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哈爾濱理工大學(xué)學(xué)士學(xué)位論文
三維數(shù)控工作臺的設(shè)計與開發(fā)
摘要
在當(dāng)前生產(chǎn)中的許多機(jī)械設(shè)備中均需要精密定位，而其中的三維精密定位工作臺作為關(guān)鍵部件將直接影響其整機(jī)的性能和精度。為保證機(jī)器性能，工作臺要在X方向和Y方向?qū)崿F(xiàn)快速準(zhǔn)確的定位，并且要求在Z方向能夠?qū)崿F(xiàn)精確調(diào)整和定位，要實現(xiàn)快速和準(zhǔn)確定位，必須對工作臺進(jìn)行改裝，使用步進(jìn)電機(jī)和控制卡。本文設(shè)計的工作臺就是基于單片機(jī)控制的三維數(shù)控工作臺。
本次研究的課題的主要內(nèi)容包括：充分利用實驗室中廢舊的二維工作臺，通過對硬件諸如直線導(dǎo)軌，深溝球軸承，滾珠絲杠，步進(jìn)電機(jī)等的選擇并對零件的整體連接結(jié)構(gòu)進(jìn)行設(shè)計從而組裝出一臺可運轉(zhuǎn)的三維工作臺；利用三維建模軟件對所選擇的工作臺的各部分零件進(jìn)行建模，裝配，并對裝配好的三維工作臺實現(xiàn)運動仿真；利用VB語言對插補程序進(jìn)行軟件設(shè)計；需要完成對三維工作臺的控制系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計，主要包括對開閉環(huán)的選擇，對80C51單片機(jī)功能的充分認(rèn)識并編寫控制程序，充分理解、學(xué)習(xí)插補技術(shù)在三維數(shù)控工作臺中的應(yīng)用。
通過上述研究內(nèi)容，我們可以的到一臺經(jīng)濟(jì)，實用，精密度較高的三維數(shù)控工作臺，通過與普通工作臺的比較，我們可以從中得出插補技術(shù)對于數(shù)控工作臺的影響?？梢哉f將插補技術(shù)應(yīng)用到現(xiàn)代數(shù)控加工已經(jīng)是一個不可逆轉(zhuǎn)的趨勢，因此本課題具有很高的研究價值。
關(guān)鍵詞 數(shù)控系統(tǒng)；三維工作臺；單片機(jī)；插補技術(shù)
Design and development of 3D NC workbench
Abstract
To study the influence of the parameters of open NC servo feed systems and spatial geometry error on the precision and find methods to realize the high precision control of numerical control (NC) system, the development of the control system of a two-axis NC worktable ,consisting of ball screws and linear roller guides, was presented in this thesis. The system is based on an open architecture PMAC (Programmable multi-Axis controller) motion control card to realize real-time control. Some experiments concerning control test and error measurement and analysis can be carried out on the designed worktable. At first, the configuration of control system of the 3D NC worktable Was proposed ,and its software was developed. Modular software development concept featured the system design, which includes the following modules: machining position and speed sampled display module; file management module; parameters setting module; error diagnosis module; precision analysis module; manual debugging module; machine simulation module; help module.
As one of focuses, the error measurement and precision analysis of the worktable were emphasized in the development of the system software. Series of experiments about system control and precision were made on the worktable. The precision characteristics of the half-loop and closed-loop position feedbacks were analyzed. Through comparing the theoretical analysis with the data collected from experiments ,a conclusion has been drawn that the smallest contour error will be got if the two axes have the same servo characteristics. The ball-bar ,which is considered to be more reliable than linearscales in measuring contour error, was used to measure the circular motion of the system. The experiment result showed that the contour error of the system was big .By analysis of the error source based on a mathematical model of the measuring system proposed in this thesis, it was found that it was the installation inclination of linear scales that caused so big error. By compensating the error with the measured result by the ball-bar ,the precision of the control system had been improved.
Keywords Numerical Control System；three-dimensional NC workbench；SCM；Interpolation technique；
III
目錄
摘要 I
Abstract II
第1章 緒論 1
1.1課題研究的意義 1
1.2課題研究的現(xiàn)狀 1
1.3課題研究的主要內(nèi)容 2
第2章 三維數(shù)控工作臺的硬件選擇及連接結(jié)構(gòu) 3
2.1三維數(shù)控工作臺的工作原理介紹 3
2.2三維數(shù)控工作臺的基本結(jié)構(gòu) 3
2.3步進(jìn)電機(jī)的選擇 4
2.4絲杠的選型與校核 5
2.4.1滾珠絲杠的簡單介紹 5
2.4.2滾珠絲杠的選型 7
2.4.3滾珠絲杠的校核 8
2.5直線導(dǎo)軌的選型與計算 9
2.5.1直線導(dǎo)軌的簡單介紹 9
2.5.2直線導(dǎo)軌的選型 10
2.6聯(lián)軸器的選型 12
2.6.1聯(lián)軸器的簡介 12
2.6.2聯(lián)軸器的選型 13
2.7軸承選型 14
2.8本章小結(jié) 16
第3章 三維數(shù)控工作臺的Pro/E三維建模 17
3.1 Pro/E建模軟件簡介 17
3.2 Pro/E界面介紹 17
3.3零件三維建模實例介紹 18
3.3.1新建文件 18
3.3.2建立拉伸特征 19
3.3.3建立螺旋特征 20
3.3.4建立螺母副特征 20
3.3.5進(jìn)行顏色和外觀設(shè)計 21
3.4其余零件三維建模圖展示 22
3.5三維數(shù)控工作臺裝配 23
3.6本章小結(jié) 25
第4章 三維工作臺的軟件及控制系統(tǒng)設(shè)計 26
4.1逐點比較法直線插補的簡介 26
4.2逐點比較法直線插補的計算步驟 26
4.3數(shù)控插補仿真軟件的說明 29
4.4開環(huán)系統(tǒng)控制原理 30
4.5單片機(jī)設(shè)計 30
4.6本章小結(jié) 35
結(jié)論 36
致謝 37
參考文獻(xiàn) 38
附錄一 39
附錄二 49
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