方臺面數(shù)控回轉(zhuǎn)工作臺設(shè)計【500X500】
方臺面數(shù)控回轉(zhuǎn)工作臺設(shè)計【500X500】,500X500,方臺面數(shù)控回轉(zhuǎn)工作臺設(shè)計【500X500】,臺面,數(shù)控,回轉(zhuǎn),工作臺,設(shè)計,x500
(500X500)方臺面數(shù)控回轉(zhuǎn)工作臺設(shè)計
目 錄
緒 論 3
第一章:數(shù)控回轉(zhuǎn)工作臺的原理與應(yīng)用 4
1.1 數(shù)控回轉(zhuǎn)工作的原理 4
1.2 設(shè)計準(zhǔn)則 5
1.3 主要技術(shù)參數(shù) 5
1.4 本章小結(jié) 5
第二章:數(shù)控回轉(zhuǎn)工作臺的結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計 6
2.1 傳動方案的確定 6
2.2 齒輪傳動的設(shè)計 7
2.3 電液脈沖馬達(dá)的選擇及運(yùn)動參數(shù)的計算 9
2.4 蝸輪及蝸桿的選用與校核 10
2.5 蝸桿與蝸輪的主要參數(shù)與幾何尺寸 12
2.6 軸的校核與計算 13
2.7 彎矩組合圖 14
2.8 根據(jù)最大危險截面處的扭矩確定最小軸徑 14
2.9 齒輪上鍵的選擇及校核 15
2.10 軸承的選用 15
2.11 本章小結(jié) 16
第三章 數(shù)控技術(shù)發(fā)展趨勢 16
3.1 性能發(fā)展方向 16
3.2 功能發(fā)展方向 17
3.3 體系結(jié)構(gòu)的發(fā)展 18
3.4 智能化新一代PCNC數(shù)控系統(tǒng) 19
第四章 總結(jié) 19
致謝 20
參考文獻(xiàn) 20
緒 論
畢業(yè)設(shè)計主要是培養(yǎng)學(xué)生綜合應(yīng)用所學(xué)專業(yè)的基礎(chǔ)理論、基本技能和專業(yè)知識的能力,培養(yǎng)學(xué)生建立正確的設(shè)計思想,掌握工程設(shè)計的一般程序、規(guī)范和方法。而高職類學(xué)生更應(yīng)側(cè)重于從生產(chǎn)的第一線獲得生產(chǎn)實(shí)際知識和技能,獲得工程技術(shù)經(jīng)用性崗位的基本訓(xùn)練,通過畢業(yè)設(shè)計,可樹立正確的生產(chǎn)觀點(diǎn)、經(jīng)濟(jì)觀點(diǎn)和全局觀點(diǎn),實(shí)現(xiàn)由學(xué)生向工程技術(shù)人員的過渡。
使學(xué)生進(jìn)一步鞏固和加深對所學(xué)的知識,使之系統(tǒng)化、綜合化。
培養(yǎng)學(xué)生獨(dú)立工作、獨(dú)立思考和綜合運(yùn)用所學(xué)知識的技能,提高 解決本專業(yè)范圍內(nèi)的一般工程技術(shù)問題的能力,從而擴(kuò)大、深化所學(xué)的專業(yè)知識和技能。
培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的設(shè)計計算、工程繪圖、實(shí)驗(yàn)研究、數(shù)據(jù)處理、查閱文獻(xiàn)、外文資料的閱讀與翻譯、計算機(jī)應(yīng)用、文字表達(dá)等基本工作實(shí)踐能力,使學(xué)生初步掌握科學(xué)研究的基本方法和思路。
使學(xué)生學(xué)會初步掌握解決工程技術(shù)問題的正確指導(dǎo)思想、方法手段,樹立做事嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)、嚴(yán)肅認(rèn)真、一絲不茍、實(shí)事求是、刻苦鉆研、勇于探索、具有創(chuàng)新意識和團(tuán)結(jié)協(xié)作的工作作風(fēng)。
本次畢業(yè)設(shè)計主要是解決數(shù)控回轉(zhuǎn)工作臺的工作原理和機(jī)械機(jī)構(gòu)的設(shè)計與計算部分,設(shè)計思路是先原理后結(jié)構(gòu),先整體后局部。
目前數(shù)控回轉(zhuǎn)工作臺已廣泛應(yīng)用于數(shù)控機(jī)床和加工中心上,它的總的發(fā)展趨勢是:
1.在規(guī)格上將向兩頭延伸,即開發(fā)小型和大型轉(zhuǎn)臺;
2.在性能上將研制以鋼為材料的蝸輪,大幅度提高工作臺轉(zhuǎn)速和轉(zhuǎn)臺的承 載能力;
3.在形式上繼續(xù)研制兩軸聯(lián)動和多軸并聯(lián)回轉(zhuǎn)的數(shù)控轉(zhuǎn)臺。
數(shù)控轉(zhuǎn)臺的市場分析:隨著我國制造業(yè)的發(fā)展,加工中心將會越來越多地被要求配備第四軸或第五軸,以擴(kuò)大加工范圍。估計近幾年要求配備數(shù)控轉(zhuǎn)臺的加工中心將會達(dá)到每年600臺左右。
預(yù)計未來5年,雖然某些行業(yè)由于產(chǎn)能過剩、受到宏觀調(diào)控的影響而繼續(xù)保持著較低的行業(yè)景氣度外,部分裝備制造業(yè)將有望保持較高的增長率,特別是那些國家產(chǎn)業(yè)政策鼓勵振興和發(fā)展的裝備子行業(yè)。作為裝備制造業(yè)的母機(jī),普通加工機(jī)床將獲得年均15%-20%左右的穩(wěn)定增長。
第一章 數(shù)控回轉(zhuǎn)工作臺的原理與應(yīng)用
?? 數(shù)控機(jī)床的圓周進(jìn)給由回轉(zhuǎn)工作臺完成,稱為數(shù)控機(jī)床的第四軸:回轉(zhuǎn)工作臺可以與X、Y、Z三個坐標(biāo)軸聯(lián)動,從而加工出各種球、圓弧曲線等?;剞D(zhuǎn)工作臺可以實(shí)現(xiàn)精確的自動分度,擴(kuò)大了數(shù)控機(jī)床加工范圍。
1.1 數(shù)控回轉(zhuǎn)工作臺
? 數(shù)控回轉(zhuǎn)工作臺主要用于數(shù)控鏜床和銑床,其外形和通用工作臺幾乎一樣,但它的驅(qū)動是伺服系統(tǒng)的驅(qū)動方式。它可以與其他伺服進(jìn)給軸聯(lián)動。
?圖8-24為自動換刀數(shù)控鏜床的回轉(zhuǎn)工作臺。它的進(jìn)給、分度轉(zhuǎn)位和定位鎖緊都是由給定的指令進(jìn)行控制的。工作臺的運(yùn)動是由伺服電動機(jī),經(jīng)齒輪減速后由
1一蝸桿? 2一蝸輪? 3、4一夾緊瓦? 5一小液壓缸? 6一活塞? 7一彈簧?
