CATTI三級(jí)筆譯綜合能力講義.doc

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第一節(jié) 考試內(nèi)容介紹、定語(yǔ)從句講解、練習(xí)及譯法 第一部分 考試介紹 一、考試題型 詞匯和語(yǔ)法部分 50題 25分 25分鐘 閱讀理解 50題 55分 75分鐘 完型填空 20題 20分 20分鐘 二、考試要求 掌握本大綱要的英語(yǔ)詞匯；掌握并能夠正確運(yùn)用雙語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法；具備對(duì)常用問(wèn)題英語(yǔ)文章的閱讀理解能力。 三、筆譯綜合能力試題的基本類型 第一部分詞匯和語(yǔ)法部分可分為三大部分：詞匯選擇（Vocabulary and Grammar）1-20難度大約在四級(jí)左右；詞語(yǔ)替代（Vocabulary Selection）21-40主要找出和劃?rùn)M線部分相同意思的詞匯，難度在4級(jí)到6級(jí)之間；改錯(cuò)（Error Correction）主要有詞匯和語(yǔ)法的兩種錯(cuò)誤。 第一部分考察的內(nèi)容主要為近義詞的辨析、短語(yǔ)介詞和動(dòng)詞詞組的搭配；語(yǔ)法點(diǎn)主要包括定語(yǔ)從句、狀語(yǔ)從句、名詞性從句、虛擬語(yǔ)氣、非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞等等。在其后會(huì)分專題來(lái)講解。 第二部分閱讀理解共5篇，字?jǐn)?shù)在每篇150-450字之間，絕大多數(shù)在250字左右，每篇有5到10題，不定量。題材廣泛，選題多樣。類似于四級(jí)以上難度和題型，但是和專業(yè)四級(jí)題型更加相似。 第三部分為開(kāi)放性完型填空，20空，共20分。題材廣泛，選題多樣。難度和專業(yè)四級(jí)等同。 四、基本復(fù)習(xí)策略 綜合能力課程作為三級(jí)筆譯必修的課程，主要是考察學(xué)生對(duì)于英語(yǔ)基本知識(shí)的了解，特別是對(duì)雙語(yǔ)習(xí)慣的掌握，為了能夠更好地為實(shí)務(wù)課程打下堅(jiān)實(shí)的基礎(chǔ)，所以希望每一位同學(xué)都不要對(duì)這門課程產(chǎn)生掉以輕心的念頭。根據(jù)個(gè)人經(jīng)驗(yàn)，我個(gè)人推薦以下幾個(gè)復(fù)習(xí)的策略： 第一、要對(duì)大綱的詞匯做到十分熟悉，這種熟悉不是簡(jiǎn)單地認(rèn)識(shí)，而是要學(xué)會(huì)使用，特別是在沒(méi)有字典的幫助之下可以迅速而準(zhǔn)確地判斷搭配。 第二、對(duì)于語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)的重視，但凡是學(xué)翻譯就必須要對(duì)語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)有著深入的了解，這種了解不是簡(jiǎn)單地會(huì)劃分句子成分，而是將每個(gè)句子如何組合，這將決定你實(shí)務(wù)中的句型翻譯的關(guān)鍵。 第三，閱讀能力要強(qiáng)。任何考試都是得閱讀者得天下，咱們的綜合能力考試也不除外。包括實(shí)務(wù)考試，如果文章內(nèi)容沒(méi)有弄明白，那么對(duì)文章的翻譯肯定是不行的。 以上三點(diǎn)經(jīng)驗(yàn)之談，僅供參考。 第二部分 定語(yǔ)從句的講解、練習(xí)及譯法 1．that和which用法比較： 1) which用于非限定性定語(yǔ)從句中。 e.g.: He said he was busy, which was not true. 他說(shuō)他很忙，那是假的。 We don’t want to enter the house, which is very cold. 我們不想進(jìn)房間，因?yàn)樘淞恕? 2) which用于介詞后做賓語(yǔ)。 e.g.: The room of which windows are opposite to the room is large. 窗戶正對(duì)著海的房間很大。 The chair in which you are sitting is made of iron. 你坐的椅子是用鋼做的。 3) that一定用于“不（不定代詞作先行詞時(shí)）止（“只是”only修飾先行詞時(shí)）最（形容詞最高級(jí)修飾先行詞時(shí)）兩（先行詞同時(shí)出現(xiàn)人和物）序（序數(shù)詞修飾先行詞時(shí)）”五種情況。 e.g.: All that you need is help. 你所需要的是幫助。 A lot of things and children that are full of the car were lost in the district. 裝滿了車的東西和孩子們?cè)谶@個(gè)地區(qū)失蹤了。 That is only thing that I want to know. 那是我唯一想知道的事情。 The last book that you bought is that I wanted to buy. 你買的最后一本書是我想買的。 What is the size of the largest map that you have seen before? 你以前見(jiàn)過(guò)的最大的尺寸的地圖有多大？ 2．定語(yǔ)從句的種類 定語(yǔ)從句可分為非限定性定語(yǔ)從句（描繪性定語(yǔ)從句）和限定性定語(yǔ)從句。 e.g.: They don’t like that person who is noisy. 他們不喜歡那個(gè)吵鬧的人。 *非限定性定語(yǔ)從句（描繪性定語(yǔ)從句）和先行詞關(guān)系緊密，不可省略。 e.g.: They don’t like that person, who is noisy. 他們不喜歡那個(gè)人，因?yàn)樗臭[了。 *限定性定語(yǔ)從句和先行詞關(guān)系疏松，用逗號(hào)和主句隔開(kāi)，可以省略。它翻譯時(shí)，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)狀語(yǔ)從句。 譯法： 1．定語(yǔ)從句的前置合譯法： On the whole, such a conclusion can be drawn with a certain degree of confidence, but only if the child can be assumed to have had the same attitude towards the test as the others with whom he is being compared, and only if he was not punished by lack of relevant information which they possessed. 譯文：總的來(lái)說(shuō)，得出這種結(jié)論是有一定程度把握的，但是必須具備兩個(gè)條件：能夠假定這個(gè)孩子對(duì)測(cè)試的態(tài)度和與他比較的另一些孩子的態(tài)度相同；他也沒(méi)有因?yàn)槿狈e的孩子已掌握的有關(guān)知識(shí)而被扣分。 2．定語(yǔ)從句的前置合譯法與后置分譯法： Behaviorists suggest that the child who is raised in an environment where there are many stimuli which develop his or her capacity for appropriate response will experience greater intellectual development. 