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雙梁橋式起重機的設(shè)計
選題依據(jù)及研究意義
起重機是指能在一定范圍內(nèi)垂直起升和水平移動物品的機械,具有動作間歇性和作業(yè)循環(huán)性,多用于人力不能完成的任務(wù)。
橋式起重機是生產(chǎn)車間中應(yīng)用廣泛的一種起重設(shè)備,起升機構(gòu)是橋式起重機的重要組成部分,起重小車用以支撐整機的機械、電器設(shè)備以及被起升的重物,承受和傳遞作用在起重機上的各種較為復雜的載荷。為了全面了解小車架結(jié)構(gòu)在多重載荷組合作用下的應(yīng)力大小及其分布狀況,找出結(jié)構(gòu)承載的薄弱部位,對其進行結(jié)構(gòu)分析是非常必要的。在對小車架結(jié)構(gòu)進行分析時,傳統(tǒng)的力學解析方法復雜,且不精確,很難反映小車架結(jié)構(gòu)實際的承載狀況。相比之下,利用有限元分析方法建立小車架的有限元模型,并按實際的載荷分布進行加載、求解,能得到實際的承載狀況,具有快捷、方便、求解結(jié)果相對準確的優(yōu)點。
起重機作為物料搬運、裝卸或用于安裝的機械設(shè)備,可以減輕或代替人們的體力勞動,提高勞動生產(chǎn)率。它被廣泛應(yīng)用于國民經(jīng)濟的各個領(lǐng)域之中。在冶金行業(yè)、機械制造工業(yè)、電力工業(yè)、煤炭工業(yè)、交通運輸業(yè)、建筑工業(yè)、建材工業(yè)等國民經(jīng)濟支柱行業(yè)中,起重運輸機械都扮演著重要的角色。隨著時代的發(fā)展,制造工廠和裝卸作業(yè)場所開始轉(zhuǎn)向室內(nèi),使橋式起重機占據(jù)了主導地位。橋式起重機主要應(yīng)用于大型加工企業(yè),如鋼鐵、冶金和建材等行業(yè),完成生產(chǎn)過程中的起重和吊裝等工作。其中用于生產(chǎn)車間的橋式起重機,是起重機的一個主要類型,由于起重機行駛在高空,作業(yè)范圍能掃過整個廠房的建筑面積,具有非常重要的不可替代的作用,因而深受用戶歡迎,得到了極大發(fā)展。
橋式起重機:橋式起重機是橫架于車間、倉庫和料場上空進行物料吊運的起重設(shè)備。橋式起重機的橋架沿鋪設(shè)在兩側(cè)高架上的軌道縱向運行,可以充分利用橋架下面的空間吊運物料,不受地面設(shè)備的阻礙。它是使用范圍最廣、數(shù)量最多的一種起重機械。
普通橋式起重機一般由起重小車、橋架運行機構(gòu)、橋架金屬結(jié)構(gòu)組成。
起重小車又由起升機構(gòu)、小車運行機構(gòu)和小車架三部分組成。起升機構(gòu)包括電動機、制動器、減速器、卷筒和滑輪組。電動機通過減速器,帶動卷筒轉(zhuǎn)動,使鋼絲繩繞上卷筒或從卷筒放下,以升降重物。小車架是支托和安裝起升機構(gòu)和小車運行機構(gòu)等部件的機架,通常為焊接結(jié)構(gòu)。
中、小型橋式起重機的運行機構(gòu)較多采用制動器、減速器和電動機組合成一體的“三合一”驅(qū)動方式。起重機的行走一般用四個主動和從動車輪,如果起重量很大,常用增加車輪的辦法來降低輪壓。
橋架的金屬結(jié)構(gòu)由主梁和端梁組成。主梁與端梁剛性連接,端梁兩端裝有車輪,用以支承橋架在高架上運行。主梁上焊有軌道,供起重小車運行。
選題的研究現(xiàn)狀
1. 起重機歷史。
中國古代灌溉農(nóng)田用的桔是臂架型起重機的雛形。14世紀,西歐出現(xiàn)了人力和畜力驅(qū)動的轉(zhuǎn)動臂架型起重機。19世紀前期,出現(xiàn)了橋式起重機;起重機的重要磨損件如軸、齒輪和吊具等開始采用金屬材料制造,并開始采用水力驅(qū)動。19世紀后期,蒸汽驅(qū)動的起重機逐漸取代了水力驅(qū)動的起重機。20世紀20年代開始,由于電氣工業(yè)和內(nèi)燃機工業(yè)迅速發(fā)展,以電動機或內(nèi)燃機為動力裝置的各種起重機基本形成。
我國起重機最早是通過學習和仿造前蘇聯(lián)的技術(shù)制造出來的,因此,我國起重機到現(xiàn)在還殘留著前蘇聯(lián)起重機原型的影子。受到我國國內(nèi)條件以及傳統(tǒng)冶金工藝的制約,國內(nèi)起重機制造業(yè)在改革開放前幾乎沒有發(fā)展,還是50年代前蘇聯(lián)的水平。改革開放后,國內(nèi)起重機生產(chǎn)廠家開始對起重機進行各種摸索和改進,來適應(yīng)日益強大的生產(chǎn)需求,其中既有成功的例子,也有失敗的教訓。