8一鋼球? 9一支座 10一光柵 11、12一軸承
為了消除蝸桿副的傳動間隙,采用了雙螺距漸厚蝸桿,通過移動蝸桿的軸向位置宋調(diào)整間隙。這種蝸桿的左右兩側(cè)面具有不同的螺距,因此蝸桿齒厚從頭到尾逐漸增厚。但由于同一側(cè)的螺距是相同的,所以仍然可以保持正常的嚙合。
當(dāng)工作臺靜止時,必須處于鎖緊狀態(tài)。為此,在蝸輪底部的輻射方向裝有8對夾緊瓦4和3,并在底座9上均布同樣數(shù)量的小液壓缸5。當(dāng)小液壓缸的上腔接通壓力油時,活塞6便壓向鋼球8,撐開夾緊瓦,并夾緊蝸輪2。在工作臺需要回轉(zhuǎn)時,先使小液壓缸的上腔接通回油路,在彈簧7的作用下,鋼球8抬起,夾緊瓦將蝸輪松開。
? 回轉(zhuǎn)工作臺的導(dǎo)軌面由大型滾動軸承支承,并由圓錐滾柱軸承12及雙列向心圓柱滾子軸承11保持準(zhǔn)確的回轉(zhuǎn)中心。數(shù)控回轉(zhuǎn)工作臺的定位精度主要取決于蝸桿副的傳動精度,因而必須采用高精度蝸桿副。在半閉環(huán)控制系統(tǒng)中,可以在實(shí)際測量工作臺靜態(tài)定位誤差之后,確定需要補(bǔ)償角度的位置和補(bǔ)償?shù)闹?,記憶在補(bǔ)償回路中,由數(shù)控裝置進(jìn)行誤差補(bǔ)償。在全閉環(huán)控制系統(tǒng)中,由高精度的圓光柵10發(fā)出工作臺精確到位信號,反饋給數(shù)控裝置進(jìn)行控制。
? 回轉(zhuǎn)工作臺設(shè)有零點(diǎn),當(dāng)它作回零運(yùn)動時,先用擋鐵壓下限位開關(guān),使工作臺降速,然后由圓光柵或編碼器發(fā)出零位信號,使工作臺準(zhǔn)確地停在零位。數(shù)控回轉(zhuǎn)工作臺可以作任意角度的回轉(zhuǎn)和分度,也可以作連續(xù)回轉(zhuǎn)進(jìn)給運(yùn)動。
1.2 設(shè)計準(zhǔn)則
我們的設(shè)計過程中,本著以下幾條設(shè)計準(zhǔn)則
1) 創(chuàng)造性的利用所需要的物理性能
2) 分析原理和性能
3) 判別功能載荷及其意義
4) 預(yù)測意外載荷
5) 創(chuàng)造有利的載荷條件
6) 提高合理的應(yīng)力分布和剛度
7) 重量要適宜
8) 應(yīng)用基本公式求相稱尺寸和最佳尺寸
9) 根據(jù)性能組合選擇材料
10) 零件與整體零件之間精度的進(jìn)行選擇
11) 功能設(shè)計應(yīng)適應(yīng)制造工藝和降低成本的要求
1.3 設(shè)計任務(wù):
設(shè)計一臺數(shù)控回轉(zhuǎn)工作臺并開發(fā)其控制、驅(qū)動系統(tǒng),工作臺面500X500mm,分辨率為=5分/step,承受最大軸向載荷Tmax=1200Nm。
1.3 本章小結(jié)
主要簡單介紹畢業(yè)設(shè)計題目(數(shù)控回轉(zhuǎn)工作臺)和其發(fā)展概況,設(shè)計背景、工作原理、設(shè)計參數(shù)也作了進(jìn)一步的說明。
第二章:數(shù)控回轉(zhuǎn)工作臺的結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計
2.1 傳動方案的確定
2.1.1步進(jìn)電機(jī)的原理
步進(jìn)電機(jī)是一種能將數(shù)字輸入脈沖轉(zhuǎn)換成旋轉(zhuǎn)或直線增量運(yùn)動的電磁執(zhí)行元件。每輸入一個脈沖電機(jī)轉(zhuǎn)軸步進(jìn)一個步距角增量。電機(jī)總的回轉(zhuǎn)角與輸入脈沖數(shù)成正比例,相應(yīng)的轉(zhuǎn)速取決于輸入脈沖頻率。?
? 步進(jìn)電機(jī)是機(jī)電一體化產(chǎn)品中關(guān)鍵部件之一,通常被用作定位控制和定速控制。步進(jìn)電機(jī)慣量低、定位精度高、無累積誤差、控制簡單等特點(diǎn)。廣泛應(yīng)用于機(jī)電一體化產(chǎn)品中,如:數(shù)控機(jī)床、包裝機(jī)械、計算機(jī)外圍設(shè)備、復(fù)印機(jī)、傳真機(jī)等。?
???? 選擇步進(jìn)電機(jī)時,首先要保證步進(jìn)電機(jī)的輸出功率大于負(fù)載所需的功率。而在選用功率步進(jìn)電機(jī)時,首先要計算機(jī)械系統(tǒng)的負(fù)載轉(zhuǎn)矩,電機(jī)的矩頻特性能滿足機(jī)械負(fù)載并有一定的余量保證其運(yùn)行可靠。在實(shí)際工作過程中,各種頻率下的負(fù)載力矩必須在矩頻特性曲線的范圍內(nèi)。一般地說最大靜力矩Mjmax大的電機(jī),負(fù)載力矩大。?
???? 選擇步進(jìn)電機(jī)時,應(yīng)使步距角和機(jī)械系統(tǒng)匹配,這樣可以得到機(jī)床所需的脈沖當(dāng)量。在機(jī)械傳動過程中為了使得有更小的脈沖當(dāng)量,一是可以改變絲桿的導(dǎo)程,二是可以通過步進(jìn)電機(jī)的細(xì)分驅(qū)動來完成。但細(xì)分只能改變其分辨率,不改變其精度。精度是由電機(jī)的固有特性所決定。?
