2020高考英語(yǔ)新創(chuàng)新一輪復(fù)習(xí) 語(yǔ)法 第二部分 攻克重難動(dòng)詞 第一講 動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)學(xué)案（含解析）牛津譯林版.doc

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第一講動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài) 一 般 體　 [全析考法] Ⅰ.單句語(yǔ)法填空 1. (2018全國(guó)卷Ⅱ)The Chinese Ministry of Agriculture finds that between 2005 — when the government ________ (start) a soiltesting program that gives specific fertilizer remendations to farmers — and 2011, fertilizer use dropped by 7.7 million tons. 解析：started　根據(jù)破折號(hào)前的內(nèi)容可知，此處說(shuō)的是2005年發(fā)生的事情，應(yīng)用一般過(guò)去時(shí)。 2．(2017全國(guó)卷Ⅱ)Later, engineers ________ (manage) to construct railways in a system of deep tunnels (隧道), which became known as the Tube. 解析：managed　由語(yǔ)境可知，此處講的是發(fā)生在過(guò)去的事情，所以用一般過(guò)去時(shí)，主語(yǔ)engineers和manage之間是主動(dòng)關(guān)系，故填managed。 3．(2017全國(guó)卷Ⅲ)Sarah says, “My dad thinks I should take the offer now. But at the moment, school ________ (e) first.” 解析：es　此句是直接引語(yǔ)，陳述客觀事實(shí)，根據(jù)前面句子的謂語(yǔ)可知，動(dòng)詞e應(yīng)該使用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。 4．(20176月浙江高考)Pahlsson and her husband _______ (search) the kitchen, checking every corner, but turned up nothing. 解析：searched　but后面的“turned up nothing”使用了過(guò)去時(shí)，search是與之并列的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞，根據(jù)語(yǔ)境可知，此處描述的是過(guò)去發(fā)生的行為，故要用一般過(guò)去時(shí)。 5．(2016四川高考)However, it stayed with her and learned about the ways of the forest.Then, after two and a half years, the mother ________ (drive) the young panda away. 解析：drove　此處講過(guò)去發(fā)生的事，所以用一般過(guò)去時(shí)且為主動(dòng)形式，故用drive的過(guò)去式drove。 6．(2015全國(guó)卷Ⅱ)This cycle ________ (go) day after day：The walls warm up during the day and cool off during the night and are thus always a timely offset (抵消) for the outside temperatures. 解析：goes　此處指這種循環(huán)日復(fù)一日地不斷持續(xù)下去，由冒號(hào)后內(nèi)容的時(shí)態(tài)可知這種情況是客觀性陳述，故用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。 7．(2014全國(guó)卷Ⅰ)In 1969, the pollution was terrible along the Cuyahoga River near Cleveland, Ohio. It ________ (be) unimaginable that it could ever be cleaned up. 解析：was　根據(jù)“In 1969, the pollution was terrible”可知，此處敘述的是過(guò)去發(fā)生的事情，因此用一般過(guò)去時(shí)，由于主語(yǔ)是It，因此此處謂語(yǔ)用was。 Ⅱ.單句改錯(cuò) 1．(2018全國(guó)卷Ⅰ)During my last winter holiday, I went to the countryside with my father to visit my grandparents. I find a big change there.________________ 解析：find→found　根據(jù)第一句中的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)During my last winter holiday可知，此處敘述的是去年寒假中的事情，故第二句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞應(yīng)用一般過(guò)去時(shí)。 2．(2018全國(guó)卷Ⅱ)I didnt realize how right my parents are until I entered high school.________________ 解析：are→were　根據(jù)主句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞didnt realize和until引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞entered可知，此處敘述的是過(guò)去的事情，應(yīng)用一般過(guò)去時(shí)。 3．(2018全國(guó)卷Ⅲ)It was Monday morning, and the writing class had just begin.________________ 解析：begin→begun　根據(jù)語(yǔ)境：寫(xiě)作課剛剛已經(jīng)開(kāi)始，再結(jié)合前面的had，表明這是一個(gè)過(guò)去完成時(shí)的句子，因此把begin改為 begun。 4．(2017全國(guó)卷Ⅰ)Before getting into the car, I thought I had learned the instructors orders, but once I started the car, my mind goes blank.________________ 解析：goes→went　此處講述的是發(fā)生在過(guò)去的事情，所以用一般過(guò)去時(shí)。 