20世紀90年代以來,以我國起重機龍頭企業(yè)太原重型機械廠和大連起重機廠為首,一些廠家開始與國外同行接觸,進行技術(shù)合作,把經(jīng)過實踐檢驗成熟可靠的技術(shù)應(yīng)用于新的產(chǎn)品中,為我國鑄造起重機行業(yè)揭開了新的篇章。為了在國際起重機行業(yè)占有一席之地,我們還必須在引進吸收先進技術(shù)的同時,舉一反三,積極探索鑄造起重機的發(fā)展方向,以形成自己的特色和優(yōu)勢。
2.起重機現(xiàn)狀
目前各行業(yè)中使用的橋式起重機數(shù)不勝數(shù),普遍采用小型PLC控制和調(diào)壓調(diào)速,基本上沒有智能化產(chǎn)品。中小型橋式起重機大多應(yīng)用16/3.2T,50/10T以及32/16T等類型,在冶金工業(yè)的大型起重機,各大鋼鐵公司基本上采用200t~480t起重機,而中小企業(yè)絕大多數(shù)采用趨于淘汰邊緣的75t~160t起重機,這些起重機的更新?lián)Q代和現(xiàn)代化改造項目,形成了巨大的市場需求,也是科研人員進一步研發(fā)的動力和機會。
擬研究的主要內(nèi)容和思路
大車運行機構(gòu)的設(shè)計和橋架的設(shè)計同時進行。
設(shè)計的思路如下:
1、確定橋架結(jié)構(gòu)的型式和大車運行機構(gòu)的傳動方式;
2、置橋架的機構(gòu)尺寸;
3、安排大車運行機構(gòu)的的具體位置和尺寸;
4、綜合考慮兩者的關(guān)系和完成各部分的設(shè)計;
同時,對大車運行的機構(gòu)設(shè)計的基本要求如下:
1、機構(gòu)要緊湊,結(jié)構(gòu)要輕;
2、和橋架配合要合適。這樣,橋架容易設(shè)計,機構(gòu)好布置,并且使走臺不致過大;
3、盡量減輕主梁的扭轉(zhuǎn)載荷,不影響橋架的剛度;
4、維護檢修方便,結(jié)構(gòu)布置合理,使司機從駕駛室上、下走臺方便,便于裝拆零件及操作;
主要參考文獻
[1] 北工學院?機械零件設(shè)計手冊?編寫組,機械零件設(shè)計手冊(第二版),冶金工業(yè)出版社,1987
[2] 中華人民共和國國家標準GB3811-83 起重機設(shè)計規(guī)范.北京:中國標準出版陳道南,盛漢中.起重機課程設(shè)計[M].北京:冶金工業(yè)出版社,1993
[3] 陳道南. 起重運輸機械[M].北京:冶金工業(yè)出版社,1997
[4] 張質(zhì)文,王金諾,虞和謙等.起重機設(shè)計手冊[M].北京:中國鐵道出版社,1998
[5] 王昆等.機械設(shè)計、機械設(shè)計基礎(chǔ)課程設(shè)計[M].北京:高等教育出版社,1996
[6] 宋寅. 起重機運行機構(gòu)減速器選擇中的幾個問題. 鐵道貨運[J] ,2003,(2):26-30
[7] 國家機械工業(yè)委員會西安重型機械研究所.重型機械標準[S].北京:國家機械工
[8] 業(yè)委員會重型機械局,1987
[9] 成大先.機械設(shè)計手冊第2卷[M].北京:機械工業(yè)出版社,2004
其他說明
指導教師意見
指導教師簽名:
年 月 日
指導教師小組意見
指導教師小組負責人:
年 月 日
院(系)備案意見
院(系)公章
年 月 日
畢業(yè)論文(設(shè)計)指導過程記錄表
論文(設(shè)計)題目
20/5雙梁橋式起重機
學生姓名
專業(yè)
機械設(shè)計制造及其自動化
學生學號
班級
指導教師姓名
職稱
第1次指導:
根據(jù)學生的愛好、特長和我校本科畢業(yè)設(shè)計的一些具體的要求,布置設(shè)計課題,指導學生搜集和查閱文獻資料的方法,主要是學校圖書館電子資源的使用方法,并布置撰寫開題報告的任務(wù)。
指導時間 2012 年 3 月 30 日
第2次指導:
檢查開題報告,指出里面的問題,指導如何寫開題報告中“選題依據(jù)及研究意義”、“研究現(xiàn)狀”及 “研究思路”幾個部分。說明排版的具體要求,指出存在的問題,檢查學生對課題相關(guān)文獻的掌握情況及其擬定設(shè)計思路的合理性。該同學的設(shè)計題目確定為31.5/50T雙梁橋式起重機運行機構(gòu)設(shè)計。