? 選擇功率步進(jìn)電機(jī)時,應(yīng)當(dāng)估算機(jī)械負(fù)載的負(fù)載慣量和機(jī)床要求的啟動頻率,使之與步進(jìn)電機(jī)的慣性頻率特性相匹配還有一定的余量,使之最高速連續(xù)工作頻率能滿足機(jī)床快速移動的需要
2.1.2.傳動方案傳動時應(yīng)滿足的要求
數(shù)控回轉(zhuǎn)工作臺一般由原動機(jī)、傳動裝置和工作臺組成,傳動裝置在原動機(jī)和工作臺之間傳遞運(yùn)動和動力,并可實(shí)現(xiàn)分度運(yùn)動。在本課題中,原動機(jī)采用電液脈沖馬達(dá),工作臺為T形槽工作臺,傳動裝置由齒輪傳動和蝸桿傳動組成。
合理的傳動方案主要滿足以下要求:
(1)機(jī)械的功能要求:應(yīng)滿足工作臺的功率、轉(zhuǎn)速和運(yùn)動形式的要求。
(2)工作條件的要求:例如工作環(huán)境、場地、工作制度等。
(3)工作性能要求:保證工作可靠、傳動效率高等。
(4)結(jié)構(gòu)工藝性要求;如結(jié)構(gòu)簡單、尺寸緊湊、使用維護(hù)便利、工藝性和經(jīng)濟(jì)合理等。
2.1.3.傳動方案及其分析
數(shù)控回轉(zhuǎn)工作臺傳動方案為:電液脈沖馬達(dá)——齒輪傳動——蝸桿傳動——工作
該傳動方案分析如下:
齒輪傳動承受載能力較高 ,傳遞運(yùn)動準(zhǔn)確、平穩(wěn),傳遞 功率和圓周速度范圍很大,傳動效率高,結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊。
蝸桿傳動有以下特點(diǎn):
1.傳動比大在分度機(jī)構(gòu)中可達(dá)1000以上。與其他傳動形式相比,傳動比相同時,機(jī)構(gòu)尺寸小,因而結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊。
2.傳動平穩(wěn) 蝸桿齒是連續(xù)的螺旋齒,與蝸輪的嚙合是連續(xù)的,因此,傳動平穩(wěn),噪聲低。
3.可以自鎖 當(dāng)蝸桿的導(dǎo)程角小于齒輪間的當(dāng)量摩擦角時,若蝸桿為主動件,機(jī)構(gòu)將自鎖。這種蝸桿傳動常用于起重裝置中。
4.效率低、制造成本較高 蝸桿傳動是,齒面上具有較大的滑動速度,摩擦磨損大,故效率約為0.7-0.8,具有自鎖的蝸桿傳動效率僅為0.4左右。為了提高減摩擦性和耐磨性,蝸輪通常采用價格較貴的有色金屬制造。
由以上分析可得:將齒輪傳動放在傳動系統(tǒng)的高速級,蝸桿傳動放在傳動系統(tǒng)的低速級,傳動方案較合理。
同時,對于數(shù)控回轉(zhuǎn)工作臺,結(jié)構(gòu)簡單,它有兩種型式:開環(huán)回轉(zhuǎn)工作臺、閉環(huán)回轉(zhuǎn)工作臺。
兩種型式各有特點(diǎn):
開環(huán)回轉(zhuǎn)工作臺 開環(huán)回轉(zhuǎn)工作臺和開環(huán)直線進(jìn)給機(jī)構(gòu)一樣,都可以用點(diǎn)液脈沖馬達(dá)、功率步進(jìn)電機(jī)來驅(qū)動。
閉環(huán)回轉(zhuǎn)工作臺 閉環(huán)回轉(zhuǎn)工作臺和開環(huán)回轉(zhuǎn)工作臺大致相同,其區(qū)別在于:閉環(huán)回轉(zhuǎn)工作臺有轉(zhuǎn)動角度的測量元件(圓光柵)。所測量的結(jié)果經(jīng)反饋與指令值進(jìn)行比較,按閉環(huán)原理進(jìn)行工作,使轉(zhuǎn)臺分度定位精度更高。
2.2 齒輪傳動的設(shè)計
由于前述所選電機(jī)可知T,傳動比設(shè)定為i=3,效率η=0.97工作日安排每年300工作日計,壽命為10年。
2.2.1 選擇齒輪傳動的類型
根據(jù)GB/T10085—1988的推薦,采用直齒輪傳動的形式。
2.2.2 選擇材料
考慮到齒輪傳動效率不大,速度只是中等,故蝸桿用45號鋼;為達(dá)到更高的效率和更好的耐磨性,要求齒輪面,硬度為45-55HRC。
2.2.3 按齒面接觸疲勞強(qiáng)度設(shè)計
先按齒面接觸疲勞強(qiáng)度進(jìn)行設(shè)計,在校核齒根彎曲疲勞強(qiáng)度。
傳遞轉(zhuǎn)矩T1=9.55×106P1/N1=(9.55X106×0.75/3000)=2.39N.M
載荷系數(shù)K:因載荷平穩(wěn),由表6-6取K=1.2
齒寬系數(shù)ψd:由表6-7取ψd=1
許用接觸壓力[δH]:[δH]=[δH2]=220Mpa
傳動比i:i=3
將以上參數(shù)代入公式
D13≥(671/[δh])2(6-21)KT1(i+1)/ψdi
D1≥32.88mm
2.2.4 確定齒輪的主要參數(shù)與主要尺寸
1)齒數(shù) 取Z1=22,則Z2=i×Z1=3×22=66,取Z2=66。
2)模數(shù) m=d1/Z1=32.88/22=1.49mm,取標(biāo)準(zhǔn)值m=1.5。
3)中心距 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)中心距 α=m/2(Z1+Z2)=60.5mm
4)其他主要尺寸
分度圓直徑:d1=mZ1=1.5x22=33mm,
d2=mZ2=1.5x66=99mm
齒頂圓直徑:da1=d1+2m=33+2x1.5=36mm,
da2=d2+2m=99+2x1.5=102mm
齒寬:b= ψdd1=0.6x33=19.8mm, 取b2=b1+(5-10)=25-30mm,取b1=30mm。
2.2.5 校核齒根彎曲疲勞強(qiáng)度
δF=22KT1YFS/bmd1≤[δF]
復(fù)合齒形系數(shù)Ys:由x=0(標(biāo)準(zhǔn)齒輪)及Z1 Z2查圖6-29得YFS1=4.12,YFS2=3.96則
δf1=2kT1YFS1/bmd1=2x1.2x2.39x103x4.12/(19.8x1.5x33)=74.6Mpa<[δF1]δf2=δf1YFS2/YFS1=(74.6x3.96/4.12)Mpa=71.70MPa<[δF2]
彎曲強(qiáng)度足夠。
2.2.6 確定齒輪傳動精度
齒輪圓周速度v=d1nπ/(60x1000)=3.14x72.5x970/(600x1000)=3.68m/s
由表6-4確定第Ⅱ公差組為8級。第Ⅰ、Ⅱ公差組也定為8級,齒厚偏差選HK
2.2.7 齒輪結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計
小齒輪 da1 =33mm 采用實(shí)心式齒輪
大齒輪 da2 =99mm 采用腹板式齒輪
2.3 電液脈沖馬達(dá)的選擇及運(yùn)動參數(shù)的計算