5．(2017全國(guó)卷Ⅱ)When summer came, they will invite their students to pick the fresh vegetables！________________ 解析：came→es　此處主句是一般將來(lái)時(shí)，when引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句應(yīng)用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示將來(lái)，且從句主語(yǔ)為第三人稱(chēng)單數(shù)，故應(yīng)用es。 6．(2017全國(guó)卷Ⅲ)About one month after this photo was taken, I entered my second year of high school and bee a new member of the school music club.________________ 解析：bee→became　此句中的bee和前面的entered是并列謂語(yǔ)，形式上應(yīng)保持一致，故bee應(yīng)使用一般過(guò)去時(shí)。 7．(2016全國(guó)卷Ⅱ)Some classmates suggest we should go to places of interest nearby. I thought that it is a good idea.It does not cost much, yet we can still learn a lot.________________ 解析：thought→think　根據(jù)前面的suggest和后面的does, can still learn 可知此處應(yīng)用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。 8．(2016全國(guó)卷Ⅲ)At first, I thought I knew everything and could make decisions by myself. However, my parents didnt seem to think so.They always tell me what to do and how to do it.________________ 解析：tell→told　根據(jù)前面兩句的時(shí)態(tài)可知此處應(yīng)用一般過(guò)去時(shí)。 9．(2015全國(guó)卷Ⅱ)Tony was scared and begun to cry. ________________ 解析：begun→began　“was scared”與“begun”是由and連接的兩個(gè)并列謂語(yǔ)，由“was scared”可知應(yīng)用一般過(guò)去時(shí)，begin的過(guò)去式是began, begun是其過(guò)去分詞，所以begun改為began。 10．(2015全國(guó)卷Ⅱ)A woman saw him crying and telling him to wait outside the shop.________________ 解析：telling→told　句子的主語(yǔ)為“A woman”，謂語(yǔ)為saw, crying為賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)，and連接的是兩個(gè)并列謂語(yǔ)，而不是兩個(gè)賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)，所以telling改為told。 [謹(jǐn)記規(guī)則] (一)一般現(xiàn)在時(shí) 1．表示經(jīng)常性、習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)，常與頻度副詞及表示現(xiàn)在的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。例如： always總是　　　 　 often經(jīng)?！　　　　?usually通常 sometimes有時(shí) hardly ever幾乎不 frequently經(jīng)常 on Sundays在星期天 seldom很少 yearly每年 2．表示主語(yǔ)目前的性質(zhì)、特征、狀態(tài)或能力等。 He is a man of few words.他是一個(gè)少言寡語(yǔ)的人。 3．表示客觀事實(shí)、普遍真理及自然現(xiàn)象，或用在格言中。 4．表示按規(guī)定、計(jì)劃、安排、時(shí)間表等馬上要發(fā)生的事情，常與具體的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。該用法常用于火車(chē)時(shí)刻表、飛機(jī)航班時(shí)刻表，以及電影開(kāi)演、作息、安排等時(shí)刻表上，且僅限于少數(shù)表示短暫意義的動(dòng)詞，例如： e來(lái)　　　　　　go去　　　　　　 arrive到達(dá) leave離開(kāi) begin開(kāi)始 start開(kāi)始 take off起飛 finish完成 stop停止 (二)一般過(guò)去時(shí) 1．表示過(guò)去某一時(shí)間發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)，其中包括過(guò)去的習(xí)慣性動(dòng)作，常與表示過(guò)去的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。例如： yesterday昨天　　　　　　 in 2019在2019年 the other day幾天前 ... days/years ago ……天/年前 once upon a time從前 the day before yesterday前天 last week/month/year 上周/上個(gè)月/去年 2．描述過(guò)去時(shí)間內(nèi)經(jīng)常性或習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作。 He opened his eyes, put on his clothes quickly and jumped down from the bed. 他睜開(kāi)眼睛，迅速穿上衣服，并從床上跳了下來(lái)。 [特別注意]　在before和after引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句中，若表示兩個(gè)過(guò)去的動(dòng)作相繼發(fā)生，兩個(gè)動(dòng)作都用一般過(guò)去時(shí)，前一個(gè)動(dòng)作不必用過(guò)去完成時(shí)。 Henry visited New York before he left for Washington. 亨利去華盛頓之前游覽了紐約。 3．有些動(dòng)作發(fā)生的時(shí)間沒(méi)有具體表明，但實(shí)際上是“剛才，剛剛”發(fā)生，應(yīng)使用一般過(guò)去時(shí)。如I didnt know ...或I forgot ...等表示事先或說(shuō)話之前不知道或不記得，但現(xiàn)在已知道或記得的事情。 