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必修1 Module1MyFirstDayatSeniorHigh MynameisLiKang.IliveinShijiazhuang,acitynotfarfromBeijing.ItisthecapitalcityofHebeiProvince.TodayismyfirstdayatSeniorHighschoolandI’mwritingdownmythoughtsaboutit. MynewschoolisverygoodandIcanseewhy.Theteachersareveryenthusiasticandfriendlyandtheclassroomsareamazing.Everyroomhasacomputerwithaspecialscreen,almostasbigasacinemascreen.Theteacherswriteonthecomputer,andtheirwordsappearonthescreenbehindthem.Thescreensalsoshowphotographs,textandinformationfromwebsites.They’rebrilliant! TheEnglishclassisreallyinteresting.TheteacherisaveryenthusiasticwomancalledMsShen.We’reusinganewtextbookandMsShen’smethodofteachingisnothinglikethatoftheteachersatmyJuniorHighschool.Shethinksthatreadingcomprehensionisimportant,butwespeakalotinclass,too.Andwehavefun.Idon’tthinkIwillbeboredinMsShen’sclass! Todayweintroducedourselvestoeachother.Wedidthisingroups.Somestudentswereembarrassedatfirstbuteveryonewasveryfriendlyanditwasreallynice.MsShengaveusinstructionsandthenweworkedbyourselves. MsShenwantstohelpusimproveourspellingandhandwriting.Wedothisinafunway,withspellinggamesandotheractivities.Ilikeherattitudeverymuch,andthebehavioroftheotherstudentsshowsthattheylikeher,too. Therearesixty-fivestudentsinmyclass–morethanmypreviousclassinJuniorHigh.Forty-nineofthemaregirls.Inotherwords,therearethreetimesasmanygirlsasboys.Theysaythatgirlsareusuallymorehard-workingthanboys,butinthisclass,everyoneishard-working.Forourhomeworktonight,wehavetowriteadescriptionofthestreetwherewelive.I’mlookingforwardtodoingit! ALetterfromaSeniorHighStudent DearLiKang, How’sitgoing?IthoughtI’dwritetotellyouabouttheAmericanschoolsystem.SecondaryschoolintheUSusuallycoverssevenyears,gradessixtotwelve.Ninthtotwelfthgradesarehighschool.Attheendoftwelfthgrade,Americanstudentsreceivethehighschooldiploma.Studentsneedahighschooldiplomaiftheywanttogotocollege. Theschoolyearisdividedintotwosemesters,thefirstofwhichisSeptemberthroughDecember,andthesecondJanuarythroughMay.WehaveaLONGsummervacation!Westartschoolat7:50amandwefinishat3pm. Itakepartinallkindsofafter-schoolactivities–Iplayfootball,basketball,volleyball,tabletennisandIgototheaterclub. WillyoutellmesomethingaboutyoursummervacationandtheChineseschoolsysteminyournextletter?Bestwishes,RobMarshall Module2MyNewTeachers Theysaythatfirstimpressionsareveryimportant.MyfirstimpressionofMrs.Liwasthatshewasnervousandshy.Ithinkperhapsshewas,asitwasherfirstlessonwithus.Butnow,aftertwoweeks,theclassreallylikesworkingwithher.She’skindandpatient,andsheexplainsEnglishgrammarsoclearlythatevenIcanunderstandit!–Sheavoidsmakingyoufellstupid!I’vealwayshatedmakingmistakesorpronouncingawordincorrectlywhenIspeakEnglish,butMrs.Lijustsmiles,sothatyoudon’tfeelcompletelystupid!Ithinkmaybeshegoesabittooslowlyforthefasterstudents,butformeit’swonderful!IfeelI’mgoingtomakeprogresswithher. I’dguessthatMrs.Chenisalmostsixty.She’sverystrict–wedon’tdaretosayawordunlesssheasksusto.She’salsoveryseriousanddoesn’tsmilemuch.whensheasksyoutodosomething,youdoitimmediately!Thereareafewstudentsinourclasswhokeepcomingtoclasslatebutthey’realwaysontimeforMrs.Chen’slessons!Someofourclassdon’tlikeher,butmostofusreallyappreciateherbecauseherteachingissowellorganizedandclear.Andafewstudentsevenadmitlikingher!Duringscientificexperiments,sheexplainsexactlywhatishappeningandasaresultmyworkisimproving.Physicswillneverbemyfavouritelesson,butIthinkthatI’lldowellintheexamwithMrs.Chenteachingme. Mr.Wu’sonlybeenteachingusfortwoweeksandhe’salreadyverypopular.IthinkthisisbecausehereallyenjoysteachingChineseliterature–helovesit,infact!He’sgotsomuchenergy,thisisoneclassyoudonotfallasleepin!He’sabout28,Ithink,andisrathergood-looking.Hetalksloudlyandfast,andwaveshishandsaboutalotwhenhegetsexcited.He’sreallyamusingandtellsjokeswhenhethinkswe’regettingbored.EventhingslikecompositionsandsummariesarefunwithMr.Wu.Irespecthimalot. DifferentCountries,DifferentSchools