指導時間 2012 年 4 月 6 日
第3次指導:
第二次檢查開題報告,指出里面內(nèi)容上和格式上仍然存在的問題,并指導開題報告格式排版中的問題,參考文獻的書寫格式和具體要求。并檢查資料搜集的情況和設(shè)計進展。
指導時間 2012 年 4 月 13 日
第4次指導:
驗收打印出來的開題報告和任務(wù)書,該同學能夠按照學院要求的格式撰寫,內(nèi)容上也很規(guī)范,并最終定稿。
指導時間 2012 年 4 月 16 日
第5次指導:
聽取學生匯報近一周的研究進度,為學生提出的問題提供解決方法。
指導時間 2012 年 4 月 20 日
第6次指導:
檢查學生交上來的進度報告,為學生提出的問題提供解決方法。
指導時間 2012 年 4 月 25 日
續(xù)表
第7次指導:
解答學生所提出的設(shè)計中遇見的問題。布置撰寫畢業(yè)論文的任務(wù),傳達了學校的一些具體的要求,指導撰寫畢業(yè)論文的思路和方法,比較詳細的講述了一下論文的寫作規(guī)范和寫作流程。
指導時間 2012 年 5 月 4 日
第8次指導:
檢查學生設(shè)計進度,該同學已經(jīng)完成了論文的基本的章節(jié),論文的結(jié)構(gòu)已經(jīng)初步成型。審核學生繪制的電子版的零件圖,指出其中問題及修改方法。
指導時間 2012 年 5 月 11 日
第9次指導:
檢查學生已初步撰寫的論文章節(jié),指出其中問題及修改方法,并指導如何撰寫論文其余章節(jié)。該同學能夠積極的提出問題,對文檔中存在的問題進行了修改。
指導時間 2012 年 5 月 18 日
第10次指導:
對論文初稿進行修改,對學生存在的問題進行了集中的解決。該同學的設(shè)計在內(nèi)容和形式上都和以前相比有了較大的改善。
指導時間 2012 年 5 月 20 日
第11次指導:
對論文在格式和內(nèi)容上進行第二次修改,指導學生準備答辯材料,講述答辯注意事項及答辯流程。
指導時間 2012 年 5 月 23 日
第12次指導:
審核打印出來的零件圖、裝配圖和設(shè)計論文,該學生的畢業(yè)設(shè)計已經(jīng)基本滿足學院的要求和本科畢業(yè)設(shè)計的要求,可以進行答辯準備。
指導時間 2012 年 5 月 25 日
說明:
1.此表為指導教師指導學生結(jié)業(yè)論文(設(shè)計)的過程記錄表,由指導教師填寫。
2.要求指導教師每周至少指導學生2次。每周集中填寫指導記錄表1次。
3. 論文(設(shè)計)完成后,此表由指導教師交院(系)教學秘書處保存。
未來中國起重機的發(fā)展方向
隨著中國經(jīng)濟的不斷發(fā)展,現(xiàn)代科學技術(shù)不斷更新,工業(yè)生產(chǎn)規(guī)模的擴大和自動化程度的提高,起重機在現(xiàn)代化生產(chǎn)過程中應(yīng)用越來越廣,作用愈來愈大,對起重機的要求也越來越高。尤其是電子計算機技術(shù)的廣泛應(yīng)用,促使了許多跨學科的先進設(shè)計方法出現(xiàn),推動了現(xiàn)代制造技術(shù)和檢測技術(shù)的提高。激烈的國際市場競爭也越來越依賴于技術(shù)的競爭。這些都促使起重機的技術(shù)性能進入嶄新的發(fā)展階段,起重機正經(jīng)歷著一場巨大的變革。
我國正以前所未有的速度進入全球化國際競爭市場,中國的起重機制造業(yè)面臨著機遇與挑戰(zhàn)并存的新形勢。因此中國起重機要不斷發(fā)展和創(chuàng)新?,F(xiàn)根據(jù)國內(nèi)外起重機的新理論、新技術(shù)和新動向,結(jié)合實例,簡要論述現(xiàn)代起重機的特征和未來中國起重機的發(fā)展方向。
1.重點產(chǎn)品大型化、高速化