譯文：行為主義者認(rèn)為, 如果兒童的成長(zhǎng)環(huán)境里有許多刺激因素, 這些因素又有利于其適當(dāng)反應(yīng)能力的發(fā)展, 那么, 兒童的智力就會(huì)發(fā)展到較高的水平。 The Greeks assumed that the structure of language had some connection with the process of thought, which took roots in Europe long before people realized how diverse languages could be. 譯文：希臘人認(rèn)為，語(yǔ)言結(jié)構(gòu)與思維能力過(guò)程之間存在著某種聯(lián)系。這一觀點(diǎn)在人們尚未認(rèn)識(shí)到語(yǔ)言的千差萬(wàn)別以前就早已在歐洲扎下了根。 3．定語(yǔ)從句的溶合變譯法； This assumption rests on the fallacy of the inherent laziness in human nature; actually, aside from abnormally lazy people, there would be very few who would not want to earn more than the minimum, and who would prefer to do nothing rather than work.(48 words) 譯文：這種假設(shè)是依據(jù)這樣的一種謬論：人的本性中存在天生的惰性。而實(shí)際上，除了特別懶惰的人以外，幾乎沒(méi)有人愿意掙只相當(dāng)于最低生活維持費(fèi)的錢，也沒(méi)有人愿意飽食終日、無(wú)所事事。 定語(yǔ)從句翻譯練習(xí)： 1. Prior to the twentieth century, women in novels were stereotypes of lacking any features that made them unique individuals and were also subject to numerous restrictions imposed by the male-dominated culture. 在20世紀(jì)以前, 小說(shuō)中的婦女像都是一個(gè)模式。她們沒(méi)有任何特點(diǎn), 因而無(wú)法成為具有個(gè)性的人; 他們還要屈從于由男性主宰的文化傳統(tǒng)強(qiáng)加給他們的種種束縛。 2. Aluminum remained unknown until the nineteenth century, because nowhere in nature is it found free, owing to its always being combined with other elements, most commonly with oxygen, for which it has a strong affinity. 鋁總是跟其他元素結(jié)合在一起, 最普遍的是跟氧結(jié)合; 因?yàn)殇X跟氧有很強(qiáng)的親和力, 由于這個(gè)原因, 在自然界找不到游離狀態(tài)的鋁。所以, 鋁直到19世紀(jì)才被人發(fā)現(xiàn)。 3. They (the poor) are the first to experience technological progress as a curse which destroys the old muscle-power jobs that previous generations used as a means to fight their way out of poverty. 對(duì)于以往幾代人來(lái)說(shuō), 舊式的體力勞動(dòng)是一種用以擺脫貧困的手段, 而技術(shù)的進(jìn)步則摧毀了窮人賴以為生的體力勞動(dòng), 因此首先體驗(yàn)到技術(shù)進(jìn)步之害的是窮人。 4. The number of the young people in the United States who can’t read is incredible about one in four. 大約有1/4的美國(guó)青年人沒(méi)有閱讀能力, 這簡(jiǎn)直令人難以置信。（前置譯法） 第二節(jié) 語(yǔ)法及詞匯練習(xí)、定語(yǔ)從句長(zhǎng)難句分析及翻譯、閱讀理解講解 第一部分 語(yǔ)法及詞匯練習(xí) 第二部分 定語(yǔ)從句長(zhǎng)難句成分分析及翻譯練習(xí) 5. Television, it is often said, keeps one informed about current events, allow one to follow the latest developments in science and politics, and offers an endless series of programs which are both instructive and entertaining. 人們常說(shuō), 通過(guò)電視可以了解時(shí)事, 掌握科學(xué)和政治的最新動(dòng)態(tài)。從電視里還可以看到既有教育意義又有娛樂(lè)性的層出不窮的新節(jié)目。（后置譯法） 6. Taking his cue from Ibsen`s A Doll`s House, in which the heroine, Nora, leaves home because she resents her husband’s treating her like a child, the writer Lu Xun warned that Nora would need money to support herself; she must have economic rights to survive. 易卜生的劇作《玩偶之家》中的女主人公娜拉離家出走, 因?yàn)樗鲪核恼煞蛳駥?duì)待孩子一樣來(lái)對(duì)待她。作家魯迅從中得到啟示, 從而告誡人們娜拉得需要錢來(lái)養(yǎng)活自己, 她要生存就必須有經(jīng)濟(jì)上的權(quán)利。（句首譯法） 7. That sex ratio will be favored which maximizes the number of descendants an individual will have and hence the number of gene copies transmitted. 那種性別比例能在最大程度上增加一個(gè)個(gè)體所能擁有的后代數(shù)量，并因此能在最大程度上增加所傳遞到后代身上去的基因復(fù)制品的數(shù)量。（倒裝、定從使用） 8. With the conclusion of a burst activity , the lactic acid level is high in the body fluids , leaving the large animal vulnerable to attack until the acid is reconverted , via oxidative metabolism , by the liver into glucose , which is then sent (in part )back to the muscles for glycogen resynthesis. 隨著爆發(fā)出來(lái)的運(yùn)動(dòng)的結(jié)束，再體液中乳酸含量會(huì)變得很高，使得大型動(dòng)物處于容易受到攻擊的狀態(tài)，直到乳酸通過(guò)有氧新陳代謝，被肝臟轉(zhuǎn)化成（convert into）葡萄糖，而葡萄糖接下來(lái)又會(huì)（部分）傳送回肌肉中重新合成糖原 。 