I didnt know you were here.我不知道你在這里。 (三)一般將來(lái)時(shí) 1．will/shall＋動(dòng)詞原形 (1)表示將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或?qū)?lái)存在的狀態(tài)，shall一般用于第一人稱(chēng)，will可用于各種人稱(chēng)，常與表示將來(lái)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。例如： tomorrow明天　　　　　　 in the future將來(lái) later on后來(lái) before long不久以后；很快 next week/month/year下周/下個(gè)月/明年 the day after tomorrow后天 (2)will還可表示說(shuō)話時(shí)臨時(shí)作出的決定。 —Dr. Jackson is not in his office at the moment. —All right. I will call him later. ——杰克遜醫(yī)生現(xiàn)在不在辦公室。 ——好吧，我過(guò)會(huì)給他打電話。 2．be going to＋動(dòng)詞原形 表示按計(jì)劃、打算將要做某事；還可表示“預(yù)見(jiàn)”，即根據(jù)某種跡象預(yù)示著要發(fā)生某事。 Look at the dark clouds. It is going to rain. 看那些烏云。要下雨了。 3．be about to＋動(dòng)詞原形/be on the point of＋動(dòng)名詞 “be about to＋動(dòng)詞原形”及“be on the point of＋動(dòng)名詞”表示“立即的將來(lái)(immediate future)”，因此，這兩種結(jié)構(gòu)不與表示將來(lái)的具體時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用，但可以和并列連詞when(＝and at that time)引出的分句連用。 The train is about to start.火車(chē)就要開(kāi)了。 4．be to＋動(dòng)詞原形 用法 例句 表示“按計(jì)劃或安排即將要做的事” They are to meet at the gate of the school.他們將在學(xué)校門(mén)口見(jiàn)面。 表示“按照職責(zé)、義務(wù)、規(guī)定、命令等應(yīng)該做某事”，相當(dāng)于should, ought to You are to report it to the police. 你應(yīng)該報(bào)警。 表示注定要發(fā)生的事情 Your plan is to be a failure. 你的計(jì)劃注定要失敗。 (四)過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí) 過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)表示從過(guò)去某一時(shí)間看將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)，其構(gòu)成是“should/would＋動(dòng)詞原形；was/were (going/about) to＋動(dòng)詞原形”。 He said he would be here at nine oclock. 他說(shuō)他會(huì)在九點(diǎn)鐘到這里。 進(jìn) 行 體　 [全析考法] 單句語(yǔ)法填空 1．(2018北京高考改編)Susan had quit her wellpaid job and ________ (work) as a volunteer in the neighborhood when I visited her last year. 解析：was working　句意：去年我拜訪蘇珊的時(shí)候，她已經(jīng)辭去了那份高薪的工作，正在社區(qū)當(dāng)志愿者。根據(jù)句意可知，此處強(qiáng)調(diào)過(guò)去的時(shí)間點(diǎn)正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作，因此用過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)。 2．(2017天津高考改編)I ______ (drive) down to London when I suddenly found that I was on the wrong road. 解析：was driving　句意：我正開(kāi)車(chē)去倫敦時(shí)，突然發(fā)現(xiàn)走錯(cuò)路了。be doing sth.＋ when ...是固定句型，表示“正在做某事，這時(shí)突然……”。 3．(2014北京高考改編)—Hi, lets go skating. —Sorry, Im busy right now.I ________ (fill) in an application form for a new job. 解析：am filling　句意：“嗨，我們?nèi)セ??！薄氨?，我現(xiàn)在正忙著呢。我正在填一份新工作的申請(qǐng)表?！贝司浔硎菊f(shuō)話時(shí)正在發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，故用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)。 [謹(jǐn)記規(guī)則] (一)現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí) 1．表示現(xiàn)在(說(shuō)話人說(shuō)話時(shí))正在發(fā)生或進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作、狀態(tài)，或現(xiàn)階段一直進(jìn)行著的動(dòng)作，常與一些標(biāo)志性的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。其構(gòu)成是“am/is/are doing”。例如： now現(xiàn)在　　　　　right now現(xiàn)在　 　 at present目前 these days目前；如今　　　　　at this moment此刻 2．一些非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞可用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)表示按計(jì)劃、安排將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，常見(jiàn)的這類(lèi)動(dòng)詞有： e來(lái)　　　　　　go去　　　　　　leave離開(kāi) arrive到達(dá) start開(kāi)始 begin開(kāi)始 return返回 move移動(dòng) take拿走 (二)過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí) 1．