許多機(jī)械加工需要微量進(jìn)給。要實(shí)現(xiàn)微量進(jìn)給,步進(jìn)電機(jī)、直流伺服交流伺服電機(jī)都可作為驅(qū)動元件。對于后兩者,必須使用精密的傳感器并構(gòu)成閉環(huán)系統(tǒng),才能實(shí)現(xiàn)微量進(jìn)給。在閉環(huán)系統(tǒng)中,廣泛采用電液脈沖馬達(dá)作為執(zhí)行單元。這是因?yàn)殡娨好}沖馬達(dá)具有以下優(yōu)點(diǎn):
●直接采用數(shù)字量進(jìn)行控制;
●轉(zhuǎn)動慣量小,啟動、停止方便;
●成本低;
●無誤差積累;
●定位準(zhǔn)確;
●低頻率特性比較好;
●調(diào)速范圍較寬;
采用電液脈沖馬達(dá)為驅(qū)動單元,其機(jī)構(gòu)也比較簡單,主要是變速齒輪副、滾珠絲杠副,以克服爬行和間隙等不足。通常步進(jìn)電機(jī)每加一個脈沖轉(zhuǎn)過一個脈沖當(dāng)量;但由于其脈沖當(dāng)量一般較大,如0.01mm,在數(shù)控系統(tǒng)中為了保證加工精度,廣泛采用電液脈沖馬達(dá)的細(xì)分驅(qū)動技術(shù)。
1)電液脈沖馬達(dá)電機(jī)的選擇
按照工作要求和條件選Y系列一般用途的全封閉自扇冷鼠籠型三相異步電機(jī)。
2)選擇電液脈沖馬達(dá)的額定功率
馬達(dá)的額定功率應(yīng)等于或稍大于工作要求的功率。額定功率小于工作要求,則不能保證工作機(jī)器正常工作,或使馬達(dá)長期過載、發(fā)熱大而過早損壞;額定功率過大,則馬達(dá)價格高,并且由于效率和功率因素低而造成浪費(fèi)。
工作所需功率為:Pw=FwVw/1000ηw KW Pw=Tnw/9950ηw KW
式中T=150N.M, nw=36r/min,電機(jī)工作效率ηw=0.97,代入上式得
Pw=150×36/(9950×0.97)=0.56 KW
電機(jī)所需的輸出功率為:P0= Pw/η
式中:η為電機(jī)至工作臺主動軸之間的總效率。
由表2.4查得:齒輪傳動的效率為ηw=0.97;一對滾動軸承的效率為ηw=0.99;蝸桿傳動的效率為ηw=0.8。因此,
η=η1η23η3=0.97×0.993×0.8=0.75
P0= Pw/η=0.56/0.75=0.747 KW
一般電機(jī)的額定功率
Pm=(1-1.3)P0=(1-1.3)0.747=0.747-0.97 KW
則由表2.1取電機(jī)額定功率為:Pm=0.75 KW。
確定電機(jī)轉(zhuǎn)速
按表2.5推薦的各種機(jī)構(gòu)傳動范圍為,取:
齒輪傳動比:3-5,
蝸桿傳動比:15-32,
則總的傳動范圍為:i=i1×i2=3×15-5×32=45-160
電機(jī)轉(zhuǎn)速的范圍為
N= i×nw=(45-160)×36=1620-5760 r/min
為降低電機(jī)的重量和價格,由表2.1中選取常用的同步轉(zhuǎn)速為3000r/min的Y系列電機(jī),型號為Y801-2,其滿載轉(zhuǎn)速nm=3000r/min,此外,電機(jī)的安裝和外形尺寸可查表2.2
2.4 蝸輪及蝸桿的選用與校核
由于前述所選電機(jī)可知T=6.93N.M傳動比設(shè)定為i=27.5,效率η=0.8工作日安排每年300工作日計,壽命為10年。
2.4.1 選擇蝸桿傳動類型
根據(jù)GB/T10085—1988的推薦,采用漸開線蝸桿。
2. 4. 2 選擇材料
考慮到蝸桿傳動效率不大,速度只是中等,故蝸桿用45號鋼;為達(dá)到更高的效率和更好的耐磨性,要求蝸桿螺旋齒面淬火,硬度為45-55HRC。蝸輪用鑄錫磷青銅Zcusn10p1,金屬鑄造。為了節(jié)約貴重的有色金屬,僅齒圈用青銅制造,而輪芯用灰鑄鐵HT100制造。
2.4.3 按齒面接觸疲勞強(qiáng)度設(shè)計
根據(jù)閉式蝸桿傳動的設(shè)計準(zhǔn)則,先按齒面接觸疲勞強(qiáng)度進(jìn)行設(shè)計,在校核齒根彎曲疲勞強(qiáng)度。傳動中心距:
(3-2)
(1)確定作用在蝸輪上的轉(zhuǎn)距T2
按Z1=2,估取效率η=0.8,則
T2=T*η*i=153.4N.M (3-3)
(2)確定載荷系數(shù)K
因工作載荷較穩(wěn)定,故取載荷分布不均系數(shù)Kβ=1;由使用系數(shù)KA表從而選取KA=1.15;由于轉(zhuǎn)速不高,沖擊不大,可取動載系數(shù)KV=1.1;則
K=KA*Kβ*KV=1*1.15*1.1=1.265≈1.27 (3-4)
(3)確定彈性影響系數(shù)ZE
選用的鑄錫磷青銅蝸輪和蝸桿相配。
(4)確定接觸系數(shù)Zρ
先假設(shè)蝸桿分度圓直徑d1和傳動中心距a的比值d1/a=0.30,從而可查出Zρ=3.12。
(5)確定許用應(yīng)力[σH]
根據(jù)蝸輪材料為鑄錫磷青銅zcusn10p1,金屬模鑄造,蝸桿螺旋齒面硬度>45HRC,從而可查得蝸輪的基本許用應(yīng)力[σH]‘=268MPA。
因?yàn)殡妱拥都苤形佪單仐U的傳動為間隙性的,故初步定位、其壽命系數(shù)為KHN=0.92,則
[σH]= KHN[σH]‘=0.92×268=246.56≈247MPA (3-5)
(6)計算中心距
(3-6)
取中心距a=50mm,m=1.25mm,蝸桿分度圓直徑d1=22.4mm,這時=0.448,從而可查得接觸系數(shù)=2.72,因?yàn)椋糧ρ,因此以上計算結(jié)果可用。
2.5 蝸桿與蝸輪的主要參數(shù)與幾何尺寸
2. 5. 1 蝸桿
直徑系數(shù)q=17.92;分度圓直徑d1=22.4mm,蝸桿頭數(shù)Z1=1;分度圓導(dǎo)程角γ=3°11′38″
蝸桿軸向齒距:PA==3.94mm;(3-7)
蝸桿齒頂圓直徑:(3-8)
蝸桿軸向齒厚:=1.97mm(3-10)
2. 5. 2 蝸輪
蝸輪齒數(shù):Z2 =62,變位系數(shù)Χ=0
驗(yàn)算傳動比:i=/=62/1=62(3-11)
這是傳動比誤差為:(60-62)/60=2/60=0.033=3.3%(3-12)
蝸輪分度圓直徑:d2=mz2=(3-13)
蝸輪喉圓直徑:da2=d2+2ha2=93.5 (3-14)
蝸輪喉母圓直徑rg2=a-1/2 da2 =50-1/293.5=3.25 (3-17)
2. 5. 3 校核齒根彎曲疲勞強(qiáng)度
(3-18)
當(dāng)量齒數(shù)
(3-19)
根據(jù)Χ2=0,ZV2=62,可查得齒形系數(shù)=2.31,螺旋角系數(shù)
Yβ=1-γ/140°=0.9773;(3-20)
許用彎曲應(yīng)力[δF]= KFN
[δF]=56×0.72=40.32MPa(3-21)
=
2.31×0.9773=4.29MPa(3-22)
所以彎曲強(qiáng)度是滿足要求的。
2.6 軸的校核與計算
2.6.1 畫出受力簡圖
圖 3-1受力簡圖
計算出:R1=46.6N R2=26.2N
2. 6. 2 畫出扭矩圖
T=η.i.T電機(jī)
=0.36×60×0.98
=21.2 N.M (3-33)
圖3-2扭矩圖