由于工業(yè)生產(chǎn)規(guī)模不斷擴大,生產(chǎn)效率日益提高,以及產(chǎn)品生產(chǎn)過程中物料裝卸搬運費用所占比例逐漸增加,促使大型或高速起重機的需求量不斷增長。起重量越來越大,工作越來越頻繁,并對能耗和可靠性提出更高的要求。起重機已成為自動化生產(chǎn)流程中的重要環(huán)節(jié)。起重機不但要好用,容易維護,操作方便,而且安全性要好,故障要少,平均無故障工作時間要長??煽啃允菄H市場產(chǎn)品競爭的焦點,國外許多大公司都制定了可靠性內(nèi)控標準。我國起重機的性能要趕超世界先進水平,最關(guān)鍵的是要改變傳統(tǒng)的思維理念,提高可靠性,使起重機具有優(yōu)異的耐久性、無故障性、維修性和使用經(jīng)濟性。
2、系列產(chǎn)品模塊化、標準化、組合化和實用化
許多起重機是成系列成批量的產(chǎn)品,采用系統(tǒng)多目標整體優(yōu)化方法進行起重機系列設(shè)計已成為發(fā)展重點,通過全面考慮性能、成本、工藝、生產(chǎn)管理、制造批量和使用維護等多種因素對系列主參數(shù)進行合理匹配,以達到改善整機性能.降低制造成本,提高通用化程度,用較少規(guī)格數(shù)的零部件組成多品種、多規(guī)格的系列產(chǎn)品,充分滿足用戶需求。
用模塊化設(shè)計代替?zhèn)鹘y(tǒng)的整機設(shè)計方法,將起重機上功能基本相同的構(gòu)件、部件和零件 制成有多種用途,有相同聯(lián)接要素和可互換的標準模塊,通過不同模塊的組合,形成不同類型和規(guī)格的起重機。對起重機進行改進,只需針對某幾個模塊。設(shè)計新型起重機,只需選用不同模塊重新進行組合。由于提高了通用化程度,可使單件小批生產(chǎn)的產(chǎn)品改換成具有相當批量的模塊生產(chǎn),實現(xiàn)高效率的專業(yè)化生產(chǎn),降低制造成本。能以較少的模塊形式,組合成多品種多規(guī)格的起重機,滿足市場需求,增加競爭能力。
3、通用產(chǎn)品輕型化、小型化和多樣化
有相當批量的起重機是在一般的車間倉庫使用,要求并不很高,工作并不十分繁重。如何提高這些起重機的適用性,降低制造成本,是市場競爭能否獲勝的關(guān)鍵。考慮綜合效益,要求起重機盡量降低外形高度,簡化結(jié)構(gòu),減小自重和輪壓,也可使整個建筑物高度下降,建筑結(jié)構(gòu)輕型化,降低造價和使用維護費用。因此電動葫蘆橋式起重機和輕型梁式起重機會有更快的發(fā)展,并將大部分取代中小噸位一般用途橋式起重機。
用戶的需求性促進了起重機的多樣性。起重機的系列參數(shù)范圍進一步擴大,功能選擇進一步增加,一機多用產(chǎn)品進一步得到發(fā)展,以增強應(yīng)變能力。在一般使用場合采用無線遙控操作的比例也將逐步增多。
芬蘭科尼起重機公司經(jīng)過長期的開發(fā)和創(chuàng)新,已形成一個輕型組合式標準起重機系列。整個系列由組合式工字形單梁、箱形單梁、懸掛箱形單梁、角形小車箱形單梁、偏軌箱形雙梁和UKA流動工作站多個品種組成。主梁與端梁相接共有20多種形式,可適合不同建筑物和不同起吊物的要求。每種規(guī)格起重機都有三種單速及三種雙速可供任意選擇,并且大小車運行采用變頻控制作為標準配置,還能根據(jù)客戶要求、使用工況做針對性的設(shè)計。操縱方式有地面手電門自行移動、手電門隨小車移動、手電門固定、遠紅外或無線電遙控、司機室固定、司機室隨小車移動、司機室自行移動、PLC編程控制等多種選擇,外加不同的導電形式,不同的電控形式,通過不同的組合,可搭配成百上千種起重機,充分滿足用戶不同的需求。
4、產(chǎn)品性能自動化、智能化和集成化
起重機的更新和發(fā)展,很大程度上取決于電氣傳動與控制的改進。將自動化技術(shù)和機械傳動技術(shù)相結(jié)合,將先進的微電子技術(shù)、電力電子技術(shù)、光纜通訊技術(shù)、液壓技術(shù)、模糊控制技術(shù)應(yīng)用到機械的驅(qū)動和控制系統(tǒng),實現(xiàn)自動化和半自動化。使起重機組成的物料搬運系統(tǒng)具有更高的柔性,以適應(yīng)未來多批次少批量的柔性生產(chǎn)模式。
大型高效起重機的新一代電氣控制裝置已發(fā)展為全電子數(shù)字化控制系統(tǒng)。主要由全數(shù)字化控制驅(qū)動裝置、可編程序控制器PLC、故障診斷及數(shù)據(jù)管理系統(tǒng)、數(shù)字化操縱給定檢測等設(shè)備組成。它賦于起重機以信息功能,可進行信息傳遞、處理及動力控制,大大提高了綜合自動化水平。目前控制方面重點發(fā)展吊具防偏防搖技術(shù),取物裝置自動取、卸物技術(shù),位置檢測及自動位置控制技術(shù),故障自診斷監(jiān)控技術(shù)等。