Itisinterestingtolookatdifferencesbetweenschoolsindifferentcountries.InmanyEuropeancountries,forexample,therelationshipbetweenteachersandstudentsisquiteformal.ThisistrueofFrance,Germany,andSpain,wheredisciplineandrespectfortheteacherisconsideredveryimportant.ThesameistrueofRussia.InnorthernEuropeancountries,however,therelationshipbetweenteachersandstudentsismuchfriendlierandmorerelaxed.InAmerica,studentsandteachersarequiterelaxedwitheachother.InBritain,relationshipsarequiterelaxed,butteacherscanhavebigproblemswithdiscipline. Anotherimportantdifferenceiswhetherschoolsarestateschoolsorprivateschools.Stateschoolsarepaidforbythegovernment,butinprivateschools,theparentspayfortheeducationoftheirchildren.GermanyandFrancehavebothstateandprivateschools,butmoststudentsgotostateschools,whichareverygood.Similarly,Americahasbothstateandprivateschools.MostAmericanchildrengotostateschools,buttheprivateschoolscanbeverygood.Britainhasbothstateandprivateschools.InRussia,childrengotostateschools. Module3MyFirstRideonaTrain MynameisAliceThompson.IcomefromSydney,AustraliaandI’m18yearsold.RecentlyIhadmyfirstrideonalong-distancetrain.Andwhataride!AfriendandItraveledonthefamousGhantrain.WegotoninSydneyandwegotoffinAliceSprings,rightinthemiddleofAustralia,morethanfourthousandkilometersaway.Wespenttwodaysandnightsonthetrain. Thetrainwaswonderfulandthefoodwasgreat.Weategreatmealscookedbyexperts!Forthefirstfewhundredkilometersofthejourney,thescenerywasverycolorful.Therewerefieldsandthesoilwasdarkred.Afterthat,itwasdesert.Thesunshone,therewasnowindandtherewerenocloudsinthesky.Suddenly,itlookedlikeaplacefromanothertime.Wesawabandonedfarmswhichwerebuiltmorethanahundredyearsago. Thetrainwascomfortableandthepeoplewerenice.Duringtheday,Isatandlookedoutofthewindow,andsometimestalkedtootherpassengers.IreadbooksandlistenedtomyChinesecassettes(I’mstudyingChineseatschool).Onenight,ataboutmidnight,Iwatchedthenightskyforaboutanhour.Thestarsshonelikediamonds. WhyisthetraincalledtheGhan?Alongtimeago,Australiansneededawaytotraveltothemiddleofthecountry.Theytriedridinghorses,butthehorsesdidn’tlikethehotweatherandsand.Ahundredandfiftyyearsago,theybroughtsomecamelsfromAfghanistan.GhanisshortforAfghanistan. Camelsweremuchbetterthanhorsesfortravelingalongdistance.Formanyyears,trainedcamelscarriedfoodandothersupplies,andreturnedwithwoolandotherproducts. TheAfghansandtheircamelsdidthisuntilthe1920s.Thenthegovernmentbuiltanewrailwayline,sotheydidn’tneedthecamelsanymore.In1925,theypassedalawwhichallowedpeopletoshoottheanimalsiftheywereaproblem.In1935,thepoliceinatownshot153camelsinoneday. TheMaglev–theFastestTrainintheWorld Thefastesttrainintheworld,theTransrapidMaglev,runsbetweenShanghai’sPudongAirportandLongyangstationindowntownShanghai.Travelingataspeedofover400kilometersperhour,thetraincancompletethe30-kilometerjourneyineightminutes. Maglevmeans“magneticallylevitated”.TheTransrapidMaglevistheworld’sfirsthigh-speedtrainusingmagneticlevitationtechnology.Magneticallylevitatedtrainstravelinavacuumbetweentwomagnets.Therearenorailsandnonoise.Theytravelveryfastandtheyuselessenergy. OnDecember31,2002,PremierZhuRongjiandtheGermanchancellorattendedtheopeningceremonyofthetrainservice.BothleaderstookthetraintoPudongAirport. OnNovember12,2003,theMaglevreachedaspeedof501kilometersperhouronthetrackbetweenLongyangStationandPudong,anewworldrecordspeedforatrain. Module4ASocialSurvey–MyNeighourhood