外轉(zhuǎn)子式直流發(fā)電機(jī)設(shè)計(jì)含7張CAD圖帶開(kāi)題報(bào)告-獨(dú)家.zip
外轉(zhuǎn)子式直流發(fā)電機(jī)設(shè)計(jì)含7張CAD圖帶開(kāi)題報(bào)告-獨(dú)家.zip,外轉(zhuǎn),直流發(fā)電機(jī),設(shè)計(jì),CAD,開(kāi)題,報(bào)告,獨(dú)家
1 前言
電機(jī)行業(yè)是一個(gè)傳統(tǒng)的行業(yè)。經(jīng)過(guò)200多年的發(fā)展，它已經(jīng)成為現(xiàn)代生產(chǎn)、生活中不可或缺的核心、基礎(chǔ)，是國(guó)民經(jīng)濟(jì)中重要的一環(huán)。作為勞動(dòng)密集型產(chǎn)業(yè)，我國(guó)發(fā)展電機(jī)制造業(yè)有著得天獨(dú)厚的優(yōu)勢(shì)。到目前為止，我國(guó)的電機(jī)制造業(yè)已經(jīng)具有一定規(guī)模。據(jù)全國(guó)電工行業(yè)統(tǒng)計(jì)，2006年全國(guó)交流電機(jī)產(chǎn)量達(dá)到15000萬(wàn)kw，同比增16％；汽輪發(fā)電機(jī)9583萬(wàn)kw，同比增長(zhǎng)21.64％，水輪發(fā)電機(jī)組1922萬(wàn)kw，同比增長(zhǎng)49.57％。在經(jīng)過(guò)了2006年下半年的低速發(fā)展之后，2007年到現(xiàn)在，我國(guó)電機(jī)制造行業(yè)保持高速發(fā)展態(tài)勢(shì)。電機(jī)出口市場(chǎng)的需求還將在相當(dāng)一個(gè)時(shí)期趨于穩(wěn)定，交流電動(dòng)機(jī)的國(guó)際市場(chǎng)需求也十分可觀，并將持續(xù)處于高速增長(zhǎng)階段。隨著電機(jī)產(chǎn)品國(guó)外市場(chǎng)的進(jìn)一步拓寬，中小型電機(jī)在出口數(shù)量、品種、產(chǎn)品檔次、創(chuàng)匯額上將會(huì)有重大突破。未來(lái)出口電機(jī)產(chǎn)量增長(zhǎng)主要外部原因在于世界經(jīng)濟(jì)穩(wěn)定增長(zhǎng)，促進(jìn)了行業(yè)貿(mào)易產(chǎn)量的增長(zhǎng)。內(nèi)因是國(guó)內(nèi)出口退稅率改革導(dǎo)致企業(yè)加快出口步伐，及國(guó)內(nèi)外資企業(yè)規(guī)模的不斷擴(kuò)大和數(shù)量的快速增加，產(chǎn)品競(jìng)爭(zhēng)提高，在國(guó)內(nèi)形成巨大的效益，也刺激了出口上升。隨著生產(chǎn)現(xiàn)代化程度的不斷提高和人們對(duì)家用電器、汽車等消費(fèi)的不斷增加，市場(chǎng)對(duì)電機(jī)的需求也將越來(lái)越大。預(yù)計(jì)到2010年，全國(guó)發(fā)電裝機(jī)容量將達(dá)到6.6億千瓦左右，平均每年將投產(chǎn)發(fā)電裝機(jī)容量3700萬(wàn)千瓦以上，年均增長(zhǎng)7.8%左右。而電動(dòng)機(jī)的需求與發(fā)電設(shè)備的需求呈1∶3.51的正比關(guān)系，據(jù)此分析，大型、中小型交流電動(dòng)機(jī)產(chǎn)品在國(guó)內(nèi)市場(chǎng)的有效需求會(huì)保持穩(wěn)定增長(zhǎng)。
2 電機(jī)的起源與發(fā)展
電機(jī)工作基本原理是利用帶電導(dǎo)體和磁場(chǎng)間的相互作用而把電能變?yōu)闄C(jī)械能。電動(dòng)機(jī)結(jié)構(gòu)主要包括兩部分：轉(zhuǎn)子和定子。轉(zhuǎn)子為電動(dòng)機(jī)的旋轉(zhuǎn)部分，由轉(zhuǎn)軸座組成，導(dǎo)體繞組的排列方式?jīng)Q定電動(dòng)機(jī)的類型及其特性。
1821年英國(guó)科學(xué)家法拉第首先證明可以把電力轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)樾D(zhuǎn)運(yùn)動(dòng)。最先制成電動(dòng)機(jī)的人，據(jù)說(shuō)是德國(guó)的雅可比。他于1834年前后成了一種簡(jiǎn)單的裝置：在兩個(gè)u型電磁鐵中間，裝一六臂輪，每臂帶兩根棒型磁鐵。通電后，棒型磁鐵與u型磁鐵之間產(chǎn)生相互吸引和排斥作用 ，帶動(dòng)輪軸轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)。后來(lái)，雅可比做了一具大型的裝置。安在小艇上，用320個(gè)丹尼爾電池供電，1838年小艇在易北河上首次航行，時(shí)速只有2.2公里，與此同時(shí)，美國(guó)的達(dá)文波特也成功地制出了驅(qū)動(dòng)印刷機(jī)的電動(dòng)機(jī)，印刷過(guò)美國(guó)電學(xué)期刑《電磁和機(jī)械情報(bào)》。但這兩種電動(dòng)機(jī)都沒(méi)有多大商業(yè)價(jià)值，用電池作電源，成本太大、不實(shí)用。
直到第一臺(tái)實(shí)用直流發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)問(wèn)世 ，電動(dòng)機(jī)才廣泛應(yīng)用。1870年比利時(shí)工程師格拉姆發(fā)明了直流發(fā)電機(jī)，在設(shè)計(jì)上，直流發(fā)電機(jī)和電動(dòng)機(jī)很相似。后來(lái)，格拉姆證明向直流發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)輸入電流，其轉(zhuǎn)子會(huì)象電動(dòng)機(jī)一樣旋轉(zhuǎn)。于是，這種格拉姆型電動(dòng)機(jī)大量制造出來(lái)。效率也不斷提高。與此同時(shí)，德國(guó)的西門子接著制造更好的發(fā)電機(jī)，并著手研究由電動(dòng)機(jī)驅(qū)動(dòng)的車輛，于是西門子公司制成了世界電車。1879年，在柏林工業(yè)展覽會(huì)上，西門子公司不冒煙的電車贏得觀眾的一片喝彩。西門子電機(jī)車當(dāng)時(shí)只有3馬力，后來(lái)美國(guó)發(fā)明大王愛(ài)迪生試驗(yàn)的電機(jī)車已達(dá)12─15馬力。但當(dāng)時(shí)的電動(dòng)機(jī)全是直流電機(jī)，只限于驅(qū)動(dòng)電車。
