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附錄A
泵的發(fā)展歷史
摘要：它將原動(dòng)機(jī)的機(jī)械能或其他外部能量傳送給液體，使液體能量增加。泵的歷史悠久，在公元前就已經(jīng)有了原型。泵通常按工作原理分容積式泵、動(dòng)力式泵和其他類型泵。??
關(guān)鍵詞：容積式泵、動(dòng)力式泵、發(fā)展??
正文：?
一、泵的歷史?
泵是輸送液體或使液體增壓的機(jī)械。他主要用來(lái)輸送液體包括水、油、酸堿液、乳化液、懸乳液和液態(tài)金屬等，也可輸送液體、氣體混合物以及含懸浮固體物的液體。??
泵最初是作為提水的器具出現(xiàn)在歷史上的。例如埃及的鏈泵(公元前17世紀(jì))，中國(guó)的桔槔(公元前17世紀(jì))、轆轤(公元前11世紀(jì))和水車(公元1世紀(jì))。比較著名的還有公元前三世紀(jì)，阿基米德發(fā)明的螺旋桿，可以平穩(wěn)連續(xù)地將水提至幾米高處，其原理仍為現(xiàn)代螺桿泵所利用。?
公元前200年左右，古希臘工匠克特西比烏斯發(fā)明的滅火泵是一種最原始的活塞泵，已具備典型活塞泵的主要元件，但活塞泵只是在出現(xiàn)了蒸汽機(jī)之后才得到迅速發(fā)展。?
1840～1850年，美國(guó)沃辛頓發(fā)明泵缸和蒸汽缸對(duì)置的，蒸汽直接作用的活塞泵，標(biāo)志著現(xiàn)代活塞泵的形成。19世紀(jì)是活塞泵發(fā)展的高潮時(shí)期，當(dāng)時(shí)已用于水壓機(jī)等多種機(jī)械中然而隨著需水量的劇增，從20世紀(jì)20年代起，低速的、流量受到很大限制的活塞泵逐。漸被高速的離心泵和回轉(zhuǎn)泵所代替。但是在高壓小流量領(lǐng)域往復(fù)泵仍占有主要地位，尤其是隔膜泵、柱塞泵獨(dú)具優(yōu)點(diǎn)，應(yīng)用日益增多。?
回轉(zhuǎn)泵的出現(xiàn)與工業(yè)上對(duì)液體輸送的要求日益多樣化有關(guān)。早在1588年就有了關(guān)于四葉片滑片泵的記載，以后陸續(xù)出現(xiàn)了其他各種回轉(zhuǎn)泵，但直到19世紀(jì)回轉(zhuǎn)泵仍存在泄漏大、磨損大和效率低等缺點(diǎn)。20世紀(jì)初，人們解決了轉(zhuǎn)子潤(rùn)滑和密封等問(wèn)題，并采用高速電動(dòng)機(jī)驅(qū)動(dòng)，適合較高壓力、中小流量和各種粘性液體的回轉(zhuǎn)泵才得到迅速發(fā)展?；剞D(zhuǎn)泵的類型和適宜輸送的液體種類之多為其他各類泵所不及。?
利用離心力輸水的想法最早出現(xiàn)在列奧納多·達(dá)芬奇所作的草圖中。1689年，法國(guó)物理學(xué)家帕潘發(fā)明了四葉片葉輪的蝸殼離心泵。但更接近于現(xiàn)代離心泵的，則是1818年在美國(guó)出現(xiàn)的具有徑向直葉片、半開(kāi)式雙吸葉輪和蝸殼的所謂馬薩諸塞泵。1851～1875年，帶有導(dǎo)葉的多級(jí)離心泵相繼被發(fā)明，使得發(fā)展高揚(yáng)程離心泵成為可能。?
早在1754年，瑞士數(shù)學(xué)家歐拉就提出了葉輪式水力機(jī)械的基本方程式，奠定了離心泵設(shè)計(jì)的理論基礎(chǔ)，但直到19世紀(jì)末，高速電動(dòng)機(jī)的發(fā)明使離心泵獲得理想動(dòng)力源之后，它的優(yōu)越性才得以充分發(fā)揮。在英國(guó)的雷諾和德國(guó)的普夫萊德雷爾等許多學(xué)者的理論研究和實(shí)踐的基礎(chǔ)上，離心泵的效率大大提高，它的性能范圍和使用領(lǐng)域也日益擴(kuò)大，已成為現(xiàn)代應(yīng)用最廣、產(chǎn)量最大的泵。??
二、泵的分類?