2. 6. 3 彎矩圖
M=72.8×180×10-3
=13.1N. (3-34)
圖3-3彎矩圖
2.7 彎矩組合圖
由此可知軸的最大危險截面所在。
組合彎矩
(3-35)
2.8 根據(jù)最大危險截面處的扭矩確定最小軸徑
(3-36)
扭轉(zhuǎn)切應(yīng)力為脈動循環(huán)變應(yīng)力,取α=0.6
抗彎截面系數(shù)W=0.1d3
根據(jù)各個零件在軸上的定位和裝拆方案確定軸的形狀及小
2.9 齒輪上鍵的選取與校核
(1)取鍵連接的類型好尺寸
因其軸上鍵的作用是傳遞扭矩,應(yīng)用平鍵連接就可以了。在此用平鍵。由資料可查出鍵的截面尺寸為:寬度b=5mm,高度h=5mm,由連軸器的寬度并參考鍵的長度系列,從而取鍵長L=10mm。
(2) 鍵連接的強(qiáng)度
鍵、軸和連軸器的材料都是鋼,因而可查得許用擠壓力[δp]= 50~60MPa,取其平均值[δp]=135MPa。
鍵的工作長度l=L-b=10-5=5mm,鍵與連軸器的鍵槽的接觸高度k=0.5h=2.5mm,從而可得:δp=2000T/(kld)=127≤[δp]
可見滿足要求。
此鍵的標(biāo)記為:鍵B5×10 GB/T 1096—1979。
2.10 軸承的選用
滾動軸承是現(xiàn)代機(jī)器中廣泛應(yīng)用的部件之一。它是依靠主要元件的滾動接觸來支撐轉(zhuǎn)動零件的。與滑動軸承相比,滾動軸承摩擦力小,功率消耗少,啟動容易等優(yōu)點(diǎn)。并且常用的滾動軸承絕大多數(shù)已經(jīng)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化,因此使用滾動軸承時,只要根據(jù)具體工作條件正確選擇軸承的類型和尺寸。驗(yàn)算軸承的承載能力。以及與軸承的安裝、調(diào)整、潤滑、密封等有關(guān)的“軸承裝置設(shè)計”問題。
2. 10. 1 軸承的類型
考慮到軸各個方面的誤差會直接傳遞給加工工件時的加工誤差,因此選用調(diào)心性能比較好的圓錐滾子軸承。此類軸承可以同時承受徑向載荷及軸向載荷,外圈可分離,安裝時可調(diào)整軸承的游隙。其機(jī)構(gòu)代碼為3000,然后根據(jù)安裝尺寸和使用壽命選出軸承的型號為:30208。
2. 10. 2 軸承的游隙及軸上零件的調(diào)配
軸承的游隙和欲緊時靠端蓋下的墊片來調(diào)整的,這樣比較方便。
2. 10. 3 滾動軸承的配合
滾動軸承是標(biāo)準(zhǔn)件,為使軸承便于互換和大量生產(chǎn),軸承內(nèi)孔于軸的配合采用基孔制,即以軸承內(nèi)孔的尺寸為基準(zhǔn);軸承外徑與外殼的配合采用基軸制,即以軸承的外徑尺寸為基準(zhǔn)。
2.10.4 滾動軸承的潤滑
考慮到電動刀架工作時轉(zhuǎn)速很高,并且是不間斷工作,溫度也很高。故采用油潤滑,轉(zhuǎn)速越高,應(yīng)采用粘度越低的潤滑油;載荷越大,應(yīng)選用粘度越高的。
2. 10. 5 滾動軸承的密封裝置
軸承的密封裝置是為了阻止灰塵,水,酸氣和其他雜物進(jìn)入軸承,并阻止?jié)櫥瑒┝魇ФO(shè)置的。密封裝置可分為接觸式及非接觸式兩大類。此處,采用接觸式密封,唇形密封圈。
唇形密封圈靠彎折了的橡膠的彈性力和附加的環(huán)行螺旋彈簧的緊扣作用而套緊在軸上,以便起密封作用。唇形密封圈封唇的方向要緊密封的部位。即如果是為了油封,密封唇應(yīng)朝內(nèi);如果主要是為了防止外物浸入,蜜蜂唇應(yīng)朝外。
2.11 本章小結(jié)
對數(shù)控回轉(zhuǎn)工作臺的主要零件及傳動系統(tǒng)的零件進(jìn)行設(shè)計 選型 零件校核,按照機(jī)械設(shè)計一書進(jìn)行設(shè)計,完成機(jī)械部分。
第三章:數(shù)控技術(shù)發(fā)展趨勢
3.1性能發(fā)展方向
(1)高速高精高效化 速度、精度和效率是機(jī)械制造技術(shù)的關(guān)鍵性能指標(biāo)。由
于采用了高速CPU芯片、RISC芯片、多CPU控制系統(tǒng)以及帶高分辨率絕對式檢測 元件的交流數(shù)字伺服系統(tǒng),同時采取了改善機(jī)床動態(tài)、靜態(tài)特性等有效措施,機(jī)床的高速高精高效化已大大提高。
(2)柔性化 包含兩方面:數(shù)控系統(tǒng)本身的柔性,數(shù)控系統(tǒng)采用模塊化設(shè)計,功能覆蓋面大,可裁剪性強(qiáng),便于滿足不同用戶的需求;群控系統(tǒng)的柔性,同一群控系統(tǒng)能依據(jù)不同生產(chǎn)流程的要求,使物料流和信息流自動進(jìn)行動態(tài)調(diào)整,從而最大限度地發(fā)揮群控系統(tǒng)的效能。
(3)工藝復(fù)合性和多軸化 以減少工序、輔助時間為主要目的的復(fù)合加工,正朝著多軸、多系列控制功能方向發(fā)展。數(shù)控機(jī)床的工藝復(fù)合化是指工件在一臺機(jī)床上一次裝夾后,通過自動換刀、旋轉(zhuǎn)主軸頭或轉(zhuǎn)臺等各種措施,完成多工序、多表面的復(fù)合加工。數(shù)控技術(shù)軸,西門子880系統(tǒng)控制軸數(shù)可達(dá)24軸。
(4)實(shí)時智能化 早期的實(shí)時系統(tǒng)通常針對相對簡單的理想環(huán)境,其作用是如何調(diào)度任務(wù),以確保任務(wù)在規(guī)定期限內(nèi)完成。而人工智能則試圖用計算模型實(shí)現(xiàn)人類的各種智能行為??茖W(xué)技術(shù)發(fā)展到今天,實(shí)時系統(tǒng)和人工智能相互結(jié)合,人工智能正向著具有實(shí)時響應(yīng)的、更現(xiàn)實(shí)的領(lǐng)域發(fā)展,而實(shí)時系統(tǒng)也朝著具有智能行為的、更加復(fù)雜的應(yīng)用發(fā)展,由此產(chǎn)生了實(shí)時智能控制這一新的領(lǐng)域。在數(shù)控技術(shù)領(lǐng)域,實(shí)時智能控制的研究和應(yīng)用正沿著幾個主要分支發(fā)展:自適應(yīng)控制、模糊控制、神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)控制、專家控制、學(xué)習(xí)控制、前饋控制等。例如在數(shù)控系統(tǒng)中配備編程專家系統(tǒng)、故障診斷專家系統(tǒng)、參數(shù)自動設(shè)定和刀具自動管理及補(bǔ)償?shù)茸赃m應(yīng)調(diào)節(jié)系統(tǒng),在高速加工時的綜合運(yùn)動控制中引入提前預(yù)測和預(yù)算功能、動態(tài)前饋功能,在壓力、溫度、位置、速度控制等方面采用模糊控制,使數(shù)控系統(tǒng)的控制性能大大提高,從而達(dá)到最佳控制的目的。
3.2功能發(fā)展方向