1888年南斯拉夫出生的美國(guó)發(fā)明家特斯拉發(fā)明了交流電動(dòng)機(jī)。它是根據(jù)電磁感應(yīng)原理制成，又稱感應(yīng)電動(dòng)機(jī)，這種電動(dòng)機(jī)結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)單，使用交流電，無(wú)需整流，無(wú)火花，因此被廣泛應(yīng)用于工業(yè)的家庭電器中，交流電動(dòng)機(jī)通常用三相交流供電。
1902年瑞典工程師丹尼爾森首先提出同步電動(dòng)機(jī)構(gòu)想。同步電動(dòng)機(jī)工作原理同感應(yīng)電動(dòng)機(jī)一樣，由定子產(chǎn)生旋轉(zhuǎn)磁場(chǎng)，便轉(zhuǎn)子繞組用直流供電，轉(zhuǎn)速固定不變，不受負(fù)載影響。因此同步電動(dòng)機(jī)特別適用于鐘表，電唱機(jī)和磁帶錄音機(jī)。
直流電動(dòng)機(jī)是直流激磁，工作特性接其激磁繞組的接線方式不同而有區(qū)別。串激電動(dòng)機(jī)起動(dòng)轉(zhuǎn)矩大，適用于牽引和起重，并激電動(dòng)機(jī)轉(zhuǎn)速隨負(fù)載大小而變動(dòng)較小，且可以調(diào)節(jié)，可用為定速或調(diào)速之用，復(fù)激電動(dòng)機(jī)兼有以上兩種激磁方式發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)的特性。
交流換向器電動(dòng)機(jī)，即轉(zhuǎn)子具有換向器的交流電動(dòng)機(jī)。因它既可用于交流 又可用于直流，故稱作交直流兩用電動(dòng)機(jī)或通用電動(dòng)機(jī)，多用于家用電器。
3 直流電機(jī)的簡(jiǎn)介
3.1 直流發(fā)電機(jī)工作原理
直流發(fā)電機(jī)的工作原理就是把電樞線圈中感應(yīng)的交變電動(dòng)勢(shì)，靠換向器配合電刷的換向作用，使之從電刷端引出時(shí)變?yōu)橹绷麟妱?dòng)勢(shì)的原理。
感應(yīng)電動(dòng)勢(shì)的方向按右手定則確定（磁感線指向手心，大拇指指向?qū)w運(yùn)動(dòng)方向，其他四指的指向就是導(dǎo)體中感應(yīng)電動(dòng)勢(shì)的方向。）
和電刷 A接觸的導(dǎo)體永遠(yuǎn)位于 N極下，同樣，和電刷 B接觸的導(dǎo)體永遠(yuǎn)位于S 極下。因此，電刷 A始終有正極性，電刷 B始終有負(fù)極性，所以電刷端能引出方向不變的但大小變化的脈振電動(dòng)勢(shì)。如果電樞上線圈數(shù)增多，并按照一定的規(guī)律把它們連接起來(lái)，可使脈振程度減小，就可獲得直流電動(dòng)勢(shì)。這就是直流發(fā)電機(jī)的工作原理。
3.2 直流電機(jī)的原理結(jié)構(gòu)
直流電動(dòng)機(jī)是依靠直流工作電壓運(yùn)行的電動(dòng)機(jī)，廣泛應(yīng)用于收錄機(jī)、錄像機(jī)、影碟機(jī)、電動(dòng)剃須刀、電吹風(fēng)、電子表、玩具等。 電磁式直流電動(dòng)機(jī) 電磁式直流電動(dòng)機(jī)由定子磁極、轉(zhuǎn)子（電樞）、換向器（俗稱整流子）、電刷、機(jī)殼、軸承等構(gòu)成，
電磁式直流電動(dòng)機(jī)的定子磁極（主磁極）由鐵心和勵(lì)磁繞組構(gòu)成。根據(jù)其勵(lì)磁（舊標(biāo)準(zhǔn)稱為激磁）方式的不同又可分為串勵(lì)直流電動(dòng)機(jī)、并勵(lì)直流電動(dòng)機(jī)、他勵(lì)直流電動(dòng)機(jī)和復(fù)勵(lì)直流電動(dòng)機(jī)。因勵(lì)磁方式不同，定子磁極磁通（由定子磁極的勵(lì)磁線圈通電后產(chǎn)生）的規(guī)律也不同。
串勵(lì)直流電動(dòng)機(jī)的勵(lì)磁繞組與轉(zhuǎn)子繞組之間通過(guò)電刷和換向器相串聯(lián)，勵(lì)磁電流與電樞電流成正比，定子的磁通量隨著勵(lì)磁電流的增大而增大，轉(zhuǎn)矩近似與電樞電流的平方成正比，轉(zhuǎn)速隨轉(zhuǎn)矩或電流的增加而迅速下降。其起動(dòng)轉(zhuǎn)矩可達(dá)額定轉(zhuǎn)矩的5倍以上，短時(shí)間過(guò)載轉(zhuǎn)矩可達(dá)額定轉(zhuǎn)矩的4倍以上，轉(zhuǎn)速變化率較大，空載轉(zhuǎn)速甚高（一般不允許其在空載下運(yùn)行）?？赏ㄟ^(guò)用外用電阻器與串勵(lì)繞組串聯(lián)（或并聯(lián)）、或?qū)⒋畡?lì)繞組并聯(lián)換接來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)調(diào)速。
并勵(lì)直流電動(dòng)機(jī)的勵(lì)磁繞組與轉(zhuǎn)子繞組相并聯(lián)，其勵(lì)磁電流較恒定，起動(dòng)轉(zhuǎn)矩與電樞電流成正比，起動(dòng)電流約為額定電流的2.5倍左右。轉(zhuǎn)速則隨電流及轉(zhuǎn)矩的增大而略有下降，短時(shí)過(guò)載轉(zhuǎn)矩為額定轉(zhuǎn)矩的1.5倍。轉(zhuǎn)速變化率較小，為5%~15%。可通過(guò)消弱磁場(chǎng)的恒功率來(lái)調(diào)速。
他勵(lì)直流電動(dòng)機(jī)的勵(lì)磁繞組接到獨(dú)立的勵(lì)磁電源供電，其勵(lì)磁電流也較恒定，起動(dòng)轉(zhuǎn)矩與電樞電流成正比。轉(zhuǎn)速變化也為5%~15%。可以通過(guò)消弱磁場(chǎng)恒功率來(lái)提高轉(zhuǎn)速或通過(guò)降低轉(zhuǎn)子繞組的電壓來(lái)使轉(zhuǎn)速降低。