表示過(guò)去某一時(shí)刻正在發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，或過(guò)去某一個(gè)階段內(nèi)一直在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。其構(gòu)成是“was/were doing”。常用的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)有： at this/that time＋過(guò)去時(shí)間　　　 at ... oclock＋過(guò)去時(shí)間 from ... to ...＋過(guò)去時(shí)間 those days那些日子 just now剛才；剛剛 [特別注意]　現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)及過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)常與always, constantly, continually, all the time等狀語(yǔ)連用，表示反復(fù)出現(xiàn)的或習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作，或強(qiáng)調(diào)贊賞、厭惡、生氣、好奇等感情色彩，不強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行。 He is always helping others.他總是樂(lè)于助人。(表贊賞) She is always forgetting something.她總是忘事。(表不滿(mǎn)) 2．表示動(dòng)作在另一個(gè)過(guò)去的動(dòng)作發(fā)生時(shí)正在進(jìn)行，常與when, while引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句連用。 My brother fell while he was riding his bicycle yesterday. 我弟弟昨天騎自行車(chē)時(shí)摔倒了。 3．一些非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞可用在過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)表示過(guò)去按計(jì)劃、安排將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，多用于從句中。常見(jiàn)的該類(lèi)動(dòng)詞有： go去　　 　e來(lái)　　 　leave離開(kāi)　　 　start開(kāi)始 arrive到達(dá) return返回 work工作 move移動(dòng) He said he was starting tomorrow. 他說(shuō)他打算明天出發(fā)。 (三)將來(lái)進(jìn)行時(shí) 表示將來(lái)某一時(shí)刻或某一段時(shí)間里正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作，常與一些標(biāo)志性的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。其構(gòu)成是“will be doing”。例如： at this time tomorrow/the day after tomorrow 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 明天/后天的這個(gè)時(shí)間 (by) then 那時(shí) from 1：30 to 4：30 tomorrow/the day after tomorrow 明天/后天從1：30到4：30 完 成 體　 [全析考法] 單句語(yǔ)法填空/單句改錯(cuò) 1．(2018全國(guó)卷Ⅱ)Diets have changed in China — and so too has its top crop. Since 2011, the country ________ (grow) more corn than rice. 解析：has grown　由時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)Since 2011可知此處語(yǔ)境表示的是從過(guò)去的某個(gè)時(shí)間開(kāi)始，一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在，故用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。且主語(yǔ)the country 是第三人稱(chēng)單數(shù)名詞，故填has grown。 2．(2018北京高考改編)Chinas highspeed railways ______ (grow)from 9,000 to 25,000 kilometers in the past few years. 解析： have grown　句意：在過(guò)去的幾年，中國(guó)的高鐵已從9 000千米延長(zhǎng)到25 000千米。“during/over/in the past/last＋時(shí)間段”作狀語(yǔ)，句子應(yīng)用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)態(tài)。 3．(2018江蘇高考改編)Hopefully in 2025 we will no longer be emailing each other, for we ________ (develop) more convenient electronic munication tools by then. 解析：will have developed　句意：我們有望在2025年的時(shí)候不再互相發(fā)電子郵件了，因?yàn)槟菚r(shí)我們已經(jīng)開(kāi)發(fā)出更方便的電子通訊工具了。2025年為將來(lái)的時(shí)間，由by then可知要用將來(lái)完成時(shí)。 4．(2017全國(guó)卷Ⅲ)I had grown not only physically, but also mentally in the past few years.________________ 解析：had→have　根據(jù)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)“in the past few years”可知，本句應(yīng)該使用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。 [謹(jǐn)記規(guī)則] (一)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí) 1．表示過(guò)去發(fā)生且已經(jīng)完成的某一動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在造成的影響或結(jié)果。注意這時(shí)說(shuō)話者說(shuō)話的重心在過(guò)去的事情對(duì)現(xiàn)在造成的影響上。