泵通常按工作原理分容積式泵、動(dòng)力式泵和其他類型泵。?
容積式泵：容積式泵是依靠工作元件在泵缸內(nèi)作往復(fù)或回轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)動(dòng)，使工作容積交替地增大和縮小，以實(shí)現(xiàn)液體的吸入和排出。工作元件作往復(fù)運(yùn)動(dòng)的容積式泵稱為往復(fù)泵，作回轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)動(dòng)的稱為回轉(zhuǎn)泵。前者的吸入和排出過(guò)程在同一泵缸內(nèi)交替進(jìn)行，并由吸入閥和排出閥加以控制；后者則是通過(guò)齒輪、螺桿、葉形轉(zhuǎn)子或滑片等工作元件的旋轉(zhuǎn)作用，迫使液體從吸入側(cè)轉(zhuǎn)移到排出側(cè)。如圖所示的兩個(gè)齒輪泵是最典型的容積式泵：
?容積式泵的主要特點(diǎn)是：①一定的泵在一定轉(zhuǎn)速或往復(fù)次數(shù)下的流量是一定的，幾乎不隨壓力而變。工作點(diǎn)壓力和軸功率取決于與泵連接的裝置系統(tǒng)的情況，因此當(dāng)泵在排出管路不通（相當(dāng)于系統(tǒng)阻力無(wú)限大）的情況下運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)時(shí)，其壓力和軸功率會(huì)增大到使泵或原動(dòng)機(jī)破壞，所以必須設(shè)置安全閥來(lái)保護(hù)泵（蒸汽直接作用或壓縮空氣驅(qū)動(dòng)的泵例外）。②往復(fù)泵的流量和壓力有較大脈動(dòng)，需要采取相應(yīng)的消減脈動(dòng)措施；回轉(zhuǎn)泵一般無(wú)脈動(dòng)或只有小的脈動(dòng)。③具有自吸能力，泵啟動(dòng)后即能抽除管路中的空氣吸入液體。④啟動(dòng)泵時(shí)必須將排出管路閥門完全打開(kāi)。⑤往復(fù)泵是低速機(jī)械，尺寸大，制造和安裝費(fèi)用也大；回轉(zhuǎn)泵轉(zhuǎn)速較高，可達(dá)3000轉(zhuǎn)／分。⑥往復(fù)泵適用于高壓力(有高達(dá)350兆帕的)和小流量（100米3／時(shí)以下）；回轉(zhuǎn)泵適用于中小流量（400米3／時(shí)以下）和較高壓力（35兆帕以下）?？偟膩?lái)說(shuō)，容積泵的效率高于動(dòng)力式泵，而且效率曲線的高效區(qū)較寬。往復(fù)泵的效率一般為70～85％，高的可達(dá)90％以上。⑦往復(fù)泵適宜輸送清潔的液體或氣液混合物，有的泵如隔膜泵可輸送泥漿、污水等，主要用于給水、提供高壓液源和計(jì)量輸送等。回轉(zhuǎn)泵適宜輸送有潤(rùn)滑性的清潔的液體和液氣混合物，特別是粘度大的液體，主要用于油品、食品液體的輸送和液壓傳動(dòng)方面。??????
動(dòng)力式泵：動(dòng)力式泵靠快速旋轉(zhuǎn)的葉輪對(duì)液體的作用力，將機(jī)械能傳遞給液體,使其動(dòng)能和壓力能增加，然后再通過(guò)泵缸，將大部分動(dòng)能轉(zhuǎn)換為壓力能而實(shí)現(xiàn)輸送。動(dòng)力式泵又稱葉輪式泵或葉片式泵。離心泵是最常見(jiàn)的動(dòng)力式泵。????
?動(dòng)力式泵的主要特點(diǎn)是：①一定的泵在一定轉(zhuǎn)速下所產(chǎn)生的揚(yáng)程有一限定值。工作點(diǎn)流量和軸功率取決于與泵連接的裝置系統(tǒng)的情況(位差、壓力差和管路損失)。揚(yáng)程隨流量而改變（圖2）。②工作穩(wěn)定，輸送連續(xù),流量和壓力無(wú)脈動(dòng)。③一般無(wú)自吸能力,需要將泵先灌滿液體或?qū)⒐苈烦槌烧婵蘸蟛拍荛_(kāi)始工作。④離心泵在排出管路閥門關(guān)閉狀態(tài)下啟動(dòng)，旋渦泵和軸流泵在閥門全開(kāi)狀態(tài)下啟動(dòng)，以減少啟動(dòng)功率。⑤離心泵適合于用高速電動(dòng)機(jī)和汽輪機(jī)等直接驅(qū)動(dòng),結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)單,制造成本低，維修方便。⑥適用性能范圍廣，離心泵的流量可以從幾到幾十萬(wàn)米3/時(shí)，揚(yáng)程可以從數(shù)米到數(shù)千米；軸流泵一般適用于大流量和低揚(yáng)程（20米以下）。離心泵和軸流泵的效率一般在80％以下，高的可達(dá)90％。⑦適宜輸送粘度很小的清潔液體（例如清水），特殊設(shè)計(jì)的泵可輸送泥漿、污水等或水輸固體物。動(dòng)力式泵主要用于給水、排水、灌溉、流程液體輸送、電站蓄能、液壓傳動(dòng)和船舶噴射推進(jìn)等。?