復(fù)勵(lì)直流電動(dòng)機(jī)的定子磁極上除有并勵(lì)繞組外，還裝有與轉(zhuǎn)子繞組串聯(lián)的串勵(lì)繞組（其匝數(shù)較少）。串聯(lián)繞組產(chǎn)生磁通的方向與主繞組的磁通方向相同，起動(dòng)轉(zhuǎn)矩約為額定轉(zhuǎn)矩的4倍左右，短時(shí)間過(guò)載轉(zhuǎn)矩為額定轉(zhuǎn)矩的3.5倍左右。轉(zhuǎn)速變化率為25%~30%（與串聯(lián)繞組有關(guān)）。轉(zhuǎn)速可通過(guò)消弱磁場(chǎng)強(qiáng)度來(lái)調(diào)整。
換向器的換向片使用銀銅、鎘銅等合金材料，用高強(qiáng)度塑料模壓成。 電刷與換向器滑動(dòng)接觸，為轉(zhuǎn)子繞組提供電樞電流。電磁式直流電動(dòng)機(jī)的電刷一般采用金屬石墨電刷或電化石墨電刷。 轉(zhuǎn)子的鐵心采用硅鋼片疊壓而成，一般為12槽，內(nèi)嵌12組電樞繞組，各繞組間串聯(lián)接后，再分別與12片換向片連接。
4 外轉(zhuǎn)子直流電機(jī)的發(fā)展現(xiàn)狀
1、無(wú)機(jī)械式轉(zhuǎn)子位置傳感器控制
轉(zhuǎn)子位置傳感器是整個(gè)驅(qū)動(dòng)系中最為脆弱的部件，不僅增加了系統(tǒng)的成本和復(fù)雜性，而且降低系統(tǒng)的可靠消息和抗干擾能力，同時(shí)還需要占據(jù)一定的空間位置，在很多應(yīng)用場(chǎng)合，例如空調(diào)器和計(jì)算機(jī)外設(shè)都要求無(wú)刷直流電動(dòng)機(jī)以無(wú)轉(zhuǎn)子位置傳感器方式運(yùn)行。
無(wú)轉(zhuǎn)子位置傳感器運(yùn)行實(shí)際上就是要求在不采用機(jī)械傳感器的條件下，利用電機(jī)的電壓和電流信息獲得轉(zhuǎn)子磁極的位置，目前比較成熟的無(wú)轉(zhuǎn)子位置傳感器運(yùn)行控制方法有：a、反電動(dòng)勢(shì)法；b、定子三次諧波檢測(cè)法；c、續(xù)流二極管電流通路檢測(cè)法。
2、轉(zhuǎn)矩脈動(dòng)控制
存在轉(zhuǎn)矩是直流電動(dòng)機(jī)的固有缺點(diǎn)，特別是隨著轉(zhuǎn)速升高，換相導(dǎo)致轉(zhuǎn)矩脈動(dòng)加劇，并使平均轉(zhuǎn)矩顯著下降。減小轉(zhuǎn)矩脈動(dòng)是提高無(wú)刷直流電動(dòng)機(jī)性能的重要方面。
3、智能控制
隨著信息技術(shù)和控制理論的發(fā)展，在運(yùn)動(dòng)控制領(lǐng)域中，一個(gè)新的發(fā)展方向就是先進(jìn)控制理論，尤其是智能控制理論的應(yīng)用。隨著直流電動(dòng)機(jī)應(yīng)用范圍的擴(kuò)大，智能控制技術(shù)受到廣泛的重視。
5 外轉(zhuǎn)子直流電機(jī)的結(jié)構(gòu)特點(diǎn)
外轉(zhuǎn)子直流電動(dòng)機(jī)是一種用電子換向線路和轉(zhuǎn)子位置代替有刷直流電動(dòng)機(jī)的電機(jī)，它具有運(yùn)行可靠，維護(hù)方便，結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)單，無(wú)勵(lì)磁損耗且可方便地實(shí)現(xiàn)無(wú)級(jí)調(diào)速等優(yōu)點(diǎn)。永磁無(wú)刷直流電動(dòng)機(jī)在結(jié)構(gòu)上可分為兩類：一是內(nèi)轉(zhuǎn)子永磁無(wú)刷直流電動(dòng)機(jī)，即定子在外，永磁體在內(nèi)；另一類是外轉(zhuǎn)子永磁無(wú)刷直流電動(dòng)機(jī)，即定子在內(nèi)，永磁本在外。
與感應(yīng)電動(dòng)機(jī)相比，無(wú)刷直流電動(dòng)機(jī)具有更大功率密度，更高的效率和更好的控制性能，主要表現(xiàn)在以下幾個(gè)方面：
1、由于采用高性能永磁性材料，，無(wú)刷直流電動(dòng)機(jī)轉(zhuǎn)子體積得以減小，可以具有較低的慣性，更快的響應(yīng)速度，更高的轉(zhuǎn)矩慣量比。
2、由于沒(méi)有轉(zhuǎn)子損耗，也無(wú)需定子勵(lì)磁電流分量，所以無(wú)刷直流電動(dòng)機(jī)具有較高的效率和功率密度。對(duì)于同等容量輸出，感應(yīng)電動(dòng)機(jī)需要更大的功率整流器和逆變器。
3、由于沒(méi)有轉(zhuǎn)子發(fā)熱，無(wú)刷直流電動(dòng)機(jī)也無(wú)需考慮轉(zhuǎn)子冷卻問(wèn)題。
4、永磁無(wú)刷直流電動(dòng)機(jī)將感應(yīng)電動(dòng)機(jī)非線性本質(zhì)和復(fù)雜的控制系統(tǒng)簡(jiǎn)化為離散六狀態(tài)的轉(zhuǎn)子位置控制，無(wú)需坐標(biāo)變換。
6 本課題研究意義及價(jià)值
畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)是大學(xué)教學(xué)中最后一個(gè)實(shí)踐性教學(xué)環(huán)節(jié)，通過(guò)該設(shè)計(jì)過(guò)程，可以檢驗(yàn)學(xué)生所學(xué)的知識(shí)，同時(shí)培養(yǎng)學(xué)生處理工程中實(shí)際問(wèn)題的能力，因此意義特別重大。
通過(guò)本次設(shè)計(jì)我們還能夠達(dá)到下面的目的：
（1）培養(yǎng)綜合分析和解決本專業(yè)的一般工程技術(shù)問(wèn)題的獨(dú)立工作能力，拓寬和深化學(xué)生的知識(shí)。
（2）培養(yǎng)學(xué)生樹(shù)立正確的設(shè)計(jì)思想，設(shè)計(jì)構(gòu)思和創(chuàng)新思維，掌握工程設(shè)計(jì)的一般程序規(guī)范和方法。
（3）培養(yǎng)學(xué)生樹(shù)立正確的設(shè)計(jì)思想和使用技術(shù)資料、國(guó)家標(biāo)準(zhǔn)等手冊(cè)、圖冊(cè)工具書進(jìn)行設(shè)計(jì)計(jì)算，數(shù)據(jù)處理，編寫技術(shù)文件等方面的工作能力。