其構(gòu)成是“have/has done”，常用的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)有：already, just (剛剛), yet, before等。 I have already seen the film.我已經(jīng)看過(guò)那部電影了。 2．表示從過(guò)去某一時(shí)間開(kāi)始一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在，也許還將持續(xù)下去的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。常用的狀語(yǔ)有：lately, recently, in the last/past few days/years(在過(guò)去的幾天/年里)，since then, up to now, so far (至今)等。 In the past few years, many new railways have been laid down.在過(guò)去的幾年里修建了許多新鐵路。 3．在“最高級(jí)＋名詞”或“It/This is/will be＋the first/second ... time”之后的定語(yǔ)從句中，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。 This is the first time (that) I have e here. 這是我第一次來(lái)這里。 4．瞬間動(dòng)詞又叫非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞、終止性動(dòng)詞。瞬間動(dòng)詞可以用于完成時(shí)態(tài)，但不可以接表示一段時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)；若要接表示一段時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)，需要做一些相應(yīng)的變換。 He has e to Beijing since last year.() He has lived in Beijing since last year.(√) 部分非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞(短語(yǔ))和延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞(短語(yǔ))之間的轉(zhuǎn)換： 買(mǎi)buy→have　　　　　　　　 借borrow→keep 結(jié)婚get married→be married 認(rèn)識(shí)get to know→know 離開(kāi)leave→be away 回來(lái)e back→be back 生病fall ill→be ill 死亡die→be dead 關(guān)閉turn off→be off 打開(kāi)turn on→be on 動(dòng)身leave for→be off to 變成bee→be 返回return→be back 開(kāi)始begin→be on 睡覺(jué)go to bed→sleep 穿put on→have on/wear 來(lái)/去e/go→be in/away 參加join→be a member of 感冒take/get/catch a cold→have a cold 入睡go to sleep→be asleep 到達(dá)get to/arrive in (at)/reach→be in/stay (二)過(guò)去完成時(shí) 1．過(guò)去完成時(shí)表示過(guò)去某一時(shí)間或動(dòng)作前已完成的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)(即表示“過(guò)去的過(guò)去”)。其構(gòu)成是“had done”。 He said that he had been abroad for 3 years. 他說(shuō)他在國(guó)外待了三年了。 2．表示過(guò)去某一時(shí)間的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)持續(xù)到過(guò)去的另一時(shí)間，還可能持續(xù)下去，常用的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)有：by/until/before/by the end of＋“表示過(guò)去的某一時(shí)間”。 By then he had learned English for 3 years. 到那時(shí)，他已學(xué)了三年英語(yǔ)了。 3．表示愿望、打算的詞，如：hope, expect, mean, intend, want, suppose等，其過(guò)去完成時(shí)表示過(guò)去未曾實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望或意圖。 I had hoped to see more of Shanghai. 我本希望在上海多看看。(但未能如愿) 4．用于某些固定句型中： (1)Hardly/Scarcely/Rarely ... when ...和No sooner ... than ...句型中， when和than從句里用一般過(guò)去時(shí)，主句用過(guò)去完成時(shí)，且用倒裝，表示“剛剛……就……”。 Hardly/No sooner had I got home when/than the rain poured down.我剛到家，大雨就傾盆而下。 (2)It was/had been＋一段時(shí)間＋since從句。since 從句的謂語(yǔ)用過(guò)去完成時(shí)。 It was ten years since we had had such a wonderful time. 我們有10年沒(méi)這么高興過(guò)了。 (3)That/It/This was the first/second ... time＋that從句。that 從句的謂語(yǔ)要用過(guò)去完成時(shí)。 It was the third time (that) he had left the key at home. 那是他第三次把鑰匙落在家里了。 That was the first time that I had passed the exam. 那是我第一次考試及格。 (三)將來(lái)完成時(shí) 將來(lái)完成時(shí)表示到將來(lái)某一時(shí)間，某一動(dòng)作將會(huì)完成。其構(gòu)成是“will have done”。常用的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)為“by＋將來(lái)的某個(gè)時(shí)間”。 By this time of next year, all of you will have bee college students.到明年的這個(gè)時(shí)候，你們就都成為大學(xué)生了。 被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)　 [全析考法] 單句語(yǔ)法填空/單句改錯(cuò) 1．