(1)用戶界面圖形化 用戶界面是數(shù)控系統(tǒng)與使用者之間的對話接口。由于不同用戶對界面的要求不同,因而開發(fā)用戶界面的工作量極大,用戶界面成為計算機(jī)軟件研制中最困難的部分之一。當(dāng)前INTERNET、虛擬現(xiàn)實(shí)、科學(xué)計算可視化及多媒體等技術(shù)也對用戶界面提出了更高要求。圖形用戶界面極大地方便了非專業(yè)用戶的使用,人們可以通過窗口和菜單進(jìn)行操作,便于藍(lán)圖編程和快速編程、三維彩色立體動態(tài)圖形顯示、圖形模擬、圖形動態(tài)跟蹤和仿真、不同方向的視圖和局部顯示比例縮放功能的實(shí)現(xiàn)。
(2)科學(xué)計算可視化 科學(xué)計算可視化可用于高效處理數(shù)據(jù)和解釋數(shù)據(jù),使信息交流不再局限于用文字和語言表達(dá),而可以直接使用圖形、圖像、動畫等可視信息??梢暬夹g(shù)與虛擬環(huán)境技術(shù)相結(jié)合,進(jìn)一步拓寬了應(yīng)用領(lǐng)域,如無圖紙設(shè)計、虛擬樣機(jī)技術(shù)等,這對縮短產(chǎn)品設(shè)計周期、提高產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量、降低產(chǎn)品成本具有重要意義。在數(shù)控技術(shù)領(lǐng)域,可視化技術(shù)可用于CAD/CAM,如自動編程設(shè)計、參數(shù)自動設(shè)定、刀具補(bǔ)償和刀具管理數(shù)據(jù)的動態(tài)處理和顯示以及加工過程的可視化仿真演示等。
(3)插補(bǔ)和補(bǔ)償方式多樣化 多種插補(bǔ)方式如直線插補(bǔ)、圓弧插補(bǔ)、圓柱插補(bǔ)、空間橢圓曲面插補(bǔ)、螺紋插補(bǔ)、極坐標(biāo)插補(bǔ)、2D+2螺旋插補(bǔ)、NANO插補(bǔ)、NURBS插補(bǔ)(非均勻有理B樣條插補(bǔ))、樣條插補(bǔ)(A、B、C樣條)、多項(xiàng)式插補(bǔ)等。多種補(bǔ)償功能如間隙補(bǔ)償、垂直度補(bǔ)償、象限誤差補(bǔ)償、螺距和測量系統(tǒng)誤差補(bǔ)償、與速度相關(guān)的前饋補(bǔ)償、溫度補(bǔ)償、帶平滑接近和退出以及相反點(diǎn)計算的刀具半徑補(bǔ)償?shù)取?
(4)內(nèi)裝高性能PLC 數(shù)控系統(tǒng)內(nèi)裝高性能PLC控制模塊,可直接用梯形圖或高級語言編程,具有直觀的在線調(diào)試和在線幫助功能。編程工具中包含用于車床銑床的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)PLC用戶程序?qū)嵗?,用戶可在?biāo)準(zhǔn)PLC用戶程序基礎(chǔ)上進(jìn)行編輯修改,從而方便地建立自己的應(yīng)用程序。
(5)多媒體技術(shù)應(yīng)用 多媒體技術(shù)集計算機(jī)、聲像和通信技術(shù)于一體,使計算機(jī)具有綜合處理聲音、文字、圖像和視頻信息的能力。在數(shù)控技術(shù)領(lǐng)域,應(yīng)用多媒體技術(shù)可以做到信息處理綜合化、智能化,在實(shí)時監(jiān)控系統(tǒng)和生產(chǎn)現(xiàn)場設(shè)備的故障診斷、生產(chǎn)過程參數(shù)監(jiān)測等方面有著重大的應(yīng)用價值。
3.3體系結(jié)構(gòu)的發(fā)展
(1)集成化 采用高度集成化CPU、RISC芯片和大規(guī)模可編程集成電路FPGA、EPLD、CPLD以及專用集成電路ASIC芯片,可提高數(shù)控系統(tǒng)的集成度和軟硬件運(yùn)行速度。應(yīng)用FPD平板顯示技術(shù),可提高顯示器性能。平板顯示器具有科技含量高、重量輕、體積小、功耗低、便于攜帶等優(yōu)點(diǎn),可實(shí)現(xiàn)超大尺寸顯示,成為和CRT抗衡的新興顯示技術(shù),是21世紀(jì)顯示技術(shù)的主流。應(yīng)用先進(jìn)封裝和互連技術(shù),將半導(dǎo)體和表面安裝技術(shù)融為一體。通過提高集成電路密度、減少互連長度和數(shù)量來降低產(chǎn)品價格,改進(jìn)性能,減小組件尺寸,提高系統(tǒng)的可靠性。
(2)模塊化 硬件模塊化易于實(shí)現(xiàn)數(shù)控系統(tǒng)的集成化和標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化。根據(jù)不同的功能需求,將基本模塊,如CPU、存儲器、位置伺服、PLC、輸入輸出接口、通訊等模塊,作成標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的系列化產(chǎn)品,通過積木方式進(jìn)行功能裁剪和模塊數(shù)量的增減,構(gòu)成不同檔次的數(shù)控系統(tǒng)。
(3)網(wǎng)絡(luò)化 機(jī)床聯(lián)網(wǎng)可進(jìn)行遠(yuǎn)程控制和無人化操作。通過機(jī)床聯(lián)網(wǎng),可在任何一臺機(jī)床上對其它機(jī)床進(jìn)行編程、設(shè)定、操作、運(yùn)行,不同機(jī)床的畫面可同時顯示在每一臺機(jī)床的屏幕上。
(4)通用型開放式閉環(huán)控制模式 采用通用計算機(jī)組成總線式、模塊化、開放式、嵌入式體系結(jié)構(gòu),便于裁剪、擴(kuò)展和升級,可組成不同檔次、不同類型、不同集成程度的數(shù)控系統(tǒng)。閉環(huán)控制模式是針對傳統(tǒng)的數(shù)控系統(tǒng)僅有的專用型單機(jī)封閉式開環(huán)控制模式提出的。由于制造過程是一個具有多變量控制和加工工藝綜合作用的復(fù)雜過程,包含諸如加工尺寸、形狀、振動、噪聲、溫度和熱變形等各種變化因素,因此,要實(shí)現(xiàn)加工過程的多目標(biāo)優(yōu)化,必須采用多變量的閉環(huán)控制,在實(shí)時加工過程中動態(tài)調(diào)整加工過程變量。加工過程中采用開放式通用型實(shí)時動態(tài)全閉環(huán)控制模式,易于將計算機(jī)實(shí)時智能技術(shù)、網(wǎng)絡(luò)技術(shù)、多媒體技術(shù)、CAD/CAM、伺服控制、自適應(yīng)控制、動態(tài)數(shù)據(jù)管理及動態(tài)刀具補(bǔ)償、動態(tài)仿真等高新技術(shù)融于一體,構(gòu)成嚴(yán)密的制造過程閉環(huán)控制體系,從而實(shí)現(xiàn)集成化、智能化、網(wǎng)絡(luò)化。
3.4智能化新一代PCNC數(shù)控系統(tǒng)
當(dāng)前開發(fā)研究適應(yīng)于復(fù)雜制造過程的、具有閉環(huán)控制體系結(jié)構(gòu)的、智能化新一代PCNC數(shù)控系統(tǒng)已成為可能。
