gè)渦輪左右旋轉(zhuǎn),旋轉(zhuǎn)渦必須 N極圈??諝怆姀S通常用于渦輪副減速。 它的作用是: 1 在減速的同時(shí)提高輸出扭矩,扭矩的電機(jī)由減速比比輸出輸出,但要注意不超過額定扭矩減速的影響。 2 速度 , 同時(shí)減少負(fù)載慣性時(shí)間,比速度平方慣性減少。我們可以看看通用電氣有一個(gè)慣性的價(jià)值。人們普遍斜齒輪減速機(jī)減速機(jī)(包括平行軸斜齒輪減速機(jī),蝸輪蝸桿減速器,錐齒輪減速機(jī)等),行星齒輪減速機(jī),擺線針輪減速機(jī),蝸輪減速器,行星齒輪式機(jī)械無級(jí)變速機(jī)摩擦等。 我們有一個(gè)共同的速度型減速器: 1 蝸輪蝸桿減速機(jī)是一種相反的自我的主要特色,鎖定功能,可以有較大的減速比,輸入軸和輸出軸軸是不一樣的,也不在同一平面上。但在一般較大,傳動(dòng)效率不高,精度不高。 2 諧波傳動(dòng)減速器諧波是利用靈活的組件控制轉(zhuǎn)達(dá)運(yùn)動(dòng)和彈性變形的勢(shì)頭,交易量不大,精度高,但缺點(diǎn)是柔輪的有限的生命,不容忍,剛度和金屬件的影響比較差。輸入速度不能太高。3 行星減速比較緊湊的結(jié)構(gòu),回報(bào)差距小,精度高,壽命長,優(yōu)勢(shì)額定輸出扭矩可以做很多事情。然而,價(jià)格有點(diǎn)貴。 機(jī)械傳動(dòng)是機(jī)械動(dòng)力傳動(dòng)和運(yùn)動(dòng)傳輸。在機(jī)械工程機(jī)械傳動(dòng)中的應(yīng)用非常廣泛,有各種形式,可以分為兩類:(1) 機(jī)械摩擦之間的權(quán)力和摩擦傳動(dòng)運(yùn)動(dòng)的傳播,包括皮帶驅(qū)動(dòng),繩驅(qū)動(dòng)器和摩擦輪傳動(dòng)等。容易實(shí)現(xiàn)無級(jí)變速摩擦傳動(dòng),其中大部分可以適應(yīng)不同場(chǎng)合的傳輸距離較大的軸,可以播放緩沖區(qū)包含旋轉(zhuǎn)和防護(hù)裝備的作用,但一般不能用于高的電力傳輸?shù)膱?chǎng)合,也不能保證精確的傳動(dòng)比。 通過與追隨者,或通過權(quán)力或中間件嚙合接觸運(yùn)動(dòng)驅(qū)動(dòng)器傳輸,包括齒輪傳動(dòng),鏈傳動(dòng),螺桿驅(qū)動(dòng)和諧波傳動(dòng)等積極參與(2) 項(xiàng)目。嚙合可用于高場(chǎng)合輸電,確切的傳動(dòng)比,但高的精度和安裝精度制造的一般要求。 在機(jī)械傳動(dòng)形式分為:摩擦傳動(dòng),鏈傳動(dòng),齒輪傳動(dòng),帶傳動(dòng)渦輪機(jī)驅(qū)動(dòng)下的旋渦,棘輪驅(qū)動(dòng)器,曲軸連桿驅(qū)動(dòng)器,氣動(dòng)傳動(dòng),液壓傳動(dòng)(液壓機(jī)),萬向節(jié)傳動(dòng),鋼傳輸(最廣泛的電梯)驅(qū)動(dòng)器的耦合,花鍵驅(qū)動(dòng)器