(2018北京高考改編)A rescue worker risked his life saving two tourists who ________ (trap) in the mountains for two days. 解析： had been trapped　句意：一位救援人員冒著生命危險(xiǎn)挽救了兩名被困在山里兩天的游客。游客被困發(fā)生在被救之前，表示過(guò)去的過(guò)去，因此要用過(guò)去完成時(shí)態(tài)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。 2．(2018天津高考改編)My washing machine ________ (repair) this week, so I have to wash my clothes by hand. 解析：is being repaired　句意：我的洗衣機(jī)這周正在被修理，因此我不得不手洗我的衣服。洗衣機(jī)正在被修理，因此用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。 3．(2018江蘇高考改編)I was sent to the village last month to see how the development plan ________ (carry) out in the past two years. 解析：had been carried　句意：上個(gè)月，我被派往這個(gè)村子，去看了看過(guò)去兩年里這個(gè)發(fā)展計(jì)劃執(zhí)行得怎么樣了。carry out發(fā)生在I was sent之前，所以要用過(guò)去完成時(shí)，且plan與carry out之間為被動(dòng)關(guān)系，故用過(guò)去完成時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。 4．(2017全國(guó)卷Ⅰ)When fat and salt ________ (remove) from food, the food tastes as if it is missing something. 解析：are removed　根據(jù)語(yǔ)境和主句時(shí)態(tài)可知此處用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)；主語(yǔ)“fat and salt”與remove之間是被動(dòng)關(guān)系，故用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。 5．(2017全國(guó)卷Ⅱ)Steam engines ________ (use) to pull the carriages and it must have been fairly unpleasant for the passengers, with all the smoke and noise. 解析：were used　此處講的是過(guò)去的事情，主語(yǔ)“Steam engines”和use之間是被動(dòng)關(guān)系，所以用一般過(guò)去時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。 6．(2017全國(guó)卷Ⅲ)Sarah ________ (tell) that she could be Britains new supermodel, earning a million dollars in the next year. 解析：has been told/was told　句意：有人告訴過(guò)薩拉，她可能成為英國(guó)的一名新超模，下一年能掙一百萬(wàn)美元。根據(jù)句意可知，句子謂語(yǔ)應(yīng)該使用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。再由從句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞“could be”可知，此處也可使用一般過(guò)去時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。 7．(2016全國(guó)卷Ⅰ)So it was a great honour to be invited backstage at the notforprofit Panda Base，where ticket money helps pay for research.I ________ (allow) to get up close to these cute animals at the 600acre centre. 解析：was allowed　根據(jù)空格前一句的時(shí)態(tài)及allow與I之間為被動(dòng)關(guān)系可知，此處要用一般過(guò)去時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。 8．(2016四川高考)The giant panda ________ (love) by people throughout the world. 解析：is loved　大熊貓為世界各地的人們所喜愛(ài)是個(gè)客觀事實(shí)，故用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)；panda與love之間是被動(dòng)關(guān)系，所以用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。故填is loved。 9．(2016北京高考改編)The students have been working hard on their lessons and their efforts ________ (reward) with success in the end. 解析：will be rewarded　句意：學(xué)生們一直在刻苦學(xué)習(xí)功課，他們的努力最終將會(huì)以獲得成功作為回報(bào)。根據(jù)句意和語(yǔ)境可知，此處應(yīng)該使用一般將來(lái)時(shí)，且動(dòng)詞reward與主語(yǔ)efforts之間為邏輯上的被動(dòng)關(guān)系，故用一般將來(lái)時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。 10．(2016江蘇高考改編)More efforts, as reported, ______ (make) in the years ahead to accelerate the supplyside structural reform. 解析：will be made　句意：據(jù)報(bào)道，為加快供給側(cè)結(jié)構(gòu)性改革，今后幾年將會(huì)付出更多的努力。時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)是in the years ahead“在今后的幾年里”，故使用一般將來(lái)時(shí)；efforts與make之間是被動(dòng)關(guān)系，故用一般將來(lái)時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。 11．