智能化新一代PCNC數(shù)控系統(tǒng)將計算機(jī)智能技術(shù)、網(wǎng)絡(luò)技術(shù)、CAD/CAM、伺服控制、自適應(yīng)控制、動態(tài)數(shù)據(jù)管理及動態(tài)刀具補(bǔ)償、動態(tài)仿真等高新技術(shù)融于一體,形成嚴(yán)密的制造過程閉環(huán)控制體系。
第四章:總結(jié)
畢業(yè)設(shè)計是我們在學(xué)完三年教學(xué)計劃所規(guī)定的全部課之后,綜合運(yùn)用所學(xué)過的全部理論知識與實(shí)踐相結(jié)合的實(shí)踐性數(shù)學(xué)環(huán)節(jié)。它培養(yǎng)我們進(jìn)行綜合分析和提高解決實(shí)際問題的能力,從而達(dá)到鞏固,擴(kuò)大,深化所學(xué)知識的目的,它培養(yǎng)我們調(diào)查研究熟悉有關(guān)技術(shù)政策,運(yùn)用國家標(biāo)準(zhǔn),規(guī)范,手冊,圖冊等工具書,進(jìn)行設(shè)計計算,數(shù)據(jù)處理,編寫技術(shù)文件的獨(dú)立工作能力。
通過我學(xué)到了很多,初步的讓我認(rèn)識到理論和實(shí)踐相結(jié)合的重要。除了鞏固了所學(xué)的理論知識外,還學(xué)到不少的新知識和新方法。例如在CAD畫圖中要標(biāo)注極限偏差時,要先做好標(biāo)注樣式,在標(biāo)注時只要選種再右擊選出你做好的樣式,在公差欄里寫入你要的上、下偏差值。這是我以前所不會的。通過本次的設(shè)計使我對AUTCAD操作更熟練,能夠完整的畫出簡單零件的設(shè)計圖紙。
剛開始做這個作業(yè)的時候,我?guī)缀跏菬o從下手的.讓人深感煩燥.幸好在同學(xué)的指導(dǎo)和自己不斷的錯誤和摸索下找到了一定的方法. 不過在做這個設(shè)計的時候還是遇到了很多問題,如在機(jī)械設(shè)計的時候?qū)ξ佪單仐U的設(shè)計處理不當(dāng),使計算結(jié)果偏大等等。有計剪力和彎矩時,沒有進(jìn)行校核,又出現(xiàn)錯誤,這些錯誤我用了很長的時長的時間才做好,幸好還是完成了這次設(shè)計,使自己對數(shù)控機(jī)床的工作臺有了一定的認(rèn)識,但我對它里面的很多電器控制還是不太清楚。因而,要學(xué)好它,必須掌握不少的其他領(lǐng)域?qū)W科的知識,因此還要更多的時間和努力。由于本次設(shè)計時間短和水平有限,做的不夠精細(xì),難免有點(diǎn)錯誤懇請各位讀者批評指正。
同時很多謝老師您對我們的教導(dǎo)!
致 謝
本次畢業(yè)設(shè)計之所以能夠按時按要求順利完成,其中有許多老師和同學(xué)給予了莫大的支持和鼓勵。
首先是陳老師,是他為我們畢業(yè)設(shè)計提供里大量的技術(shù)幫助,為我們安排設(shè)計進(jìn)程,提供設(shè)計資料,并在課余時間為我們分析和講解設(shè)計要點(diǎn),使我更有信心和動力。
其次要感謝我的同學(xué),他們很熱心和無私,他們在我需要幫助之時伸出了援助之手,特別是李明亮、王青、吳海霞、魏玲四位畢業(yè)設(shè)計同學(xué),有了他們的關(guān)心和支持,畢業(yè)設(shè)計雖苦但感覺很快樂。
最后感謝班主任王老師,他為我提供了這次機(jī)會,沒有他的指導(dǎo),我也許不做畢業(yè)設(shè)計,就不會學(xué)到這么多的知識。
在論文即將完成之際,我的心情無法平靜,從開始進(jìn)入課題到論文的順利完成,有多少可敬的師長、同學(xué)、朋友給了我無言的幫助,在這里請接受我誠摯的謝意。
總之沒有他們,就沒這么完整和全面的畢業(yè)設(shè)計,所以要再次對他們說一次——謝謝你們 !
參考文獻(xiàn)
1、《機(jī)械設(shè)計基礎(chǔ)》 隋明陽 編著 機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社 2005 2
2、《機(jī)電類專業(yè)畢業(yè)設(shè)計指南》 張桂香 主編 機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社 2005 11.張建綱、胡大澤主編.《數(shù)控技術(shù)》.武漢.華中科技大學(xué)出版社,2000年
3、全國數(shù)控培訓(xùn)網(wǎng)絡(luò)天津分中心編.《數(shù)控機(jī)床》.北京:機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社,1997
4、.全國數(shù)控培訓(xùn)網(wǎng)絡(luò)天津分中心編.《數(shù)控編程》.北京:機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社,1997
5、.戴曙等.《金屬切削機(jī)床》.北京:機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社,1995
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英文翻譯
【附】英文原文
翻譯文獻(xiàn):Five-axis milling machine tool kinematic chain design and analysis
作者:E.L.J. Bohez
文獻(xiàn)出處:International Journal of Machine Tools & Manufacture 42 (2002) 505–520
翻譯頁數(shù):
Five-axis milling machine tool kinematic chain design and analysis
1. Introduction
The main design specifications of a machine tool can be deduced from the following principles:
● The kinematics should provide sufficient flexibility in
orientation and position of tool and part.
● Orientation and positioning with the highest possible
speed.
● Orientation and positioning with the highest possible
accuracy.
● Fast change of tool and workpiece.
● Save for the environment.
● Highest possible material removal rate.