（4）培養(yǎng)學(xué)生進(jìn)行調(diào)查研究，面向?qū)嶋H，面向生產(chǎn)，向工人和技術(shù)人員學(xué)習(xí)的基本工作態(tài)度，工作作風(fēng)和工作方法。
7 總結(jié)
隨著我國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)的高速發(fā)展，人們制造水平的不斷提高，對(duì)電機(jī)的要求也是越來(lái)越嚴(yán)格。直流電動(dòng)機(jī)的機(jī)械特性和調(diào)節(jié)特性的線性度好，調(diào)速范圍廣，壽命長(zhǎng)，維護(hù)方便噪聲小，所以這種電動(dòng)機(jī)在控制系統(tǒng)中有很大的應(yīng)用。是傳統(tǒng)控制電動(dòng)機(jī)強(qiáng)有力競(jìng)爭(zhēng)者，具有強(qiáng)大的市場(chǎng)潛力。
本設(shè)計(jì)論文對(duì)外轉(zhuǎn)子直流電機(jī)目前發(fā)展現(xiàn)狀進(jìn)行了全面的調(diào)查和總結(jié)，分析了直流電機(jī)的特征，介紹了目前國(guó)內(nèi)關(guān)于直流電機(jī)的發(fā)展現(xiàn)狀及發(fā)展趨勢(shì)。系統(tǒng)的說(shuō)明了直流電機(jī)的作用及工作原理。詳細(xì)的設(shè)計(jì)出一種符合設(shè)計(jì)要求的外轉(zhuǎn)子式直流電動(dòng)機(jī)，到達(dá)了預(yù)期的效果和畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)的目的。
參考文獻(xiàn)
1、葉金虎，無(wú)刷直流電動(dòng)機(jī)，科學(xué)出版社，1982
2、張深，直流無(wú)刷電動(dòng)機(jī)原理及應(yīng)用，機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社，1996
3、沈建新，永磁無(wú)刷直流電動(dòng)機(jī)特殊繞組結(jié)構(gòu)及無(wú)位置傳感器控制的研究，浙江大學(xué)博士論文，1997
4、林友仰、葉云岳，電機(jī)優(yōu)化技術(shù)，浙江大學(xué)出版社，1989
5、李燁等，永磁無(wú)刷直流電機(jī)技術(shù)發(fā)展水平與應(yīng)用前景，微電機(jī)，2001
6、胡虔生等，電機(jī)學(xué)，水利電力出版社，2001
7、盛劍霓，工程電磁場(chǎng)數(shù)值分析，西安交通大學(xué)出版社，1991
8、王沖權(quán)，電機(jī)的計(jì)算機(jī)輔助設(shè)計(jì)與優(yōu)化技術(shù)，上海交通大學(xué)出版社，1989
9、陳世坤，電機(jī)設(shè)計(jì)(上、下)，機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社，1997
10、顧興寶，高功率密度永磁無(wú)刷直流電動(dòng)機(jī)，微特電機(jī)，2000
11、王秀和，永磁電機(jī)漏磁系數(shù)的確定，微特電機(jī)，1999
12、竇曉霞，永磁電機(jī)氣隙磁場(chǎng)分析與磁鋼選擇，微電機(jī)，2000
13、劉瑞芳，胡敏強(qiáng)等，永磁電機(jī)中永磁體數(shù)學(xué)模型的分析，微電機(jī)，2000
14、方瑞明、胡虔生，異步電機(jī)設(shè)計(jì)混合型專家系統(tǒng)，中小型電機(jī)，2000
15、方瑞明，永磁直流無(wú)刷電機(jī)設(shè)計(jì)混合型專家系統(tǒng)的研究，微電機(jī)，2001
16、鄭柒拾、王風(fēng)翔，永磁無(wú)刷直流電機(jī)的繞組參數(shù)計(jì)算，沈陽(yáng)S業(yè)大學(xué)學(xué)報(bào)，2000
17、洪文治，直流永磁電機(jī)計(jì)算程序及電樞反應(yīng)研究，微特電機(jī)，2000
18、韓光寒等，無(wú)刷直流電動(dòng)機(jī)電樞等效電阻的實(shí)例研究，微電機(jī)，2002
19、鞠立華、蔣書運(yùn) 稀土永磁無(wú)刷直流電動(dòng)機(jī)電磁場(chǎng)有限元分析,東南大學(xué)機(jī)械工程系碩士論文,2005
20、王淑紅,劉會(huì)飛,熊光煜,永磁無(wú)刷直流電動(dòng)機(jī)的靜動(dòng)態(tài)特性分析,太原理工大學(xué)電氣動(dòng)力學(xué)院碩士論文,2005
21、鮑曉華，劉根，張敬華, 永磁無(wú)刷直流電動(dòng)機(jī)運(yùn)行特性的研究,合肥工業(yè)大學(xué)碩士論文,2002
22、徐惠明,外轉(zhuǎn)子永磁無(wú)刷直流電動(dòng)機(jī)的結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì),中國(guó)船舶工業(yè)總公司第七一二研究所期刊,1998第一期
5
英文原文
Introduction to D.C. Machines
D.C. machines are characterized by their versatility. By means of various combinations of shunt-, series-, and separately excited field windings they can be designed to display a wide variety of volt-ampere or speed-torque characteristics for both dynamic and steady state operation. Because of the ease with which they can be controlled, systems of D.C. machines are often used in applications requiring a wide range of motor speeds or precise control of motor output.