電氣傳動方面重點開發(fā)以微處理機為核心的高性能電氣傳動裝置,使起重機具有優(yōu)良的調(diào)速和靜動特性,可進行操作的自動控制、自動顯示與記錄,起重機運行的自動保護與自動檢測,復雜條件下的遠距離遙控等,以適應(yīng)自動化生產(chǎn)的需要。
科尼起重機針對一些特殊行業(yè),采用激光裝置查找起吊物的重心位置,依靠超聲波傳感器引導取物裝置抓取貨物。大車和小車運行采用編碼軌系統(tǒng)測定路徑,起升高度采用恒定張緊的測量索和角度發(fā)生器測定。起重機采用磁場變換器或激光達到高精度定位。起重機上安裝了近場感應(yīng)系統(tǒng),可避免起重機之間的互相碰撞。采用無線遙控時載重稱量也能在遠控發(fā)射機上顯示。起重機上還裝有微機自診斷監(jiān)控系統(tǒng),該系統(tǒng)能提供大部分常規(guī)維護檢查內(nèi)容,如鋼絲繩狀況,減速器油溫油位,車輪軸承溫度,起重機載荷、應(yīng)力和振動情況,制動器摩擦襯片的壽命及溫度狀況等。
5、產(chǎn)品設(shè)計微機化、精確化和快速化
隨著電子計算機技術(shù)的廣泛應(yīng)用和系統(tǒng)工程、優(yōu)化工程、價值工程、可靠性工程、創(chuàng)造工程和人機工程等現(xiàn)代設(shè)計理論的不斷發(fā)展,促使許多跨學科的現(xiàn)代設(shè)計方法出現(xiàn),使起重機的設(shè)計進入創(chuàng)新、高質(zhì)量、高效率的新階段。目前,計算機輔助設(shè)計(CAD)已逐步深入到設(shè)計的各個階段和設(shè)計工作所涉及的各個領(lǐng)域。不僅能利用計算機運算速度快、計算精度高、存儲信息量大和邏輯推理能力強等優(yōu)點代替人工進行方案選擇、計算分析與繪圖,而且還能通過人機交互,最大限度地發(fā)揮設(shè)計人員的創(chuàng)造力和經(jīng)驗。國際上一些大型的起重機公司都廣泛應(yīng)用CAD徹底拋棄了傳統(tǒng)的圖板。并且還與計算機輔助工藝規(guī)劃(CAPP)和計算機輔助制造(CAM)相銜接,做到了無圖化生產(chǎn)。
芬蘭科尼起重機公司對其所有產(chǎn)品采用三維模擬仿真設(shè)計,對每個受力點進行模擬計算,使每個配件都能發(fā)揮理想的效用;并且科尼起重機公司以預先編制程序和設(shè)計標準為基礎(chǔ)開發(fā)了高質(zhì),高效和先進的設(shè)計軟件以確保起重機的安全性和可靠性。采用相同和標準的方法設(shè)計起重機和選擇科尼的標準零部件,遍布全球的科尼工程師均可采用公司集中開發(fā)的軟件,方便而先進的工程軟件使得起重機設(shè)計更便捷和可靠。鋼結(jié)構(gòu)的優(yōu)化設(shè)計和零部件正確選擇確保起重機在其整個壽命內(nèi)安全可靠,級別適宜,性能穩(wěn)定。
隨著起重機的高速化和大型化,還需進一步深入開展對起重機載荷變化規(guī)律、動態(tài)特性和疲勞特性的研究。進一步開展對起重機整機及零部件的可靠性試驗研究,提供起重機新的設(shè)計方法和數(shù)據(jù)。極限狀態(tài)設(shè)計、優(yōu)化設(shè)計、可靠性設(shè)計、有限元法、模塊化設(shè)計、疲勞設(shè)計將會更深入全面地得到應(yīng)用。
6、產(chǎn)品構(gòu)造新型化、美觀化和綜合化
結(jié)構(gòu)方面采用薄壁型材和異型鋼,減少結(jié)構(gòu)的拼接焊縫,提高抗疲勞性能。采用各種高強度低合金鋼新材料,提高承載能力,改善受力條件,減輕自重和增加外形美觀。橋式類型起重機橋架大多采用箱形四梁結(jié)構(gòu)(兩根端梁,兩根主梁),主梁與端梁采用高強度螺栓聯(lián)接,便于加工、運輸與安裝。
在機構(gòu)方面進一步開發(fā)新型傳動零部件,簡化機構(gòu)?!叭弦弧边\行機構(gòu)由于結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊。拆裝方便、調(diào)整簡單并運行平穩(wěn),將成為起重機運行機構(gòu)的主流,減速器殼體、卷筒及滑輪等的制造都以焊代鑄,能減輕自重、增加承載能力和改善加工制造條件。減速器齒輪采用硬齒面,以減小體積,提高承載能力,增加使用壽命。