ALivelyCity XL:It’sgreattoseeyouagain,John. JM:It’sgreattoseeyou!It’sbeensixyearssincewelastsaweachother,youknow.AndthisisthefirsttimeI’vevisitedyourhometown.XL:Yes,I’msogladyoucouldcome. JM:Youknow,I’veseenquitealotofChinaandI’vevisitedsomebeautifulcities,butthisisoneofthemostattractiveplacesI’vebeento.It’ssolively,andeveryoneseemssofriendly. XL:Yes,it’soneofthemostinterestingcitiesonthecoast,everyonesaysso.Ifeelveryfortunatelivinghere.AndIlovelivingbytheseaside. JM:youliveinthenorthwestofXiamen,isthatright?XL:Yes,that’sright. JM:What’stheclimatelike? XL:Prettyhotandwetinthesummer,butitcanbequitecoldinthewinter. JM:SoundsOKtome.Therearealotoftouristsaround.Don’ttheybotheryou?XL:Yes,theycanbeanuisanceinthesummerbecausetherearesomanyofthem.JM:Oh,lookatthathugeapartmentblock! XL:Yes,they’vejustcompletedit.Therentforanapartmentthereisveryhigh.JM:Ibelieveyou!Thisarea’ssomodern! XL:Yes,thisisthebusinessdistrict.They’veputupalotofhigh-risebuildingsrecently.Andtherearesomegreatshoppingmalls.See,we’rejustpassingonenow.mywife’sjustboughtabeautifuldressfromoneoftheshopsthere. JM:MaybeIcouldbuyafewpresentsthere. XL:I’lltakeyoutheretomorrow.Nowwe’releavingthebusinessdistrictandapproachingtheharbour.We’reenteringthewesterndistrict,themostinterestingpartofthecity.It’sgotsomereallyprettyparks… JM:Itseemslovely.IsthatGulangyuIsland,justacrossthewater? XL:Yes,itis.It’sagorgeousislandwithsomereallyinterestingarchitecture.JM:Sotheytellme.Doyouthinkwecouldstopandwalkaroundforawhile? XL:Yes,Iwasjustgoingtodothat.Wecanparkoverthere.Afriend’stoldmeaboutanicelittlefishrestaurantnearhere.Shallwegothereforlunch?JM:Thatsoundsgreat.I’mstarving! Culturalcorner InsomecountriesinwesternEurope,suchasFrance,SpainandBritain,thecountrysideischanging. Lifehasbecomedifficultformanyvillages,andsomearedisappearing.Thereareanumberofreasonsforthis.Firstly,youngpeoplefromvillagesusuallywanttolivesomewherelivelierandtheyoftenmovetothetownsanddonotreturn.Secondly,peoplemovetothecitiestofindwork,asthereareoftenveryfewjobsinthecountryside.Sometimesvillagesremainbecausepeoplefromthecitieshaveboughta“secondhome”inthevillage,wheretheycomeandstayatweekends.Thepriceofhomesgoesupandpeoplefromtheareacannotaffordtobuyahousethere.Anotherproblemisthatitisbecomingmoreandmoredifficultforfarmerstomakemoneyfromtheir farms.Sotheyselltheirlandandfindanotherjob. AllthesethingsmeanthatmanyvillagesinWesternEuropearefightingtosurvive.Wecanonlyhopethattheywillremain.Thecountrysidewouldbeasadderanduglierplacewithoutthem. Module5ALessoninaLab PassageA Itishardtothinkofaworldwithoutmetals.Differentmetalshavedifferentuses,forexample,steelisusedincars,andironisusedinelectricalequipment. Whenweusemetals,itisimportanttoknowhowtheyreactwithdifferentsubstances,forexample,waterandoxygen.Thereactionofmetalswiththesesubstancescanbeputinorder.Hereisatablewiththemetalsthatreactmostatthetop,andthemetalsthatreactleastatthebottom. PassageB ASimpleScientificExperiment Belowisadescriptionofasimplescientificexperiment.Itshowsushowironreactswithairandwithwater. Aim:Tofindoutifironrusts(a)indryair;(b)inwaterthathasnoairinit(air-freewater);(c)inordinarywater. Apparatus:3cleanironnails;resttubes;testtubeholder;cottonwool;oil;Bunsenburner.Ironindryair Method Putsomeironnailsatthebottomofatesttube.Pushsomecottonwooldownthetube.Leavethetubeforoneweek. Result Afteroneweek,thenailshavenotrusted. Conclusion Irondoesnotrustindryair. Ironinair-freewaterMethod Half-fillatesttubewithwater. Boilthewaterforthreeminutes.