The essential features of a D.C. machine are shown schematically. The stator has salient poles and is excited by one or more field coils. The air-gap flux distribution created by the field winding is symmetrical about the centerline of the field poles. This is called the field axis or direct axis.
As we know, the A.C. voltage generated in each rotating armature coil is converted to D.C. in the external armature terminals by means of a rotating commutator and stationary brushes to which the armature leads are connected. The commutator-brush combination forms a mechanical rectifier, resulting in a D.C. armature voltage as well as an armature m.m.f. Wave then is 90 electrical degrees from the axis of the field poles, i.e. in the quadrature axis. In the schematic representation the brushes are shown in quadrature axis because this is the position of the coils to which they are connected. The armature m.m.f. Wave then is along the brush axis as shown. (The geometrical position of the brushes in an actual machine is approximately 90 electrical degrees from their position in the schematic diagram because of the shape of the end connections to the commutator.)
The magnetic torque and the speed voltage appearing at the brushes are independent of the spatial waveform of the flux distribution; for convenience we shall continue to assume a sinusoidal flux-density wave in the air gap. The torque can then be found from the magnetic field viewpoint.
The torque can be expressed in terms of the interaction of the direct-axis air-gap flux per pole and space-fundamental component of the armature m.m.f.wave. With the brushes in the quadrature axis the angle between these fields is 90 electrical degrees, and its sine equals unity. For a pole machine
（1-1）
In which the minus sign gas been dropped because the positive direction of the torque can be determined from physical reasoning. The space fundamental of the sawtooth armature m.m.f.wave is times its peak. Substitution in above equation then gives
（1-2）
Where, =current in external armature circuit;
=total number of conductors in armature winding;
=number of parallel paths through winding.
And
（1-3）
is a constant fixed by the design of the winding.
The rectified voltage generated in the armature has already been discussed before for an elementary single-coil armature. The effect of distributing the winding in several slots is shown in figure. In which each of the rectified sine wave is the voltage generated in one of the coils, commutation taking place at the moment when the coil sides are in the neutral zone. The generated voltage as observed from the brushes and is the sum of the rectified voltages of all the coils in series between brushes and is shown by the rippling line labeled in figure. With a dozen or so commutator segments per pole, the ripple becomes very small and the average generated voltage observed from the brushes equals the sum of the average values of the rectified coil voltages. The rectified voltage between brushes, Known also as the speed voltage, is
（1-4）
where is the design constant. The rectified voltage of a distributed winding has the same average value as that of a concentrated coil. The difference is that the ripple is greatly reduced.
From the above equations, with all variable expressed in SI units,
（1-5）
This equation simply says that the instantaneous power associated with the speed voltage equals the instantaneous mechanical power with the magnetic torque. The direction of power flow being determined by whether the machine is acting as a motor or generator.
The direct-axis air-gap flux is produced by the combined m.m.f. of the field windings. The flux-m.m.f. Characteristic being the magnetization curve for the particular iron geometry of the machine. In the magnetization curve, it is assumed that the armature –m.m.f. Wave is perpendicular to the field axis. It will be necessary to reexamine this assumption later in this chapter, where the effects of saturation are investigated more thoroughly. Because the armature e.m.f. is proportional to flux times speed, it is usually more convenient to express the magnetization curve in terms of the armature e.m.f. at a constant speed . The voltage for a given flux at any other speed is proportional to the speed, i.e.
（1-6）
There is the magnetization curve with only one field winding excited. This curve can easily be obtained by test methods, no knowledge of any design details being required.
Over a fairly wide range of excitation the reluctance of the iron is negligible compared with that of the air gap. In this region the flux is linearly proportional to the total m.m.f. of the field windings, the constant of proportionality being the direct-axis air-gap permeance.
The outstanding advantages of D.C. machines arise from the wide variety of operating characteristics that can be obtained by selection of the method of excitation of the field windings. The field windings may be separately excited from an external D.C. source, or they may be self-excited; i.e. the machine may supply its own excitation. The method of excitation profoundly influences not only the steady-state characteristics, but also the dynamic behavior of the machine in control systems.
The connection diagram of a separately excited generator is given. The required field current is a very small fraction of the rated armature current. A small amount of power in the field circuit may control a relatively large amount of power in the armature circuit; i.e. the generator is a power amplifier. Separately excited generators are often used in feedback control systems when control of the armature voltage over a wide range is required. The field windings of self-excited generators may be supplied in three different ways. The field may be connected in series with the armature, resulting in a series generator. The field may be connected in shunt with the armature, resulting in a shunt generator, or the field may be in two sections, one of which is connected in series and the other in shunt with the armature, resulting in a compound generator. With self-excited generators residual magnetism must be present in the machine iron to get the self-excitation process started.
In the typical steady-state volt-ampere characteristics, constant-speed prime movers being assumed. The relation between the steady state generated e.m.f. and the terminal voltage is
（1-7）
where is the armature current output and is the armature circuit resistance. In a generator, is larger than and the electromagnetic torque is a counter torque opposing rotation.
The terminal voltage of a separately excited generator decreases slightly with increase in the load current, principally because of the voltage drop in the armature resistance. The field current of a series generator is the same as the load current, so that the air-gap flux and hence the voltage vary widely with load. As a consequence, series generators are normally connected so that the m.m.f. of the series winding aids that of the shunt winding. The advantage is that through the action of the series winding the flux per pole can increase with load, resulting in a voltage output that is nearly usually contains many turns of relatively small wire. The series winding, wound on the outside, consists of a few turns of comparatively heavy conductor because it must carry the full armature current of the machine. The voltage of both shunt and compound generators can be controlled over reasonable limits by means of rheostats in the shunt field.