9. Although Gutman admits that forced separation by sale was frequent，he shows that the slaves’ preference，revealed most clearly on plantations where sale was infrequent，was very much for stable monogamy. 雖然古特曼承認(rèn)，由于奴隸買賣而造成的被迫離散甚為頻繁，但他還是證明，奴隸的偏愛(ài)——在那些奴隸買賣并不頻繁的種植園上被最為顯著地揭示出來(lái)——在很大程度上側(cè)重于穩(wěn)定的一夫一妻制。 10. This preference for exogamy，Gutman suggests，may have derived from West African rules governing marriage，which，though they differed from one tribal group to another，all involved some kind of prohibition against unions with close kin. 古特曼表示，這種對(duì)于外部通婚的偏愛(ài)很有可能緣起于西部非洲制約著婚姻的規(guī)定，盡管這些規(guī)定在一個(gè)和另一個(gè)部落群體之間不盡相同，但都涉及到某種對(duì)近親聯(lián)姻（union with close kin）的禁止。 第三部分 閱讀理解的基本理念（見(jiàn)PPT） 第三節(jié) 非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞，練習(xí)及其譯法，閱讀理解講解及練習(xí) 第一部分 閱讀理解題目 練習(xí)： When my first child was born, my mother-in-law said to me: ‘Motherhood is a wonderful just as long as you remember that A Mother’s Place is in the Wrong. No matter what you do, your children will blame you.’ Sine that time, almost nine years ago, I have carefully monitored mothers and their growing offspring to verify this maxim, and found that indeed it contains much truth. If, on the other hand, a mother sends her little lamb to the local neighborhood school, the little lamb will grumble tears later that his parents did not give a fig for education and that is why he was illiterate and on the dole. If a woman has a job, her children will speak mournfully of the experience of being latch-key kids who never knew what it was to come home to the joy and security of mum baking bread in the kitchen. If she considers it to e best to end the marriage, they will accuse her of causing them ‘parental deprivation syndrome’ and obligation them to grow up in ‘a(chǎn) one-parent situation’. Truly, a mother’s place is in the wrong place---and, yea, it goes on even unto the third generation. When your children encounter trouble or difficulties as adults, in their own marriages or in their personalities, whom do you blame? You’ve got it in one: Mother. 1. Having thought about her mother-in-law advice, the author _________________. A was inclined to doubt the advice B interviewed women whose children had grown up C decided to put the advice to the test D asked adults about their children 2. The passage suggests that the local schools ___________________. A make children feel insecurity B have a poor educational record C allow children too much freedom D are for the children of ‘suburban cabbages’ 3. According to the passage, a woman who divorces her husband will ____________________. A be backed by her children B be blamed by her children C usually blame her husband D soon lose the children’s affection 4. It can be concluded from the passage that mothers _________________. A are willing to take the blame B are blamed unfairly C can not be blameless D cannot avoid blame The worldwide consumption of bakery food products is increasing. Many populations that formerly relied solely on rice or coarser grains as their main source of carbohydrates show a preference for compounded bakery products as new industry and increased incomes make them more widely accessible. Japan is an outstanding example of countries following this trend. The United States has shown a steady downward trend in per capita consumption of cereal-based foods for many years, and the consumption of sweet bakery foods, such as cakes or pastry, has been increasingly displacing bread consumption. Probably 95% of the white bread sold in the United States is enriched with thiamine, niacin, and iron, and about 30 of the states have laws requiring white bread