其他類型的泵：其他類型的泵是指以另外的方式傳遞能量的一類泵。例如射流泵是依靠高速噴射出的工作流體?，將需要輸送的流體吸入泵內(nèi)，并通過(guò)兩種流體混合進(jìn)行動(dòng)量交換來(lái)傳遞能量；水錘泵是利用流動(dòng)中的水被突然制動(dòng)時(shí)產(chǎn)生的能量，使其中的一部分水壓升到一定高度；電磁泵是使通電的液態(tài)金屬在電磁力作用下?，產(chǎn)生流動(dòng)而實(shí)現(xiàn)輸送；氣體升液泵通過(guò)導(dǎo)管將壓縮空氣或其他壓縮氣體送至液體的最底層處，使之形成較液體輕的氣液混合流體，再借管外液體的壓力將混合流體壓升上來(lái)。??
三、泵在中國(guó)的發(fā)展?????
解放前：我國(guó)現(xiàn)代泵產(chǎn)業(yè)起源于19世紀(jì)末20世紀(jì)初。當(dāng)時(shí)中國(guó)正處于半封建半殖民地時(shí)期，基本上沒(méi)有工業(yè)，農(nóng)業(yè)也很落后，偶爾有少量的泵需要修造，這是應(yīng)礦業(yè)開(kāi)發(fā)排水和海運(yùn)船舶用泵之需要產(chǎn)生的。30年代，仿制泵進(jìn)入了一個(gè)小高潮，至抗戰(zhàn)前，上海生產(chǎn)水泵廠家有20多家。抗戰(zhàn)時(shí)期（1938-1945），上海，漢口等地的機(jī)器廠內(nèi)遷重慶、四川、云南等內(nèi)地?？箲?zhàn)勝利后，眾多內(nèi)遷機(jī)器廠相繼遷回原地，上海迂回機(jī)器廠最多，又開(kāi)始制造水泵。另外，又有新成立機(jī)器廠也生產(chǎn)水泵，如潘德民工程師建立的上海三番機(jī)器廠。還有長(zhǎng)春魁利金、北京同益、武漢開(kāi)明、新華和沈陽(yáng)都相繼生產(chǎn)水泵。具體生產(chǎn)力量無(wú)從考察，但是但從渤海地區(qū)、江浙地區(qū)抽水機(jī)站的泵總量7000臺(tái)可知，當(dāng)時(shí)生產(chǎn)量已經(jīng)不小，因?yàn)檫@里不包括上海、漢口、天津、廣州、南京等地自來(lái)水用泵量和工礦給排水用泵量。?????
形成期：解放后，即50年代，國(guó)家開(kāi)始了工業(yè)化建設(shè)，實(shí)施了第一個(gè)五年計(jì)劃和第二個(gè)五年計(jì)劃，工業(yè)的發(fā)展對(duì)泵的需求越來(lái)越多，要求兼營(yíng)生產(chǎn)水泵到專營(yíng)制造水泵。?
第一個(gè)改為專業(yè)水泵制造廠的是在沈陽(yáng)。1953年9月1日有沈陽(yáng)第六機(jī)器廠改名為沈陽(yáng)水泵廠（這個(gè)廠是1932年成立的小型機(jī)修修配廠，日本占領(lǐng)時(shí)期曾是日本荏原公司離心泵的修造廠。1948年11月2日由中國(guó)人民解放軍沈陽(yáng)特別軍事管制委員會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)處接管，廠名改為沈陽(yáng)第二機(jī)械廠。1952年12月，劃歸中央重工業(yè)部第一機(jī)械工業(yè)局領(lǐng)導(dǎo)，又更名為沈陽(yáng)第六機(jī)器廠）。另外規(guī)模較大的生產(chǎn)往復(fù)泵與離心泵的國(guó)營(yíng)企業(yè)也有一些。?