Any of the methods of excitation used for generators can also be used for motors. In the typical steady-state speed-torque characteristics, it is assumed that motor terminals are supplied from a constant-voltage source. In a motor the relation between the e.m.f. generated in the armature and terminal voltage is
（1-8）
where is now the armature current input. The generated e.m.f. is now smaller than the terminal voltage , the armature current is in the opposite direction to that in a generator, and the electron magnetic torque is in the direction to sustain rotation of the armature.
In shunt and separately excited motors the field flux is nearly constant. Consequently increased torque must be accompanied by a very nearly proportional increase in armature current and hence by a small decrease in counter e.m.f. to allow this increased current through the small armature resistance. Since counter e.m.f. is determined by flux and speed, the speed must drop slightly. Like the squirrel-cage induction motor, the shunt motor is substantially a constant-speed motor having about 5% drop in speed from no load to full load. Starting torque and maximum torque are limited by the armature current that can be commutated successfully.
An outstanding advantage of the shunt motor is case of speed control. With a rheostat in the shunt-field circuit, the field current and flux per pole can be varied at will, and variation of flux causes the inverse variation of speed to maintain counter e.m.f. approximately equal to the impressed terminal voltage. A maximum speed range of about 4 or 5 to I can be obtained by this method. The limitation again being commutating conditions. By variation of the impressed armature voltage, very speed ranges can be obtained.
In the series motor, increase in load is accompanied by increase in the armature current and m.m.f. and the stator field flux (provided the iron is not completely saturated). Because flux increase with load, speed must drop in order to maintain the balance between impressed voltage and counter e.m.f. Moreover, the increased in armature current caused by increased torque is varying-speed motor with a markedly drooping speed-load characteristic. For applications requiring heavy torque overloads, this characteristic is particularly advantageous because the corresponding power overloads are held to more reasonable values by the associated speed drops. Very favorable starting characteristics also result from the increase flux with increased armature current.
In the compound motor the series field may be connected either cumulatively, so that its m.m.f. adds to that of the shunt field, or differentially, so that it opposes. The differential connection is very rarely used. A cumulatively compounded motor has speed-load characteristic intermediate between those of a shunt and a series motor, the drop of speed with load depending on the relative number of ampere-turns in the shunt and series fields. It does not have disadvantage of very high light-load speed associated with a series motor, but it retains to a considerable degree the advantages of series excitation.
The application advantages of D.C. machines lie in the variety of performance characteristics offered by the possibilities of shunt, series and compound excitation. Some of these characteristics have been touched upon briefly in this article. Still greater possibilities exist if additional sets of brushes are added so that other voltages can be obtained from the commutator. Thus the versatility of D.C. machine system and their adaptability to control, both manual and automatic, are their outstanding features.
A D.C machines is made up of two basic components:
－The stator which is the stationary part of the machine. It consists of the following elements: a yoke inside a frame; excitation poles and winding; commutating poles (composes) and winding; end shield with ball or sliding bearings; brushes and brush holders; the terminal box.
－The rotor which is the moving part of the machine. It is made up of a core mounted on the machine shaft. This core has uniformly spaced slots into which the armature winding is fitted. A commutator, and often a fan, is also located on the machine shaft.
The frame is fixed to the floor by means of a bedplate and bolts. On low power machines the frame and yoke are one and the same components, through which the magnetic flux produced by the excitation poles closes. The frame and yoke are built of cast iron or cast steel or sometimes from welded steel plates.
In low-power and controlled rectifier-supplied machines the yoke is built up of thin (0.5～1mm) laminated iron sheets. The yoke is usually mounted inside a non-ferromagnetic frame (usually made of aluminum alloys, to keep down the weight). To either side of the frame there are bolted two end shields, which contain the ball or sliding bearings.
The (main)excitation poles are built from 0.5～1mm iron sheets held together by riveted bolts. The poles are fixed into the frame by means of bolts. They support the windings carrying the excitation current.
On the rotor side, at the end of the pole core is the so-called pole-shoe that is meant to facilitate a given distribution of the magnetic flux through the air gap. The winding is placed inside an insulated frame mounted on the core, and secured by the pole-shoe.
The excitation windings are made of insulated round or rectangular conductors, and are connected either in series or in parallel. The windings are liked in such a way that the magnetic flux of one pole crossing the air gap is directed from the pole-shoe towards the armature (North Pole), which the flux of the next pole is directed from the armature to the pole-shoe (South Pole).
The commutating poles, like the main poles, consist of a core ending in the pole-shoe and a winding wound round the core. They are located on the symmetry (neutral) axis between two main poles, and bolted on the yoke. Commutating poles are built either of cast-iron or iron sheets.
The windings of the commutating poles are also made from insulated round or rectangular conductors. They are connected either in series or in parallel and carry the machine's main current.
The rotor core is built of 0.5～1mm silicon-alloy sheets. The sheets are insulated from one another by a thin film of varnish or by an oxide coating. Both some 0.03～0.05mm thick. The purpose is to ensure a reduction of the eddy currents that arise in the core when it rotates inside the magnetic field. These currents cause energy losses that turn into heat. In solid cores, these losses could become very high, reducing machine efficiency and producing intense heating.
The rotor core consists of a few packets of metal sheet. Redial or axial cooling ducts (8～10mm inside) are inserted between the packets to give better cooling. Pressure is exerted to both side of the core by pressing devices foxed on to the shaft. The length of the rotor usually exceeds that of the poles by 2～5mm on either side－the effect being to minimize the variations in magnetic permeability caused by axial armature displacement. The periphery of the rotor is provided with teeth and slots into which the armature winding is inserted.
The rotor winding consists either of coils wound directly in the rotor slots by means of specially designed machines or coils already formed. The winding is carefully insulated, and it secured within the slots by means of wedges made of wood or other insulating material.
The winding overcharge are bent over and tied to one another with steel wire in order to resist the deformation that could be caused by the centrifugal force.
The coil-junctions of the rotor winding are connected to the commutator mounted on the armature shaft. The commutator is cylinder made of small copper. Segments insulated from one another, and also from the clamping elements by a layer of minacity. The ends of the rotor coil are soldered to each segment.
On low-power machines, the commutator segments form a single unit, insulated from one another by means of a synthetic resin such as Bakelite.
To link the armature winding to fixed machine terminals, a set of carbon brushes slide on the commutator surface by means of brush holders. The brushes contact the commutator segments with a constant pressure ensured by a spring and lever. Clamps mounted on the end shields support the brush holders.