enrichment. Formerly, calcium and vitamin D were frequently added to enriched bread, but lack of consumer demand and questionable nutritional benefit led to gradual phasing out of these enrichments. India has attempted to encourage consumption of protein-enriched bread, with some success. Except for research projects, little has been done in other countries, however. In areas where bakery products comprise a large proportion of the diet, they could provide an ideal vehicle for nutritional supplementation. The need for better quality in the daily diet occurs mostly in the developing counties, where carbohydrates foods --- usually cereals --- are the basic components of the diet and therefore the logical protein carriers. 1. Japan is used in this passage t illustrate a fashion in many countries ___________. A to enrich bread B to invest more in food industry C to increase consumption of bakery foods D to increase a reliance on rice and grains 2. Because of little demand and questionable value ____________. A calcium and vitamin D are no longer added to bread B cereal-based foods are being replaced by bakery products C rice and coarser grains being replaced by bakery products D little has been done to encourage consumption of enriched bread 3. According to the passage, popular cereals could be the best way in developing countries to ___. A supplement the diet B displace rice consumption C increase reliance on carbohydrates D phase out necessary bread enrichments 4. From the passage, we learn that there is a worldwide trend towards _____________. A enriching the nutritional value of bread B increasing the consumption of protein C using bakery products as a source of carbohydrates 　 D using grains, such as rice, as a source of carbohydrates 第二部分 非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞難點(diǎn)講解 獨(dú)立主格與非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞： 獨(dú)立主格 獨(dú)立主格的結(jié)構(gòu)一： 名詞（代詞）+ 分詞 [現(xiàn)在分詞、過(guò)去分詞] Silver is the best conductor of electricity, copper __ it closely. A followed B following C to follow D being followed All things __, the planned trip will have to be called off. A considered B be considered C considering D having considered 獨(dú)立主格的結(jié)構(gòu)2：with + 名詞（代詞）+ 分詞 [句子當(dāng)中作狀語(yǔ)] After the Arab states won independence, great emphasis was laid on expanding education, with girls as well as boys __ to go to school. A to be encouraged B been encouraged C being encouraged D be encouraged 非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞 非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的結(jié)構(gòu)：分詞（分詞短語(yǔ)） 句子的主語(yǔ)決定非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞中的分詞是用主動(dòng)還是被動(dòng)形式。如果是句子的主語(yǔ)發(fā)出動(dòng)作，則使用現(xiàn)在分詞；如果動(dòng)作不是由句子的主語(yǔ)發(fā)出，則使用過(guò)去分詞。 43.No matter how frequently __, the works of Beethoven always attract large audiences. A performed B performing C to be performed D being performed perform vt. 表演，演出，演奏； to be performed 將要被演奏； being performed 正在被演奏； 一些特殊的動(dòng)詞： 第一個(gè)：remember 記??； 62. I remember __ to help us if we ever got into trouble. A once offering B him once offering C him to offer D to offer him 第二個(gè)：want 想要； 48. Your hair wants __. Youd better have it done tomorrow. A cut B cutting C to cut D being cut 18. This room is so dirty that it wants __. A cleaning B to clean C being cleaned D cleaned 第三個(gè)：mean 意味； 25. Theres a man at the reception desk who seems very angry and I think he means __ trouble. A making B to make C to have made D having made 練習(xí)： 41. It is not difficult to ________ the idea that machines may communicate