7、售后服務(wù)快捷化、專業(yè)化和人性化
公司的發(fā)展很大程度來自于售后服務(wù)是否完善,對客戶來說自己所購買的產(chǎn)品售后是否有保障,設(shè)備出現(xiàn)故障時能否即時處理,減少對生產(chǎn)的影響。
芬蘭科尼起重機公司在電氣系統(tǒng)方面采用了接插件設(shè)計,每部分控制電路都采用對號入座,大大提高了安裝與維修的效率;在電氣系統(tǒng)中加入了監(jiān)控單元,對電氣系統(tǒng)進行故障自檢,電子顯示屏顯示錯誤信息,并對使用過程中的違規(guī)操作進行數(shù)據(jù)儲存,這些數(shù)據(jù)都可以導入PC設(shè)備,從而很快的分析出原因,排出故障。科尼的培訓中心,不僅僅只為科尼公司的技術(shù)人員和檢測人員提供培訓,同時也為客戶的服務(wù)人員,起重機操作人員提供系統(tǒng)全面的設(shè)備培訓??颇帷耙钥蛻魹楸尽钡淖谥迹瑸榭蛻艚獬箢欀畱n,使客戶能把更多的關(guān)注投入到生產(chǎn)發(fā)展上。
總結(jié)過去,中國的起重機應(yīng)吸取國內(nèi)外起重機的新理論、新技術(shù)和新動向,提高產(chǎn)品的可靠性,走現(xiàn)代化起重機之路,以強大的技術(shù)實力,融入國際化市場的大舞臺!
China's future development direction of crane
Along with China's economic development, modern science and technology constantly updated, the expansion of the scale of industrial production and automation degree rise, crane in modern production process used more and more widely, and more and more big role, to the requirements of the crane more and more is also high. Especially the wide application of electronic computer technology, prompted many interdisciplinary advanced design method appears, promote the modern manufacturing technology and detection technology improvement. The fierce international competition in the market also rely more and more on technology competition. These have prompted the crane technical performance into a new stage of development, crane is experiencing a big changes.
country is in an unprecedented speed into the global international competition market, China's crane manufacturing are facing opportunities and challenges of the new situation. Thus China's development and innovation to crane. Now according to the domestic and foreign crane of new theories, new technology and new trends, combined with examples, briefly discusses the modern crane characteristics and the future development direction of Chinese crane.