The brushes are connected electrically－with the odd-numbered brushes connected to one terminal of the machine and the even-numbered brushes to the other. The brushes are equally spaced round the periphery of the commutator－the number of rows of brushes being equal to the number of excitation poles.
15
中文翻譯
直流電機(jī)的介紹
直流電機(jī)的特點(diǎn)是他們的多功用性。依靠不同的并勵(lì)、串勵(lì)和他勵(lì)勵(lì)磁繞組的組合，他們可以被設(shè)計(jì)為動(dòng)態(tài)的和靜態(tài)的運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)方式從而呈現(xiàn)出寬廣范圍變化的伏安、－特性或速度－轉(zhuǎn)矩特性。因?yàn)樗?jiǎn)單的可操縱性，直流系統(tǒng)經(jīng)常被用于需要大范圍發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)轉(zhuǎn)速或精確控制發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)的輸出量的場(chǎng)合。
直流電機(jī)的總貌如圖所示。定子上有凸極，而且由一個(gè)或幾個(gè)勵(lì)磁線圈勵(lì)磁。氣隙磁通量以磁極中心線為軸線對(duì)稱分布。這條軸線叫做磁場(chǎng)軸線或直軸。
我們都知道，在每個(gè)旋轉(zhuǎn)電樞線圈中產(chǎn)生的交流電壓，經(jīng)由一與電樞聯(lián)接的旋轉(zhuǎn)的換向器和靜止的電刷，在電樞線圈出線端轉(zhuǎn)換成直流電壓。換向器－電刷組合構(gòu)成了一個(gè)機(jī)械整流器，它形成了一個(gè)直流電樞電壓和一個(gè)被固定在空間中的電樞磁勢(shì)波形。電刷的位置應(yīng)使換向線圈也處于磁極中性區(qū)，即兩磁極之間。這樣，電樞磁勢(shì)波的軸線與磁極軸線相差90度,也就是在交軸上。在示意圖中，電刷位于交軸上，因?yàn)檫@是線圈和電刷相連的位置。這樣，電樞磁勢(shì)波的軸線也是沿著電刷軸線的（在實(shí)際電機(jī)中，電刷的幾何位置大約偏移圖例中所示位置90度，這是因?yàn)樵哪┒诵螤顦?gòu)成圖示結(jié)果與換向器相連。）。電刷上的電磁轉(zhuǎn)矩和旋轉(zhuǎn)電勢(shì)與磁通分布的空間波形無(wú)關(guān)；為了方便我們可以假設(shè)在氣隙中有一個(gè)正弦的磁通密度波形。轉(zhuǎn)矩可以從磁場(chǎng)的觀點(diǎn)分析得到。
轉(zhuǎn)矩可以用每個(gè)磁極的直軸氣隙磁通和電樞磁勢(shì)波的空間基波分量相互作用的結(jié)果來(lái)表示。在交軸上的電刷和這個(gè)磁場(chǎng)的夾角為90度，其正弦值等于1，對(duì)于一臺(tái)極電機(jī)
（1-1）
式中帶負(fù)號(hào)被去掉因?yàn)檗D(zhuǎn)矩的正方向可以由物理的推論測(cè)定出來(lái)。鋸齒電樞磁勢(shì)波的空間基波是它最大值的。代替上面的等式可以給出：
（1-2）
其中：=電樞外部點(diǎn)路中的電流；
=電樞繞組中總導(dǎo)體數(shù)；
=通過(guò)繞組的并聯(lián)支路數(shù)；
及 （1-3）
其為一個(gè)由繞組設(shè)計(jì)而確定的常數(shù)。
簡(jiǎn)單的單個(gè)線圈的電樞中的整流電壓前在面已被討論過(guò)。將繞組分散在幾個(gè)槽中的效果可用圖形表示，在圖示中每一個(gè)整流的正弦波是在線圈中產(chǎn)生的電壓,換向線圈邊處于磁中性區(qū)。從電刷觀察到的電壓是電刷間所有串聯(lián)線圈中整流電壓的總和，在圖中標(biāo)以的文波表示。每個(gè)磁極用12個(gè)或更多換向片,可以使波動(dòng)變得很小。從電刷中觀測(cè)到平均產(chǎn)生的電壓等于整流線圈電壓的平均值的總和。電刷之間整流電壓，即旋轉(zhuǎn)電勢(shì)為
（1-4）
為常數(shù)。分布繞組的整流電壓與集中繞組有相同的平均值，不同的是波動(dòng)大大減低了。
在上面的等式中，所有的變量都是標(biāo)準(zhǔn)國(guó)際單位制。
（1-5）
這個(gè)等式清楚地說(shuō)明，與旋轉(zhuǎn)電勢(shì)相關(guān)的瞬間功率等于與磁場(chǎng)轉(zhuǎn)矩有關(guān)的瞬時(shí)機(jī)械功率，能量的流向是由設(shè)備的確定，是發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)還是發(fā)電機(jī)。
直軸氣隙磁量由勵(lì)磁繞組的合成磁勢(shì)產(chǎn)生，其磁通—磁勢(shì)曲線就是電機(jī)的具體鐵磁材料的幾何尺寸決定的磁化曲線。在磁化曲線中, 假設(shè)電樞磁勢(shì)波的軸線與磁場(chǎng)軸垂直，因此假定電樞磁勢(shì)對(duì)直軸磁通不產(chǎn)生作用。在本文的后面有必要重新檢驗(yàn)這一假設(shè)，飽和效應(yīng)會(huì)深入研究。因?yàn)殡姌须妱?shì)是與磁通、時(shí)間、速度成比例，所以通常用恒定轉(zhuǎn)速下的電樞電勢(shì)來(lái)表示磁化曲線更為方便。任意轉(zhuǎn)速電壓時(shí)，任一給定磁通下的電壓與轉(zhuǎn)速成正比，也就是說(shuō)
（1-6）
圖中磁化曲線只有一個(gè)勵(lì)磁繞組勵(lì)磁的，這種曲線可以通過(guò)測(cè)試的方法輕松獲得，不需要任何設(shè)計(jì)步驟的知識(shí)。