(2015全國(guó)卷Ⅰ)Lots of studies have been shown that global warming has already bee a very serious problem.________________ 解析：去掉 been　studies與show之間為主動(dòng)關(guān)系，應(yīng)用主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。 [謹(jǐn)記規(guī)則] (一)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的構(gòu)成(以do為例) 現(xiàn)在時(shí) 過(guò)去時(shí) 將來(lái)時(shí) 過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí) 一般式 am/is/ are done was/ were done will/shall be done would/ should be done 進(jìn)行式 am/is/are being done was/were being done — — 完成式 have/has been done had been done will/shall have been done would/ should have been done (二)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的基本用法 1．強(qiáng)調(diào)或突出動(dòng)作的承受者或事件本身。 New Zealand wine is of high quality and is sold all over the world.新西蘭的葡萄酒品質(zhì)很高，廣銷(xiāo)全世界。 [特別注意]　(1)有些及物動(dòng)詞或及物動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)不能用于被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。常見(jiàn)的這類(lèi)動(dòng)詞或動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)有： have有　　　　　 cost花費(fèi)　　　　　lack缺少 own擁有 suit適合 hold抓住 fit適合 belong to屬于 wish希望 suffer from遭受 take part in參加 date back to追溯到 (2)不及物動(dòng)詞或不及物動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)不能用于被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。常見(jiàn)的這類(lèi)動(dòng)詞或動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)有： happen/take place/occur (to)發(fā)生　　　　 remain剩下 break out爆發(fā)　　　 last持續(xù)　　　　 　 e out出版 e up被提出 lose heart失去信心 run out用完 2．不知道或沒(méi)有必要指出動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者。 He is recognized as one of the leading early canal engineers.他被公認(rèn)為早期最杰出的運(yùn)河工程師之一。 3．用在科技文獻(xiàn)或新聞報(bào)道中。 Cars of this kind were made in the 1980s. 這種小汽車(chē)是20世紀(jì)80年代制造的。 (三)主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義 1．表示主語(yǔ)的某種屬性特征或功能的動(dòng)詞，如read, write, sell, wash, clean, cook, catch, draw, cut, photograph, peel等，常與well, badly, easily, smoothly等副詞連用，用主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義。 The book sells well.這本書(shū)賣(mài)得很好。 2．系動(dòng)詞smell, taste, feel, look, sound, prove等后接形容詞作表語(yǔ)，用主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義。 Her voice sounds beautiful.她的嗓音聽(tīng)起來(lái)很美妙。 3．open, close, lock, move, keep等動(dòng)詞常與wont, cant, wouldnt, hardly, scarcely等連用，及表示“開(kāi)始”“結(jié)束”的動(dòng)詞，如：begin, start, finish, end等，常用主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義。 This drawer wont lock.這個(gè)抽屜鎖不上。 語(yǔ)法填空解題“3策略” 1．掌握獨(dú)特的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)標(biāo)志 (1)看到always, often, seldom, sometimes, usually等要想到用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)； (2)看到y(tǒng)esterday, last night, a few days ago, the other day等要想到用一般過(guò)去時(shí)； (3)看到tomorrow, next year等要想到用一般將來(lái)時(shí)； (4)看到now, at present等要想到用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)； (5)看到at that time, then, at six oclock yesterday等要想到用過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)； (6)看到this time tomorrow, from 1 oclock to 3 oclock tomorrow等要想到用將來(lái)進(jìn)行時(shí)； (7)看到since, so far, up to now, in the last/past few years等要想到用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)； (8)看到by/until/before/by the end of＋“表示過(guò)去的某一時(shí)間”， 要想到用過(guò)去完成時(shí)。 2．熟記句式，利用語(yǔ)境暗示 (1)be doing ... when ..., 主句常用過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)， 從句常用一般過(guò)去時(shí)； (2)It is/has been＋時(shí)間段＋since ...