(thismakessurethereisnoairinthewater.)Puttwoorthreecleannailsinthewater. Addsomeoiltothewater.Thiswillkeepairoutofthewater.Leavethetubeforoneweek. Result Thenailsdonotrustinthetubewithair-freewater. Conclusion Irondoesnotrustinair-freewater. IroninordinarywaterMethod Half-fillatesttubewithwaterandaddtwoorthreecleannails.Leavethetubeforoneweek. Result Thenailsrustinthetubewithordinarywater. Conclusion Ironrustsinordinarywater. CulturalCorner Myfeelingsaboutsciencehavereallychanged.Ineverusedtoenjoyscience,butlastyearIchangedschools,andthescienceteachersatmynewschoolareexcellent.Thesciencefacilitiesareverygood,withlaboratoriesthathaveallthelatestequipment.Ourchemistryteacher,MrLongford,takesustopublicsciencelecturesaboutfourtimesaterm,andthesearealwaysveryinteresting,asthelecturersarepeoplewhohavemaderealdiscoveriesintheirareaofscience.Thefactis,Canadahasmanyfirst-classscientists.Inthelasttwentyyears,sevenCanadianscientistshavewontheNobelPrize!TheNobelPrizeisthehighestscientificprizethereis,soweshouldbeveryproudofthat, I’mbecomingmoreandmoreinterestedinphysics,andhavedecidedthatIwanttostudyitatuniversity.I’mgoingtotrytogotoeitherMontrealorOttawaUniversity,asbotharesupposedtohavegoodPhysicsDepartments.Myparentsareastonished.TheyalwaysthoughtIwouldbecomeanEnglishteacher! Module6TheinternetandTelecommunications Passage Theinternetisthebiggestsourceofinformationintheworld,andit’saccessiblethroughacomputer.Itconsistsofmillionsofpagesofdata. In1969,DARPA,aUSdefenceorganization,developedawayforalltheircomputersto“talk”toeachotherthroughthetelephone.TheycreatedanetworkofcomputerscalledDARPANET.Forfifteenyears,onlytheUSarmycouldusethissystemofcommunication.Thenin1984,theUSNationalScienceFoundation(NSF)startedtheNSFNETnetwork.Itthenbecamepossibleforuniversitiestousethesystemaswell.NSFNETbecameknownastheInter-Network,or“Internet”. TheWorldWideWeb(theweb)isacomputernetworkthatallowscomputeruserstoaccessinformationfrommillionsofwebsitesviatheInternet.Atthemoment,about80percentofwebtrafficisinEnglish,butthispercentageisgoingdown.By2020,muchwebtrafficcouldbeinChinese. TheWorldWideWebwasinventedin1991byanEnglishscientist,TimBerners-Lee.Berners-Leebuilthisfirstcomputerwhilehewasatuniversityusinganoldtelevision!HecameupwiththeideaoftheWorldWideWebin1989whilehewasworkinginSwitzerland. Berners-LeemadeitpossibleforeveryonetousetheInternet,notjustuniversitiesandthearmy.Hedesignedthefirst“webbrowser”,whichallowedcomputeruserstoaccessdocumentsfromothercomputers.Fromthatmomenton,thewebandtheInternetgrew.Withinfiveyears,thenumberofInternetusersrosefrom600,000to40million. TheInternethascreatedthousandsofmillionaires,butBerners-Leeisnotoneofthem.EveryoneintheworldcanaccesstheInternetusinghisWorldWideWebsystem.HenowworksasalectureratMassachusettsInstituteofTechnologyinBoston. PassageB Talkingonamobilephoneisexpensive,soalotofpeoplesendtextmessages.Textmessagesaremuchcheaperthantalkingonamobilephone,andyoucanmakeitevencheaperbyshorteningthewordsthatyouuse.Youcandothisbytakingout“unimportant”lettersinthewords(usuallyvowels)andusingnumbersinsteadofwords(2=to,3=free,4=for,8=ate,soh8=hate,etc.).Youcanalsoavoidusingpunctuationlikeinvertedcommas.Hereisanexample:Imhmnw,whyntgvmeacll?(I’mhomenow,whynotgivemeacall?)Whatdoyouthinkthesetextmessagesmean?WhrhvUbn?IvbnwtnghrsfracllDoUwnt2g2thecnmatnite? Igtatxtmssgefrmmyfrnd.Sheshvngaprtyonstrdy.DoUwnt2cm? Mobilephoneusershavedevelopedaseriesofsymbolstoshowhowtheyfeel.Theyarecalledemoticons,nadtherearesomeexamplesbelow.Toreadanemoticon,youhavetolookatitsideways. Forexample,ifyousaysomethinginatextmessagewhichisajoke,youcanfollowitwithasmilingface.Likethis: Whydidtucallme?I’msosad.:) Herearesomeothers.Canyouthinkoftextmessageswhereyoucouldusethem?