大范圍勵(lì)磁下的鐵磁阻與空氣氣隙相比可以忽略不計(jì)，在這種情況下磁通與勵(lì)磁繞組的總磁勢(shì)成線性比例關(guān)系，比例常數(shù)就是直軸的氣隙導(dǎo)磁性。
直流電機(jī)的顯著優(yōu)勢(shì)源自于通過(guò)選擇勵(lì)磁繞組的勵(lì)磁方式而獲得不同的運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)方式。勵(lì)磁繞組可以從外部直流電源以他勵(lì)的方式勵(lì)磁，也可以以自勵(lì)的方式勵(lì)磁。換句話，直流電機(jī)可以提供自身勵(lì)磁。勵(lì)磁方式不僅極大地影響它的靜態(tài)特性，而且極大地影響在控制系統(tǒng)中電機(jī)的動(dòng)態(tài)性能。
他勵(lì)發(fā)電機(jī)的聯(lián)接圖解已經(jīng)給出的。所需的勵(lì)磁電流只是電樞電流中的一小部分。在勵(lì)磁電路中少量的功率可以控制相對(duì)一大部分電樞電路的功率。換句話說(shuō)，發(fā)電機(jī)是一個(gè)功率放大器，當(dāng)需要在大范圍控制電樞電壓時(shí)，他勵(lì)發(fā)電機(jī)通常在反饋控制系統(tǒng)中使用。自勵(lì)發(fā)電機(jī)的勵(lì)磁繞組可以有三種不同的供電方式。勵(lì)磁線圈可以與電樞串聯(lián)起來(lái)，這便是串勵(lì)發(fā)電機(jī)；勵(lì)磁繞組可以與電樞并聯(lián)在一起，這便是并勵(lì)發(fā)電機(jī)。也可以同時(shí)以兩種方式相連接組成一個(gè)復(fù)勵(lì)發(fā)電機(jī)。為了引起自勵(lì)過(guò)程，在自勵(lì)發(fā)電機(jī)中必須存在剩磁。
在典型的靜態(tài)伏-安特性中，假定原動(dòng)機(jī)速度恒定，穩(wěn)態(tài)電動(dòng)勢(shì)與端電壓之間的關(guān)系為
（1-7）
其中是電樞輸出電流，是電樞回路電阻。在發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)中，大于。電磁轉(zhuǎn)矩是一個(gè)反轉(zhuǎn)矩。
他勵(lì)發(fā)電機(jī)的端電壓隨著負(fù)載電流的增大而輕微的減小，主要是因?yàn)殡妷涸陔姌须娮枭系膲航怠４畡?lì)發(fā)電機(jī)中的勵(lì)磁電流與負(fù)載電流相同，所以氣隙磁通和電壓隨負(fù)載變化很大，因此很少采用串勵(lì)發(fā)電機(jī)。并勵(lì)發(fā)電機(jī)電壓隨負(fù)載增加會(huì)有所下降，但在許多應(yīng)用場(chǎng)合，這并不妨礙使用。復(fù)勵(lì)發(fā)電機(jī)的連接通常使串勵(lì)繞組的磁勢(shì)與并勵(lì)繞組磁勢(shì)相加，其優(yōu)點(diǎn)是通過(guò)串勵(lì)繞組作用，每極磁通隨著負(fù)載增加，從而產(chǎn)生一個(gè)隨負(fù)載增加近似為常數(shù)的輸出電壓。通常，并勵(lì)繞組匝數(shù)多，導(dǎo)線細(xì)；而繞在外部的串勵(lì)繞組由于它必須承載電機(jī)的整個(gè)電樞電流，所以其構(gòu)成的導(dǎo)線相對(duì)較粗。不論是并勵(lì)還是復(fù)勵(lì)發(fā)電機(jī)的電壓都可借助并勵(lì)磁場(chǎng)中的變阻器在適度的范圍內(nèi)得到調(diào)節(jié)。
所有勵(lì)磁的方法在電動(dòng)機(jī)上同樣適用。在電動(dòng)機(jī)典型的靜態(tài)轉(zhuǎn)速—轉(zhuǎn)矩特性中，電機(jī)端電壓假設(shè)由恒壓源供電，在電動(dòng)機(jī)中感應(yīng)的電勢(shì)與路端電壓間關(guān)系是
（1-8）
是電樞輸入電流。電勢(shì)小于端電壓。電樞電流與發(fā)電機(jī)中的方向相反，且電磁轉(zhuǎn)矩與電樞旋轉(zhuǎn)方向相同。
對(duì)于并勵(lì)與他勵(lì)電動(dòng)機(jī)來(lái)說(shuō)，磁場(chǎng)磁通基本近似為常數(shù)，因此轉(zhuǎn)矩的增加必須要求電樞電流近似成比例增大，同時(shí)為允許增大的電流通過(guò)小的電樞電阻，要求反電勢(shì)稍有減少。由于反電勢(shì)決定于磁通和轉(zhuǎn)速，因此，轉(zhuǎn)速必須稍稍降低。與鼠籠式感應(yīng)電動(dòng)機(jī)類似，并勵(lì)電動(dòng)機(jī)實(shí)際是一種從空載到滿負(fù)荷的速度基本上只有5%的下降的恒速電動(dòng)機(jī)。從起動(dòng)轉(zhuǎn)矩到達(dá)到最大轉(zhuǎn)矩之間一直是被電樞電流所控制可以正常交替進(jìn)行。
并勵(lì)電動(dòng)機(jī)的一個(gè)顯著優(yōu)點(diǎn)是速度控制，通過(guò)在并勵(lì)繞組回路裝上內(nèi)部變阻器，勵(lì)磁電流和每極磁通都可任意改變。而磁通的變化導(dǎo)致轉(zhuǎn)速相反的變化以維持反電勢(shì)大致等于外施加端電壓。用這種方法我們可以獲得最大調(diào)速范圍為4或5比1，最高轉(zhuǎn)速同樣受到換向條件的限制。通過(guò)改變外施加電樞電壓，可以獲得很寬的調(diào)速范圍。
對(duì)于串勵(lì)電動(dòng)機(jī)來(lái)說(shuō)，電樞電流、電樞磁勢(shì)波以及定子磁場(chǎng)磁通隨負(fù)載增長(zhǎng)而增長(zhǎng)。因?yàn)橛捎谪?fù)載增大而造成的磁通增大，速度必須降低，這樣才可以維持反電勢(shì)與外加電壓之間的平衡。此外，由于磁通增加，所以轉(zhuǎn)矩增大所引起電樞電流的增大比并勵(lì)電動(dòng)機(jī)中的要小。因此串勵(lì)電動(dòng)機(jī)是一種具有明顯下降的轉(zhuǎn)
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