1956年，私營(yíng)企業(yè)全部公司合營(yíng)，一機(jī)部組織沈陽(yáng)水泵廠有關(guān)工程師對(duì)全國(guó)兼營(yíng)生產(chǎn)水泵企業(yè)進(jìn)行了生產(chǎn)、技術(shù)情況調(diào)研，為一機(jī)部和各省機(jī)械廳定點(diǎn)，并改為專業(yè)水泵廠打下了基礎(chǔ)。在這個(gè)背景下，至五十年代末，一些機(jī)械廠或機(jī)器廠相繼更名為水泵廠，進(jìn)行專門的水泵生產(chǎn)。?
我國(guó)計(jì)劃經(jīng)濟(jì)模式，在五十年代后期已經(jīng)完成。當(dāng)時(shí)部里負(fù)責(zé)產(chǎn)供銷，省里負(fù)責(zé)人財(cái)物。但是技術(shù)、質(zhì)量沒(méi)有統(tǒng)一的負(fù)責(zé)部門。因此機(jī)械部決定，由沈陽(yáng)水泵廠出面（代表機(jī)械部）籌備成立全國(guó)水泵行業(yè)組織。全國(guó)負(fù)責(zé)全行業(yè)技術(shù)和質(zhì)量工作。1960年10月在沈陽(yáng)，正式成立由哈爾濱、長(zhǎng)春、沈陽(yáng)、本溪、大耐、北京、石家莊、保定、陽(yáng)泉、博山、上海、上一、上深、浙江、龍巖、鷹潭、新鄉(xiāng)、武漢、長(zhǎng)沙、佛山、重慶、蘭州共23家專業(yè)水泵廠參加的全國(guó)水泵行業(yè)組織。至此，我國(guó)泵產(chǎn)業(yè)已經(jīng)初步形成。?
奠定期：我國(guó)水泵行業(yè)成立后，23家專業(yè)泵廠圍繞一機(jī)部訂貨會(huì)議訂貨要求以及沈陽(yáng)水泵研究所的指導(dǎo)，已經(jīng)有了相當(dāng)?shù)姆止?。如圍繞中央工作配套需要，大連主要做耐酸泵，本溪主要做蒸汽、電動(dòng)往復(fù)泵，沈陽(yáng)主要做電站，石油化工用泵，石家莊主要做污水泵，雜質(zhì)泵，天津主要做螺桿泵、潛油泵，陽(yáng)泉主要做電動(dòng)試壓泵和礦用泵，長(zhǎng)沙、武漢主要做水利用泵，上海主要做穿用泵，上海一泵主要做多級(jí)泵，重慶專做計(jì)量泵。這些廠為了地區(qū)和省內(nèi)配套需要以及考慮到運(yùn)輸?shù)姆奖阋布孀鲆恍┢渌鞣N類型泵。?
為了更好地實(shí)行對(duì)全國(guó)泵行業(yè)管理和服務(wù)，1962年6月16日，第一機(jī)械工業(yè)部正式批準(zhǔn)沈陽(yáng)水泵研究所為部二類研究所，負(fù)責(zé)泵行業(yè)的技術(shù)質(zhì)量工作，是國(guó)家水泵技術(shù)歸口單位。沈陽(yáng)水泵研究所在領(lǐng)導(dǎo)行業(yè)同時(shí)，還進(jìn)行了泵的應(yīng)用研究和特殊泵的開(kāi)發(fā)工作。?
1967年第一機(jī)械工業(yè)部決定由沈陽(yáng)水泵廠幫助籌建甘肅天水水泵廠，本溪水泵廠幫助籌建陜西寶雞水泵廠，從而使西北地區(qū)的專業(yè)水泵廠增多。與此相適應(yīng)，50年代末至60年代，各省農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械研究所相繼成立，這些所的排灌機(jī)械研究所都有一批專業(yè)人員在進(jìn)行農(nóng)業(yè)泵的研究開(kāi)發(fā)工作，開(kāi)發(fā)成功了一批農(nóng)業(yè)泵，如湖南農(nóng)機(jī)所的湘農(nóng)系列泵，浙江機(jī)科所的浙農(nóng)系列泵和水錘泵，福建農(nóng)機(jī)所的閩農(nóng)系列泵。?
