Module 6《War and Peace》Grammar學(xué)案1（外研版選修6）

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111 定語(yǔ)從句重、難點(diǎn)易錯(cuò)檔案 一、語(yǔ)意重復(fù)。定語(yǔ)從句的引導(dǎo)詞在從句中都要充當(dāng)一定的成分，所以從句里相應(yīng)的句子成分不能再保留，否則就犯了語(yǔ)意重復(fù)的錯(cuò)誤。如： The main topic people are often talking about at present is personal cars. The main topic是先行詞，關(guān)系代詞that或which在從句中作賓語(yǔ)，被省略了，所以做賓語(yǔ)的替代詞it不能再出現(xiàn)了。 二、分裂現(xiàn)象。如無(wú)特殊原因，定語(yǔ)從句應(yīng)緊跟在先行詞之后。如： Everything that has weight and occupies space is called matter. 初學(xué)者很容易將此意表達(dá)成：Everything is called matter that has weight and occupies space. 這就是人為地造成的分裂現(xiàn)象。但是有時(shí)定語(yǔ)從句和先行詞之間需要插入定語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)或謂語(yǔ)時(shí)則另當(dāng)別論。如： There is an expression in his eyes that I cannot understand.先行詞與定語(yǔ)從句之間被in his eyes隔開(kāi)了。 三、主、謂不一致。當(dāng)關(guān)系代詞在從句中作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞應(yīng)該和先行詞的數(shù)與格保持一致，否則就是犯了主、謂不一致的錯(cuò)誤。如： God bless this ship and all that sail in her. (Bible) 本例先行詞all指的是“所有的人”，所以定語(yǔ)從句的謂語(yǔ)不能用sails。 四、關(guān)系代詞that、who直接置于介詞后。關(guān)系代詞前有介詞時(shí)，關(guān)系代詞必須用which（指物）或 whom (指人)，而且不能省略。如果把介詞放到句子的后部去，這時(shí)關(guān)系代詞可用that或who,也可以把它們省略。如： The cost at which we produce the cars has been greatly reduced. 由于關(guān)系代詞直接置于介詞at之后，所以只能用which，而且不能省略。 五、關(guān)系代詞作定語(yǔ)時(shí)的誤用。不管先行詞是指人還是物，關(guān)系代詞在從句中作定語(yǔ)時(shí)，都必須用whose；但指物時(shí)，還可以用“the + 名詞 + of which”或“which of its + 名詞”的形式表示。如： This is a new digital control machine tool whose functions are very advanced. 本例中的whose functions還可以用which of its functions或者the functions of which替換。 六、關(guān)系代詞that的誤用。先行詞是以下某種情形時(shí)，必須用that引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句：（1）被形容詞最高級(jí)或序數(shù)詞修飾；（2）被every, only, any, just, right, no等詞修飾；（3）是all, few, little, much, none, some以及anything, everything, nothing （something不受此限制）等不定代詞；（4）同時(shí)為人和物；（5）為疑問(wèn)代詞時(shí)。如: Everything that appears on the Internet is very appealing. 初學(xué)者由于記得不牢，此時(shí)常常誤用which引導(dǎo)。 七、非限制性定語(yǔ)從句誤用that作引導(dǎo)詞。引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，不能用that，必須用which。此外可以引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句的還有who，whom，where，when，as等關(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞,而且不能省略。如： The Italian team defeated the German team, which some people had expected. 此時(shí)還可以將which換成as，意思是“正如有的人已經(jīng)預(yù)料到的一樣”。 八、as和which的誤用。非限制性從句前置于句首時(shí)，不能用which，而要用as來(lái)引導(dǎo)。如： As is well known to us all, life can’t exist without air or water. 但是如果從句后置，則兩者皆可以，只是意思略有區(qū)別（as譯作“正如”，which譯作“這一點(diǎn)”等）。如果定語(yǔ)從句是否定形式或從句謂語(yǔ)帶有復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，則只能用which引導(dǎo)。如： The Brazilian team was defeated by the French team, which we hadn’t expected. 九、the same ... that和the same ... as的誤用。注意兩者的區(qū)別：the same ... that指“同一人（物）”；而the same ... as指“同一類人（物）”。如： The people in many other Asian countries have the same custom as we Chinese have. 根據(jù)例句的含義，可知這里只能用關(guān)系代詞as，不能用that，因?yàn)楸磉_(dá)的意思是“相似”。 十、關(guān)系副詞與關(guān)系代詞的誤用。如果引導(dǎo)詞在從句中作狀語(yǔ)應(yīng)用關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)；如果引導(dǎo)詞在從句中作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)時(shí)應(yīng)用關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)。如： Hawaii is a beautiful place (which / that) all the people look forward to visiting. 定語(yǔ)從句中的visiting是一個(gè)及物動(dòng)詞，必須帶賓語(yǔ)，所以不能用where作引導(dǎo)詞，而應(yīng)用which或that引導(dǎo)，且可以省略。如果將visiting改成going，則應(yīng)該用where引導(dǎo)。 走出時(shí)間、條件、讓步狀語(yǔ)從句八大誤區(qū) 誤區(qū)之一：混淆while與when 【誤】 She was on the point of leaving while someone knocked at the door. 【正】 She was on the point of leaving when someone knocked at the door. 【析】 while意為“當(dāng)……時(shí)候”，從句需用持續(xù)性動(dòng)詞或狀態(tài)性動(dòng)詞；而when引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句中的動(dòng)詞既可以是持續(xù)性動(dòng)詞也可是非持續(xù)性動(dòng)詞。 誤區(qū)之二：錯(cuò)用till / until 【誤】 Until / Till yesterday evening, I received her e-mail from Shanghai. 