1. The key product large-scale, quick running
With the industrial production scale unceasingly expands, the production efficiency is increasing day by day, and the product manufacturing process materials handling fee increase gradually proportion, prompting the large or high-speed crane growing demand. The weight is more and more big, the work is more and more frequent, and the energy consumption and demand higher reliability. Crane has become an important link in the automatic production process. Crane is not only to use, easy maintenance, convenient operation, and better safety, failure to less, the average trouble-free time should be long. Reliability is the focus of the products in the international market competition, the overseas many big companies have formulated reliability internal control standards. The performance of the crane to catch up in the advanced world level, the most important thing is to change the traditional thinking principle, improve reliability to make excellent durability, crane sex, maintainability and use without efficiency.
2.series product modularization, standardization, combination, and practical
Many crane is a series of batch into product, the whole system multiobjective optimization methods for crane series design has become the focus of development, through the overall consideration performance, cost and process, production management, manufacturing batch and maintenance of the many factors such as parameters for reasonable matching series, in order to improve the comprehensive performance. Reduce manufacturing cost, improve generalization degree, with a relatively small number of parts specifications many varieties and specifications of products, fully meet user requirements.
Use the modular design of the whole machine instead of traditional design method, the crane function basically the same components, components and parts are made from a variety of purposes, with the same connection elements and interchangeable standard module, through the combination of different modules, form different types and specifications of the crane. In crane was improved, just for one several modules. A new design crane, need to choose different modules combination again. Due to improve the generalization degree, can make mini-batch production of products with a batch convert the module production, achieve high efficiency specialized production, reduce the production cost. To less module form, a combination of many specifications varieties of crane, meet the market demand, increasing competition ability.
3. general product light-duty, miniaturization, and diversification
There are quite a batch of crane is in general use workshop warehouses, the requirement is not very high, work is not very heavy. How to improve the applicability of the crane, reduce manufacturing cost, is the market competition can the keys of success. Consider benefit, and requirements to minimize appearance crane height, simplified structure, reduce weight and wheel pressure, also can make the whole building highly drop, light-duty architecture structure, reduce the costs and maintenance costs. So the electric hoist bridge crane and light beam type faster development opportunity lifting, and will replace most of medium and small tonnage general purpose bridge crane.
The user needs of promoting the diversity of crane. The crane series parameters range further expand, function selection to further increase, multi-use further develop products, in order to improve capability. In general use occasions the remote proportion also will gradually increase.
Finland coney crane companies after long-term development and innovation, and has formed a light combined standard crane series. The whole series single by combined i-section box single-girder, hanging box single-girder, Angle form small trunk form, partial rail single box beam and flow workstation double UKA of varieties. The main girder beams with various forms of 20 connect, suitable for different buildings and different lifted the requirement of content. Each specification cranes have three single speed and three double speed for any choice, and the big car running USES frequency conversion control as standard equipment, can also according to the customer request, do the design of specific aim operating conditions. Control have ground flashlight door to mobile, flashlight door with the small car mobile, flashlight door fixed, far infrared remote control, the driver or radio fixed, driver, with room room car mobile, the driver room to move, PLC program control and so on many kinds of choices, and different conducting form, the application of different forms, through the different combination, can match hundreds or thousands of kind of crane, fully meet the needs of different users.
4. product performance automation, intelligent and integration
Crane update and development, to a great extent, depends on the electric drive and control improvement. Will automation technology and mechanical transmission technologies, advanced microelectronics technology, will power electronic technology, fiber optic cable communication technology, the hydraulic pressure technology, the fuzzy control technology is applied to mechanical drive and control system, and realize the automatic and semi-automatic. Make up of crane materials handling system has higher flexible, to meet the future batches of small quantity flexible production mode.
Large efficient crane of a new generation of electrical control equipment has been developed as the electronic digital control system. Mainly by the digital control drive device, PLC programmable controller, fault diagnosis and data management system, digital manipulation of a given detection equipment. It with the information function of the crane fu, information transmission, processing and power control, greatly improving the integrated automation level. Currently control key development sling anti-eccentrically the wave technology, take content device to be automatic take things, unloading technology, position detection and automatic position control technology, fault diagnosis monitoring technology, etc.