在農(nóng)業(yè)排灌的農(nóng)用泵專業(yè)人才培養(yǎng)方面，1961年，經(jīng)高教部批準(zhǔn)，在吉林農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)由戴桂蕊副教授籌建“排灌機(jī)械”專業(yè)，1963年遷入鎮(zhèn)江農(nóng)機(jī)學(xué)院（現(xiàn)今已相繼改名為江蘇工學(xué)院，江蘇理工大學(xué)、江蘇大學(xué)），培養(yǎng)農(nóng)用泵，柴油機(jī)專業(yè)人員。?到60年代末，我國(guó)工農(nóng)業(yè)泵工廠已達(dá)50家，中國(guó)泵工業(yè)的制造基礎(chǔ)初步奠定了。?農(nóng)業(yè)泵為主的發(fā)展期：?七十年代，我國(guó)泵制造業(yè)發(fā)展有兩個(gè)特點(diǎn)，一是建立農(nóng)業(yè)泵生產(chǎn)體系，農(nóng)業(yè)泵廠大量涌現(xiàn)；二是原有工業(yè)泵廠進(jìn)行了大規(guī)模技術(shù)改造，擴(kuò)大了規(guī)模和生產(chǎn)能力，勞動(dòng)生產(chǎn)率進(jìn)一步提高。經(jīng)過(guò)七十年代泵產(chǎn)業(yè)的發(fā)展，我國(guó)泵工廠數(shù)已從六十年代50家左右增加到七十年代末190家左右。?
這一時(shí)期特點(diǎn)是各農(nóng)業(yè)泵廠和農(nóng)用潛水泵廠迅速成長(zhǎng)，一大批電機(jī)廠順著產(chǎn)業(yè)后延，也大量生產(chǎn)潛水泵，如合肥電機(jī)廠（是1956年上海內(nèi)遷的上海三益電機(jī)廠）在1972年12月26日成功試制了我國(guó)第一臺(tái)高壓（6千伏安）大功率（1200千瓦）揚(yáng)程為498米、流量為沒(méi)西歐暗示550立方米的大型潛水泵，在八十年代開(kāi)始生產(chǎn)大型潛水泵、礦用防爆潛水泵；上海人民電機(jī)廠生產(chǎn)小型農(nóng)用、工程潛水泵。在農(nóng)用泵產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展中，中國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械研究院和各省農(nóng)機(jī)所排灌研究室起到了很大推動(dòng)作用，也培養(yǎng)了一批工廠實(shí)用人才，農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械部定點(diǎn)的泵研究所是中國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械化科學(xué)研究院、吉林農(nóng)機(jī)研究所、浙江機(jī)械科學(xué)研究所、江蘇工學(xué)院排灌機(jī)械研究所和福建水輪泵研究所5家。?
七十年代末，高等技術(shù)專業(yè)人才培養(yǎng)也有了變化。六十年代中、后期、哈工大水機(jī)專業(yè)撤銷，經(jīng)重機(jī)學(xué)院轉(zhuǎn)入甘肅工業(yè)大學(xué)，同時(shí)浙江大學(xué)也撤銷了水機(jī)專業(yè)，改為液壓專業(yè)，到70年代末80年代初，清華水利系的水力動(dòng)力裝置專業(yè)改為水力機(jī)械專業(yè)。北京農(nóng)機(jī)、成都農(nóng)機(jī)學(xué)院的排灌機(jī)械專業(yè)改名為水力機(jī)械專業(yè)。這樣，華中理工，清華，甘工大，鎮(zhèn)江農(nóng)機(jī)、北京農(nóng)機(jī)和成都農(nóng)機(jī)學(xué)院六個(gè)院校的水機(jī)專業(yè)在八十年代后，為中國(guó)泵產(chǎn)業(yè)迅速發(fā)展培養(yǎng)了大量專業(yè)人才。?
技術(shù)性泵的發(fā)展期：八十年代，進(jìn)入改革開(kāi)放年代。中國(guó)泵產(chǎn)業(yè)也結(jié)束了封閉發(fā)展的30年，迎來(lái)了改革開(kāi)放的春風(fēng)。為了填補(bǔ)我國(guó)泵產(chǎn)品的空白，縮短與國(guó)外技術(shù)差距，機(jī)械部和各級(jí)政府動(dòng)用了國(guó)家外匯和地方外匯支持泵行業(yè)開(kāi)展技術(shù)引進(jìn)工作。為此，泵行業(yè)中，各主要制造廠開(kāi)始了大規(guī)模引進(jìn)先進(jìn)產(chǎn)品和技術(shù)項(xiàng)目。?