【正】 I didn’t receive her e-mail from Shanghai until yesterday evening. 【析】 當(dāng)until / till從句與肯定的主句連用時(shí)，主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞必須是持續(xù)性動(dòng)詞，而不可是非持續(xù)性動(dòng)詞。 誤區(qū)之三：省略不當(dāng) 【誤】 While was walking down the street I noticed a police car in front of number 88. 【正】 While walking down the street I noticed a police car in front of number 88. 【析】 時(shí)間、條件、讓步等狀語(yǔ)從句中，如果從句主語(yǔ)與主句主語(yǔ)一致或是it，且從句中含有動(dòng)詞be的某種形式，從句主語(yǔ)和be可以同時(shí)省略。 誤區(qū)之四：倒裝語(yǔ)序誤用 【誤】 Not until the early years of the 19th century man did know what heat is. 【正】 Not until the early years of the 19th century did man know what heat is. 【析】 Not until位于句首時(shí)，主句謂語(yǔ)采用倒裝語(yǔ)序。 誤區(qū)之五：從句時(shí)態(tài)錯(cuò)用 【誤】 I won’t know where she is until I will get a letter from her. 【正】 I won’t know where she is until I get a letter from her. 【析】 在時(shí)間或條件等狀語(yǔ)從句中，用現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示將來(lái)時(shí)。 誤區(qū)之六：錯(cuò)用however 【誤】 However he is late, Mother will wait for him to have dinner together. 【正】 However late he is, Mother will wait for him to have dinner together. 【析】 however需和它修飾的詞一起放在從句前引導(dǎo)狀語(yǔ)從句。 誤區(qū)之七：混用though與although 【誤】 Much although he likes her, he does get annoyed with her sometimes. 【正】 Much though he likes her, he does get annoyed with her sometimes. 【析】 though與 although通?？梢曰ビ茫挥衪hough可用于倒裝句中。且though可和even 連用，表示強(qiáng)調(diào)。此外，though可放在句末，意為“然而”，although則不能這樣用。 誤區(qū)之八：混淆疑問(wèn)詞 + ever與no matter + 疑問(wèn)詞 【誤】 It is generally considered unwise to give a child no matter what he or she wants. 【正】 It is generally considered unwise to give a child whatever he or she wants. 【析】 “no matter + 疑問(wèn)詞”在句中只能引導(dǎo)狀語(yǔ)從句；“疑問(wèn)詞 + ever”在句中既可引導(dǎo)狀語(yǔ)從句，也可引導(dǎo)名詞性從句。 考點(diǎn)精練 考例回顧 1. The question is: what can we do to help them in their struggle for survival? 【考點(diǎn)】 struggle可以用作動(dòng)詞,常與介詞for, with, against等連用；也可以用作名詞，表示“掙扎；拼搏；努力；斗爭(zhēng)等”。 【考例】 I realized strength and courage aren’t always measured in medals and victories, but in the ________ we overcome. (2004天津卷) A. sadness B. struggles C. diseases D. tiredness 【簡(jiǎn)析】 根據(jù)上下文，這句話的含義應(yīng)該為：我意識(shí)到力量和勇氣并不總是用獎(jiǎng)牌和勝利來(lái)衡量的，而是用我們戰(zhàn)勝 / 克服（對(duì)手、困難或自我）過(guò)程中所付出的拼搏 / 努力來(lái)衡量的。因此選擇B。 2. There are only about three hundred of these North American mammals left, none of which are in the wild. 【考點(diǎn)】這里“表示數(shù)量或部分的名詞或代詞 + of which / whom”引導(dǎo)一個(gè)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句，先行詞指事物用of which，先行詞指人用of whom，說(shuō)明先行詞的一部分情況。表示數(shù)量或部分的名詞或代詞（如基數(shù)詞，分?jǐn)?shù)，百分?jǐn)?shù), all, both, some, any, many, much, most, majority, minority, part, rest, none等）,既可以放在of which / whom的前面，也可以放在of which / whom的后面。 【考例】 The factory produces half a million pairs of shoes every year, 80% ________ are sold abroad. (2004遼寧卷) A. of which B. which of C. of them D. of that 【簡(jiǎn)析】 分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)，前后兩句話用逗號(hào)隔開(kāi)，應(yīng)該為主從句關(guān)系，由此判斷后面是一個(gè)非限定性定語(yǔ)從句，由于關(guān)系代詞前面有介詞，因此只能選A項(xiàng)，80% of which are sold abroad修飾先行詞half a million pairs of shoes, 說(shuō)明其部分情況。 3. The WWF believes that our world has a future only if people learn to conserve nature and not waste energy. As a result, it started working with governments to introduce environmental education into school. 【考點(diǎn)】 句子中As a result表示“因此，結(jié)果”，相當(dāng)于副詞Therefore或Thus的含義和作用；還可以用于介詞短語(yǔ)as a result of...中表示“由于……的結(jié)果”。 【考例】 My cousin must have made an effort to get himself into shape. ________, at the point in our game when I predicted the score to be about 9 to 1 in my favor, it was instead 7 to 9—and Ed was leading. (2003全國(guó)卷 完形填空) A. After all B. As a result C. Above all D. At last 【簡(jiǎn)析】此題考查的是各短語(yǔ)用法比較：after all 說(shuō)明讓步關(guān)系，表示“畢竟，終究”；as a result說(shuō)明因果關(guān)系，表示“因此，因而”；above all說(shuō)明突出某方面的重要性，表示“最重要的是”；at last說(shuō)明時(shí)間，表示“最后，最終”。根據(jù)句意可知選B。 111