information to us. A) admit B) receive C) accept D) convince（C） 42. I have not the least ________ of hurting your feelings. A) concept B) intention C) mind D) purpose（B） 43. As the shortage of certain metals approaches, others must be found to take their ________. A) share B) place C) role D) shape（B） 44. The new power station is reported ________ within three years. A) to have completed B) to have been completed C) having Been completed D) to complete（B） 45. Mary is in bed with a fever and she can’t hope to ________ the cold in a few day. A) get over B) get away C) get off D) get out（A） 46. Although the weather was very had, the buses still ran on ________. A) list B) plan C) schedule D) arrangement（C） 47. The situation today is obviously quite different from ________ it was only 50 years ago. A) what B) which C) when D) such（A） 48. Soon, Americans hope, the rains will return and ease the hardship ________ U.S. farmers. A) faced B) faces C) facing D) to face（C） 49. Ever since the family moved to the suburbs last year, they ________ better health. A) could have enjoyed B) have been enjoying C) had enjoyed D) are enjoying（B） 50. It is much easier to talk about social change than to ________. A) bring it on B) bring it about C) burning it up D) bring it out（B） 51. Jane was hit on the head by the robber and was knocked ________. A) mindless B) unaware C) brainless D) unconscious（D） 52. He likes doing some reading at home to the cinema. A) than to go B) than going C) more than going D) rather than to go（C） 53. ________ neglecting our education, my father sent my brother and me to a summer school. A) Accused of B) Accusing of C) That he was accused of D) To be accused of（A） 54. I bought a new house last year, but I ________ my old house yet, so at the moment I have two houses. A) did not sell B) do not sell C) had not sold D) have not sold（D） 55. She didn’t regret paying 200 dollars for the bookcase. As a matter or a fact, she would gladly have paid ________ for it. A) as much twice B) much as twice C) as twice much D) twice as much（D） 56. By the time you get to Beijing tomorrow, I ________ for Shanghai. A) am leaving B) should have left C) will leave D) have already left（B） 57. It was essential that all the necessary documents ________ to the president’s office being the end of this month. A) be handed in B) must be handed in C) should D) had been handed in（A） 58. The car is quite ________ of petrol. A) economic B) economical C) saving D) sparing（B） 59. The traffic was very heavy; otherwise I ________ here 50 minutes sooner. A) would be B) should be C) had been D) would have been（D） 60. ________ his great wealth, he always remained a man of simple tastes. A) Except for B) With regard to C) Despite D) Although（C） 61. The socks were too small and it was only by ________ them that he managed to get them on. A) spreading B) extending C) lengthening D) stretching（D） 62. Language can be defined as a tool by which human beings ________ with one another. A) associate B) connect C) communicate D) correspond（C） 63. As a small boy, he was slow ________ learning to read and write. A) on B) with C) in D) about（C） 64. Tony was ________ a mile of the hotel when he ran out of petrol. A) within B) inside C) about D) off（D） 65. It has been rather costly to install the machinery, but it will prove to be worth the money ________. A) in the long run B) in conclusion C) at long last D) at the end（A） 66. I don’t know why he ________ in the middle of a sentence. A) broke off B) broke out C) broke through D) broke away（A） 67. I’m sorry Andy didn’t want to go to the