整個(gè)八十年代至九十年代初，我國(guó)泵行業(yè)以引進(jìn)、消化、吸收、移植國(guó)外先進(jìn)技術(shù)和產(chǎn)品為主，帶動(dòng)了全行業(yè)新產(chǎn)品大量開(kāi)發(fā)，是我國(guó)泵產(chǎn)業(yè)一百年來(lái)新產(chǎn)品品種增加最快的年代。?
但是在引進(jìn)消化、吸收中也有不理想的一面，提高和改善很差，對(duì)引進(jìn)的產(chǎn)品幾乎沒(méi)有一種經(jīng)我國(guó)改進(jìn)和提高，能與原技術(shù)輸出國(guó)相競(jìng)爭(zhēng)，在國(guó)際市場(chǎng)上占有一席之地，大部分產(chǎn)品只能占領(lǐng)國(guó)內(nèi)市場(chǎng)。這一點(diǎn)應(yīng)引以為鑒。?
八十年代初，機(jī)械部以及各省機(jī)械廳又開(kāi)始狠抓產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量，對(duì)質(zhì)檢設(shè)施給予資金投入，全面質(zhì)量管理開(kāi)始貫徹，開(kāi)始實(shí)行“工業(yè)泵生產(chǎn)許可證”制度。?
八十年代中后期，對(duì)中國(guó)泵產(chǎn)業(yè)來(lái)說(shuō)，又是鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)泵制造業(yè)蓬勃發(fā)展時(shí)期，這是八十年代我國(guó)泵產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展的主要特色。產(chǎn)生了一批至今還有知名度的廣一、豐球、亞太等泵制造廠。
附錄B
Pump development history
Abstract: it transfers the mechanical energy or other external energy of the original motive to the liquid, and increases the liquid energy.. The pump has a long history, and has been a prototype in the ad. The pump is usually operated by volume type pumps, power pumps and other pumps..
Keywords: volume pump, pump power, the development of
Text:
A pump history
Pump is conveying liquid or liquid pressurized machinery. He mainly used to transport liquids including water, oil, acid and alkali, emulsions, suspensions emulsions and liquid metals, but also transport liquid, gas mixtures and liquids containing suspended solids.
Pump originally as water pumping apparatus appear in history. Egypt, for example chain pump (17th century BC), China's Jie Gao (17th century BC), gin (11th century BC) and the waterwheel (1st century AD). There are more famous third century BC, Archimedes screw rod invention, water can be smoothly continuously raised to several meters high, its principle is still used by modern screw.
Around 200 BC, the ancient Greek craftsmen Kurt Siby Lucius fire pump is one of the most original invention of piston pumps, already have the main components of a typical piston pump, but only in the event of a piston pump only after the rapid development of the steam engine .
1840 ~ 1850, US Worthington invention pump cylinder and steam cylinder opposed steam direct role piston pump, marking the formation of the modern piston pumps. The 19th century was the height of the piston pump development, it was already used in hydraulic machines and other machinery However, with the sharp increase in water demand, from the 1920s, low-speed, traffic is very restricted by a piston pump. Gradually being replaced by high-speed centrifugal pumps and rotary pumps. But in the field of high pressure low flow reciprocating pump still occupies a dominant position, in particular diaphragm pumps, piston pumps with unique advantages, used increasingly.
It appears rotary pump with the requirements of the industry for liquid delivery of increasingly diverse related. As early as 1588 there was recorded on four-blade vane pump, one after another appeared in a variety of other rotary pump, rotary pump until the 19th century but there is still a large leak, wear large and low efficiency. Early 20th century, people solve the rotor lubrication and sealing and other issues, and high-speed motor drive, suitable for high pressure, small flow and a variety of viscous liquid rotary pump was developed rapidly. Rotary pump type and the kind of liquid suitable for the delivery of the reach of many other types of pumps.
Using centrifugal force conveyance of the idea first appeared in the Leonardo da Vinci sketch taken in. In 1689, French physicist Papin invented the four blade impeller centrifugal pump volute. But closer to the modern centrifugal pumps, it is occurring in the United States in 1818 with radial straight blade, semi-open impeller and volute double suction pump so-called Massachusetts. 1851 ~ 1875, with a multi-stage centrifugal pump vanes successively been invented, so the development of high-lift centrifugal pump as possible.
Early in 1754, after the Swiss mathematician Euler proposed the basic equation impeller hydraulic machinery, laid the theoretical foundation of centrifugal pump design, but until the late 19th century, the invention of high-speed motor centrifugal pump to obtain the desired power source, it's He was able to give full play to the advantages.Pugh Ladd Ray Renault in the UK and Germany, Haier basic theory and practice of many scholars, the centrifugal pump efficiency is greatly improved, its performance range and field use is also growing, has become the most widely used modern, the largest output pump.