Electric drive in microprocessor key development as the core of the high-performance electric transmission device, make the crane with excellent speed and static dynamic characteristics, can undertake operating automatic control, automatic shows and records, crane operation of the automatic protection and automatic detection, under complicated conditions such as long distance remote, in order to adapt to the needs of the production of the automation.
Coney crane for some special industries, using laser device it the center of gravity of the search that position, rely on ultrasonic sensors guide take content device grab goods. And the car running the cart coding rail systems measure path, lifting height of the constant tensioning measurement cable and Angle generator determination. Crane used magnetic field or laser achieve high precision positioning converter. The crane installed near field induction system, can avoid the each other between crane collision. Using wireless remote control truck when weighing also can be in that remote control on the launch. The crane with microcomputer diagnosis monitoring system, this system can provide most of the routine maintenance and inspection content, such as wire rope status, reducer oil temperature oil level, wheel bearing temperature, crane load, stress and vibration, the brake friction burr and life expectancy of the temperature condition and so on.
5. the design of the product of computerization, precision and quickly
Along with the wide application of electronic computer technology and system engineering, optimizing the engineering, value engineering, reliability engineering, engineering and man-machine engineering to create the development of the modern design theory, prompting many interdisciplinary modern design method appears, make the design of the crane, high quality, and innovation in the new stage of high efficiency. At present, the computer aided design (CAD) has gradually into the design of each stage and design work involved in various fields. Don't
Can only use computer operation speed, high precision, store information and logical reasoning ability strong advantages to replace artificial scheme selection and calculation analysis and drawing, but also through the human-computer interaction, maximum design personnel's creativity and experience. Some large crane on international companies are widely used CAD thoroughly discards the traditional board. And still with computer aided process planning (CAPP) and computer aided manufacturing (CAM) link up, do no pictures of production.
Finland coney crane company on the product all the 3 d simulation design, each bearing point to simulate calculation, and that every accessories can play the ideal utility; And coney crane company with programmed procedures and design standards for the development foundation of high quality, high efficient and advanced design software to ensure the safety and reliability of the crane. Use the same standard method and design and choice of crane coney standard parts, all over the world's coney engineers are can use focuses on the development of software, convenient and advanced engineering software makes crane design more convenient and reliable. The steel structure of the optimization design and the parts to ensure the correct choice in the whole span crane safe, reliable, and suitable for level, stable performance.
Along with the fast pace and large crane, must have further research on crane load change rule, dynamic characteristic and fatigue property of research. Further research on the reliability of the machine parts and crane test research, a new design method and provide crane data. Limit state design, optimization design, design reliability, finite element method, the modular design, fatigue design will be more comprehensive, to get the application.
6. product structure, MeiGuanHua and integration of new type
The structure of a thin-walled profile and the special-shaped steel, reduce the joining together of weld structure, improve the anti-fatigue performance. With various kinds of high strength low alloy steel new materials, improve the bearing capacity, improve the stress condition, reduce weight and increase the beautiful appearance. Bridge type type crane bridge is used mostly box four beam structure (two of the girders, two of the main girder), the main girder beams with high strength bolt connection, and facilitate processing, transportation and installation.
Further development in institutions new transmission parts, simplifying the mechanism. "" operation organization because of compact structure. Disassembling convenient, easy adjustment and smooth operation, will become the mainstream of the crane operation organization, reducer, drum and pulley shell in the manufacturing welding generation cast, it can reduce weight, increase the bearing capacity and improving processing manufacturing conditions. Using a reduction gear tooth surface, in order to reduce the volume, improve the bearing capacity, increase the service life.
7. and after-sales service, professional and humanized high-speeding
The development of the company to a great degree from after-sales service is perfect to the customer to purchase the products for your after-sales if there is security, equipment failure can real-time processing, and to reduce the influence of the production.
Finland coney crane companies in the electrical system adopt the connector design, each part of the control circuit is adopted by the reserved seats, greatly improving the installation and maintenance of the efficiency; In the electrical system with the monitoring unit, to the electric breakdown self check system, electronic display screen display an error message, and the deregulation operation in the process of using data storage, these data are can import PC devices, and the analysis of the reason out soon, discharge fault. Coney training center, not only for coney corporate technicians and testing personnel to provide training, but also for the customer the service personnel, crane operatio personnel to provide comprehensive training system of the. Co equipment ney "customers foremost" purpose for the customer remove trouble back at home, so that customers can put more attention to production development in.
Learn from the past, China should learn from the domestic and foreign crane crane new theories, new technology and new trend, improve the reliability of products, go way of modern crane, with strong technical strength and into the international market big stage!
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