表示“自從……以來(lái)已經(jīng)……”， 主句用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)或一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)， 從句用一般過(guò)去時(shí)； (3)祈使句＋and/or＋陳述句， 陳述句常用一般將來(lái)時(shí)； (4)有些題目在時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)和其他參照物都不明顯的情況下，正確理解語(yǔ)境也是解決時(shí)態(tài)問(wèn)題的行之有效的方法。 3．分清主動(dòng)被動(dòng)，辨析語(yǔ)態(tài) 看到動(dòng)詞為及物動(dòng)詞， 后面缺少賓語(yǔ)要想到用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。 據(jù)第1條解題 1．Last year, I was (be) lucky enough to take part in an event called “Shanxi in the eyes of foreigners”． 2．Its success is very encouraging in todays television world where reality shows have_played (play) a leading part so far. 3．Tom was shocked to realize that the twomonth summer vacation had_passed (pass) before he knew it. 4．The festival traditionally begins (begin) on the first day of the first month in the Chinese calendar and ends with Lantern Festival which is on the 15th day. 5．The styles, rules, and regulations for Chinese poetry gradually changed_ (change) over the centuries until the time of the Tang Dynasty. 據(jù)第2條解題 6．One day I was_reading_ (read) a newspaper when I noticed a photo of a young woman who looked very much like Linda and whose last name was Wagman — Lindas married name. 7．Take the chance, or you will_regret (regret) it. 據(jù)第3條解題 8．The song which is_being_sung (sing) on the stage now was just written by Albert, for whom being a famous musician is his forever dream. 9．It is_reported (report) that many people die of traffic accidents each year. 10．According to the result of the inspection, they found that the insect contains a powerful drug, so local farmers were_employed (employ) to catch the insects. 11．At the end of December, the librarys old and classic books will_be_put (put) online too, bringing borrowers a lot of convenience. 12．Facial recognition technology has_been_extended (extend) into many areas of school life so far. 短文改錯(cuò)解題“2關(guān)注” 1．關(guān)注時(shí)態(tài)——“5個(gè)根據(jù)”定時(shí)態(tài) (1)根據(jù)語(yǔ)篇和上下文整體把握時(shí)態(tài)； (2)根據(jù)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)判斷時(shí)態(tài)； (3)根據(jù)并列連詞連接成分的對(duì)稱(chēng)原則辨清時(shí)態(tài)； (4)根據(jù)主句謂語(yǔ)識(shí)別從句時(shí)態(tài)： 在復(fù)合句中，主句用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，從句可根據(jù)需要用各種時(shí)態(tài)；主句用一般過(guò)去時(shí)，從句用過(guò)去的某種時(shí)態(tài)； (5)根據(jù)固定句式結(jié)構(gòu)判斷時(shí)態(tài)。 2．關(guān)注語(yǔ)態(tài)——根據(jù)主語(yǔ)與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的邏輯關(guān)系判斷語(yǔ)態(tài) 據(jù)第1條解題 1．But a few minutes later, I refresh myself. refresh→refreshed 2．As long as we made our efforts, we can achieve success！made→make 3．Many of the students feel strongly against the rule, arguing that the mobile had bee a necessary part of our life.had→has 4．I knew that they will be worried about me because I was so far away, and that my mother would not sleep if she knew. will→would 據(jù)第2條解題 5．When my English teacher told me that I had chosen as a petitor, I devoted myself to the preparation.had后加been 6．I still remember the soup made by my grandmother was tasted so delicious that the whole family enjoyed it.去掉was 7．They are living with their parents for the moment because their own house is rebuilt._is后加being 8．When you get the paper back, pay special attention to what have marked. have后加been