conference. ________ willing to go we would have paid all his expenses. A) Being B) Was he C) He had been D) Had he been（D） 68. The minister was the person ________. A) whom the state dinner was given in honour B) for whom the state dinner was given honour C) whose honour the state dinner was given D) in whose honour the state dinner was given（D） 69. The young driver looked over the engine carefully lest it ________ on the way. A) goes wrong B) would go wrong C) went wrong D) should go wrong（D） 70. John had been working hard and ________. A) so his brother had B) so had his brother C) so was his brother D) so his brother did（B） 第三節(jié) 非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的譯法 1．Even when we turn off the beside lamp and are fast asleep, electricity is working for us, driving our refrigerators, heating our water, or keeping our rooms air-conditioned. （現(xiàn)在分詞正常使用） 即使在我們關(guān)掉了床頭燈深深地進(jìn)入夢(mèng)鄉(xiāng)時(shí), 電仍在為我們工作: 幫我們開(kāi)動(dòng)電冰箱, 把水加熱, 或使室內(nèi)空調(diào)機(jī)繼續(xù)運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)。 2．Taking the train, the two friends arrived in Berlin in late October 1922, and went directly to the address of Chou-En Lai. 他們兩個(gè)人坐火車于1922年3月到柏林，立即去周恩來(lái)的住處。 The farmer of 1800, using a hand sickle, could hope to cut a fifth of a hectare of wheat a day. 在1800年，一個(gè)農(nóng)民，使用鐮刀，在一天內(nèi)可望收割五分之一公頃小麥。 3．When Chou En Lai’s door opened they saw a slender man of more than average height with gleaming eyes and a face so striking that it bordered on the beautiful. 周恩來(lái)的房門打開(kāi)時(shí)，他們看到的是一個(gè)身材瘦小、比普通人略高一點(diǎn)的人，兩眼閃著光輝，面貌很引人注意，稱得上清秀。 4．With the prices and house rents increasing rapidly, many young university graduates cannot earn their living, let alone support parents. 隨著物價(jià)和房租迅速上漲，許多年輕大學(xué)畢業(yè)生無(wú)法掙錢養(yǎng)活自己，更不用說(shuō)贍養(yǎng)父母。 5．Situated at the base of the Mt. Lofty Ranges, Adelaide enjoys a Mediterranean climate. 阿德萊德位于羅夫迪嶺山麓，屬地中海型氣候。 This area, noted for its beautiful scenery, was counted as one of the eight outstanding views of Beijing. 附近風(fēng)光秀麗，過(guò)去是燕京八景之一。 6．Ignoring the chair offered him, Chu Teh stood squarely before this youth more than ten years his junior and in a level voice told him who he was. 朱德顧不得來(lái)過(guò)來(lái)的椅子，端端正正地站在這個(gè)比他年輕十幾歲的青年面前，用平穩(wěn)的語(yǔ)調(diào)說(shuō)明自己的身份。 第四節(jié) 非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞，長(zhǎng)難句分析及翻譯、閱讀理解 第一部分 語(yǔ)法及詞匯練習(xí) 北冥有魚，其名為鯤。鯤之大，不知其幾千里也；化而為鳥，其名為鵬。鵬之背，不知其幾千里也；怒而飛，其翼若垂天之云。鵬之徙于南冥也，水擊三千里，摶扶搖而上者九萬(wàn)里…… 　 　 ——《莊子?內(nèi)篇?逍遙游》 41. I can’t understand how you ________ these unpleasant surroundings. A) put out B) put down C) put up with D) put forward（C） 42. ________ you decide to take up you should try to make it a success. A) Whatever B) Unless C) Whenever D) If only（A） 43. If Harry did not attend the conference last night, he ________ too much work to do. A) must have had B) must have C) had had D) had to have had（A） 44. John often attends public lectures at the University of Oxford, chiefly ________ his English. A) to improve B) improving C) to have improved D) improved（A） 45. It was suggested at the meeting that effective measures ________ to solve the problem. A) were taken B) be taken C) must be taken D) take（B） 46. I am ________ of your stupid conversation. A) annoyed B) worried C) angry D) tired（D） 47. They are building the dam in ________ with another firm. A) comparison B) association C) touch D) tune（B） 48. Most parents encourage their children to take an active part in social events, ________ those events do not interfere with their studies. A) lest B) though C) unless D) pr