Second, the pump classification
Pumps are usually divided according to the principle of displacement pumps, power pumps and other types of pumps.
Positive displacement pumps: positive displacement pump is to rely on the working element or the pump cylinder for reciprocating rotary motion, so that the working volume alternately increased and reduced, in order to achieve suction and discharge of liquid. Working element reciprocating positive displacement pump known as reciprocating pumps, rotary movement called rotary pump. Former suction and discharge process carried out in the same pump cylinder alternately by the suction and discharge valves to control; the latter is through the rotation of the gear, screw, leaf rotor or vane work element, forcing the liquid from the suction side to the discharge side. Two gear pumps as shown most typical displacement pump:
The main features of positive displacement pumps are: ① pump some back and forth at a certain speed or frequency of the flow is constant, almost no change with pressure. Working point pressure and shaft power depends on the device system connected to the pump case, and therefore when the pump is running at the discharge line blocked (infinite resistance equivalent system), the pressure and shaft power increases to the pump or the prime mover damage, it must set a safety valve to protect the pump (steam direct action or compressed air driven pump exceptions). ② reciprocating pump flow and pressure pulsations greater the need to take appropriate abatement measures pulsating; rotary pump is generally no pulse or only a small ripple. ③ self-priming capability, the pump can start after pumping air into the liquid in the pipeline. Exhaust pipes and valves must be fully opened ④ start the pump. ⑤ reciprocating pump is a low-speed machinery, large size, manufacturing and installation costs are also large; high speed rotary pumps up to 3000 rev / min. ⑥ reciprocating pump for high pressure (up to 350 MPa) and low flow (100 m 3 / h or less); rotary pump for small flow (400 m 3 / h or less) and high pressure (35 MPa or less ). Overall, the efficiency of the volume of the pump is higher than a powered pump, and the efficiency curve of the high zone wider. Efficiency reciprocating pump is generally 70 to 85%, higher than 90%. ⑦ reciprocating pump suitable for handling clean liquid or gas-liquid mixture, such as a diaphragm pump can deliver some mud, sewage, mainly for water supply, providing high pressure fluid source and the metering conveyor and the like. Suitable rotary pump transporting liquid and liquid-gas mixture to clean the lubricating property, in particular liquid viscosity, mainly for oil, food liquid delivery terms and hydraulic transmission.
Power pump: power pump impeller by rapidly rotating force on liquids, the mechanical energy transferred to the liquid, so that it can increase the kinetic energy and pressure, and then through the pump cylinder, most of the kinetic energy is converted to pressure energy and achieve delivery. Power pump, also known as pump impeller or vane pump. Centrifugal force is the most common type pump.
The main features of power pumps are: ① lift certain pump at a certain speed produced a limited value. Traffic and shaft power operating point depending on the unit system connected to the pump case (difference, the pressure difference and the pipeline loss). Lift with the flow rate changes (Figure 2). ② stable, continuous delivery, flow and pressure pulsation. ③ generally no self-absorption capacity, the need to be filled with a liquid pump or tubing evacuated before you can start working. ④ centrifugal valve in the discharge line to start off, vortex flow and axial pumps in the valve is fully open state to start to reduce the starting power. ⑤ centrifugal pumps suitable for high-speed motors and steam turbines with direct drive, simple structure, low manufacturing cost, easy maintenance. ⑥ suitable for a wide range of performance, centrifugal pump flow rate can be from a few to tens of meters 3 / hour, lift from a few meters to several kilometers; axial flow pump is generally suitable for high flow and low head (20 meters). Centrifugal and axial flow efficiency is generally below 80%, high up to 90%. ⑦ suitable transport viscosity small cleaning liquid (such as water), specially designed pumps can deliver the mud, sewage and other solids or water transport. A powered pump is mainly used for water supply, drainage, irrigation, process liquid delivery, storage power plants, hydraulic and marine jet propulsion.
Other types of pumps: other type of pump means to transfer energy in another way a class pump. For example, is to rely on the high-speed jet pump working fluid ejected, the need to transport the fluid sucked into the pump, and mixing the two fluids carried by momentum exchange to transfer energy; water hammer pump flow is generated in the use of water is suddenly braking energy, wherein a portion of the pressure rise to a certain height; electromagnetic pump is energized so that the liquid metal in the electromagnetic force generated transport flow is achieved; gas lift pump through the conduit to the compressed air or other compressed gas liquids at the bottom, and make it a relatively light liquid-liquid mixed fluid, and then by pipe pressure outside the liquid mixed fluid pressure rise up.
Third, pump development in China
Liberation: China's modern pump industry originated in the late 19th and early 20th century. At that time, China is in a semifeudal and semicolonial period, virtually no industry, agriculture is very backward, and occasionally a small amount of pump needs to build, which is mining development should be drained and maritime ships need to pump it generated. 1930s, imitation pump into a small climax, and 1937, Shanghai has more than 20 production pump manufacturers. Anti-Japanese War (1938-1945), Shanghai, Hankou machine factory Inland Chongqing, Sichuan, Yunnan and other mainland. After the war, many Inland machinery plants have been moved back to the place, Shanghai machinery plant most circuitous, and began to manufacture pumps. In addition, there are new machinery plant also produces pumps set up, such as the Pan Demin engineers have built a machine factory in Shanghai tripled. There Quebec Licking Changchun, Beijing Tongyi, Wuhan enlightened, Xinhua and Shenyang have produced both pumps. Specific production forces unable to visit, but the total pump Sea region but, Jiangsu and Zhejiang pump station 7000 shows that production capacity was no longer small, because this does not include Shanghai, Hankou, Tianjin, Guangzhou, Nanjing and other water volume pump and mining drainage pump volume.
Formation stage: After the liberation, the 1950s, the state began the industrial construction, the implementation of the first Five-Year Plan and the Second Five-Year Plan, the development of industry demand for pump more and more requirements for the production of water pumps to run specializes in manufacturing pumps.
The first change is the professional pump factory in Shenyang. September 1, 1953 Shenyang Machinery Plant was renamed sixth Shenyang Water Pump Factory (the factory is established in 1932 minicomputer repair repair shop, the Japanese occupation was a Japanese company Ebara centrifugal pumps built factory. November 2, 1948 taken over by the PLA Shenyang Military Control Commission Special Economic Section, name changed to the second Machinery Plant Shenyang. in December 1952, under the first Machinery Industry Bureau of the Central leadership of the Ministry of heavy industry, was renamed sixth Shenyang Machinery Factory). Further large-scale production of reciprocating and centrifugal pumps, there are some state-owned enterprises.
In 1956, the private sector all of our joint venture company, a unit organized by the Ministry of Shenyang Pump Factory engineer related to the national production of water pumps run enterprises in the production, technical survey of the conditions for a machine part and the provincial Office of fixed machinery, and instead lay professional pump plant the foundation. In this context, to the late 1950s some mechanical plant or machinery plants have been renamed as water pump factory, specialized pump manufacturing.
Our planned economy, has been completed in the late fifties. At that time the ministry in charge of production, supply, provincial head of the property. But technology, quality is not uniform responsible authority. Therefore, the Ministry of Machinery decided to come forward by the Shenyang Pump Factory (on behalf of the Department of Mechanical) Preparations for the establishment of the pump industry organizations. China is responsible for the entire industry technology and quality work. October 1960 in Shenyang, was formally established by the Harbin, Changchun, Shenyang, Benxi, large resistance, Beijing, Shijiazhuang, Baoding, Yangquan, Boshan, Shanghai, on a, on a deep, Zhejiang Province, Longyan, Yingtan, Xinxiang, Wuhan, the pump industry organization Changsha, Foshan, Chongqing, Lanzhou, a total of 23 professional water pump factory participated. So far, China has initially formed the pump industry.
Laid on: After the establishment of China's pump industry, around 23 professional pump plant orders meeting the requirements of orders and guidance of the Shenyang Institute of pumps of a machine unit, the division has been considerable. Such as supporting the needs around the central work, the main job of Dalian acid pump, Benxi mainly to steam, electric reciprocating pump, Shenyang mainly to do power plants, petrochemical pumps, the main job of Shijiazhuang sewage pumps, pump impurities, Tianjin mainly to screw pump, submersible pump, Yangquan mainly to electric test pump and mining pumps, Changsha, Wuhan, mainly to use of water pumps, Shanghai mainly to wear pumps, Shanghai a pump is mainly done multi-stage pump, Chongqing specializing in metering pump. The plant in order to support the region and the province as well as taking into account the need for easy transport also offering a number of other types of pumps.
In order to better carry out nationwide pump industry management and service, June 16, 1962, the first formal approval of Ministry of Machinery Industry technical quality of the work for the Ministry of Shenyang Institute of pumps II Institute, responsible for the pump industry, the national pump technology NFP. Shenyang Institute of pumps in industry leadership also conducted applied research and special pumps pump development.
In 1967 the first mechanical Ministry of Industry decided by the Shenyang Pump Factory help buil