The number of axes of a machine tool normally refers to the number of degrees of freedom or the number of independent controllable motions on the machine slides.The ISO axes nomenclature recommends the use of a right-handed coordinate system, with the tool axis corresponding to the Z-axis. A three-axis milling machine has three linear slides X, Y and Z which can be positioned everywhere within the travel limit of each slide. The tool axis direction stays fixed during machining. This limits the flexibility of the tool orientation relative to the workpiece and results in a number of different set ups. To increase the flexibility in possible tool workpiece orientations, without need of re-setup, more degrees of freedom must be added. For a conventional three linear axes machine this can be achieved by providing rotational slides. Fig. 1 gives an example of a five-axis milling machine.
2. Kinematic chain diagram
To analyze the machine it is very useful to make a kinematic diagram of the machine. From this kinematic (chain) diagram two groups of axes can immediately be distinguished: the workpiece carrying axes and the tool carrying axes. Fig. 2 gives the kinematic diagram of the five-axis machine in Fig. 1. As can be seen the workpiece is carried by four axes and the tool only by one axis.The five-axis machine is similar to two cooperating robots, one robot carrying the workpiece and one robot carrying the tool.Five degrees of freedom are the minimum required to obtain maximum flexibility in tool workpiece orientation,this means that the tool and workpiece can be oriented relative to each other under any angle. The minimum required number of axes can also be understood from a rigid body kinematics point of view. To orient two rigid bodies in space relative to each other 6 degrees of freedom are needed for each body (tool and workpiece) or 12 degrees. However any common translation and rotation which does not change the relative orientation is permitted reducing the number of degrees by 6. The distance between the bodies is prescribed by the toolpath and allows elimination of an additional degree of freedom, resulting in a minimum requirement of 5 degrees.
3.Literature review
One of the earliest (1970) and still very useful introductions to five-axis milling was given by Baughman [1] clearly stating the applications. The APT language was then the only tool to program five-axis contouring applications. The problems in postprocessing were also clearly stated by Sim [2] in those earlier days of numerical control and most issues are still valid. Boyd in Ref. [3] was also one of the early introductions. Beziers’ book [4] is also still a very useful introduction. Held [5] gives a very brief but enlightening definition of multi-axis machining in his book on pocket milling. A recent paper applicable to the problem of five-axis machine workspace computation is the multiple sweeping using the Denawit-Hartenberg representation method developed by Abdel-Malek and Othman [6]. Many types and design concepts of machine tools which can be applied to five-axis machines are discussed in Ref. [7] but not specifically for the five-axis machine. he number of setups and the optimal orientation of the part on the machine table is discussed in Ref. [8]. A review about the state of the art and new requirements for tool path generation is given by B.K. Choi et al. [9]. Graphic simulation of the interaction of the tool and workpiece is also a very active area of research and a good introduction can be found in Ref. [10].
4. Classification of five-axis machines’ kinematic structure
Starting from Rotary (R) and Translatory (T) axes four main groups can be distinguished: (i) three T axes and two R axes; (ii) two T axes and three R axes; (iii) one T axis and four R axes and (iv) five R axes. Nearly all existing five-axis machine tools are in group (i). Also a number of welding robots, filament winding machines and laser machining centers fall in this group. Only limited instances of five-axis machine tools in group (ii) exist for the machining of ship propellers. Groups (iii) and (iv) are used in the design of robots usually with more degrees of freedom added. The five axes can be distributed between the workpiece or tool in several combinations. A first classification can be made based on the number of workpiece and tool carrying axes and the sequence of each axis in the kinematic chain. Another classification can be based on where the rotary axes are located, on the workpiece side or tool side. The five degrees of freedom in a Cartesian coordinates based machine are: three translatory movements X,Y,Z (in general represented as TTT) and two rotational movements AB, AC or BC (in general represented as RR).Combinations of three rotary axes (RRR) and two linear axes (TT) are rare. If an axis is bearing the workpiece it is the habit of noting it with an additional accent. The five-axis machine in Fig. 1 can be characterized by XYABZ. The XYAB axes carry the workpiece and the Z-axis carries the tool. Fig. 3 shows a machine of the type XYZAB, the three linear axes
carry the tool and the two rotary axes carry the workpiece.
5. Workspace of a five-axis machine
Before defining the workspace of the five-axis machine tool, it is appropriate to define the workspace of the tool and the workspace of the workpiece. The workspace of the tool is the space obtained by sweeping the tool reference point (e.g. tool tip) along the path of the tool carrying axes. The workspace of the workpiece carrying axes is defined in the same way (the center of the machine table can be chosen as reference point).These workspaces can be determined by computing the swept volume [6].Based on the above-definitions some quantitative parameters can be defined which are useful for comparison, selection and design of different types of machines.
6.Selection criteria of a five-axis machine
It is not the objective to make a complete study on how to select or design a five-axis machine for a certain application. Only the main criteria which can be used to justify the selection of a five-axis machine are discussed.
6.1. Applications of five-axis machine tools
The applications can be classified in positioning and contouring. Figs. 12 and 13 explain the difference between five-axis positioning and five-axis contouring.
6.1.1. Five-axis positioning
Fig. 12 shows a part with a lot of holes and flat planes under different angles, to make this part with a three axis milling machine it is not possible to process the part in one set up. If a five-axis machine is used the tool can process. More details on countouring can be found in Ref. [13]. Applications of five-axis contouring are: (i) production of blades, such as compressor and turbine blades; (ii) injectors of fuel pumps; (iii) profiles of tires; (iv) medical prosthesis such as artificial heart valves; (v) molds made of complex surfaces.
6.1.2. Five-axis contouring
Fig. 13 shows an example of five-axis contouring, tomachine the complex shape of the surface we need to control the orientation of the tool relative to the part during cutting. The tool workpiece orientation changes in each step. The CNC controller needs to control all the five-axes simultaneously during the material removal process. More details on countouring can be found in Ref. [13]. Applications of five-axis contouring are: (i) production of blades, such as compressor and turbine blades; (ii) injectors of fuel pumps; (iii) profiles of tires; (iv) medical prosthesis such as artificial heart valves; (v)
molds made of complex surfaces.
6.2. Axes configuration selection
The size and weight of the part is very important as a first criterion to design or select a configuration. Very heavy workpieces require short workpiece kinematic chains. Also there is a preference for horizontal machine tables which makes it more convenient to fix and handle the workpiece. Putting a heavy workpiece on a single rotary axis kinematic chain will increase the orientation flexibility very much. It can be observed from Fig. 4that providing a single horizontal rotary axis to carry the workpiece will make the machine more flexible. In most cases the tool carrying kinematic chains will be kept as short as possible because the toolspindle drive must also be carried.
6.3.five-axes machining of jewelry
A typical workpiece could be a flower shaped part as in Fig. 14. This application is clearly contouring. The part will be relatively small compared to the tool assembly. Also small diameter tools will require a high speed spindle. A horizontal rotary table would be a very good option as the operator will have a good view of the part (with range 360°). All axes as workpiece carrying axes would be a good choice because the toolspindle
could be fixed and made very rigid. There are 20 ways in which the axes can be combined in the workpiece kinematic chain (Section 4.2.1). Here only two kinematic chains will be considered. Case one will be a TTTRR kinematic chain shown in Fig. 15. Case two will be a RRTTT kinematic chain shown in Fig. 16.
For model I a machine with a range of X=300mmY=250 mm, Z=200 mm, C=n 360° and A=360°, and a machine tool table of 100 mm diameter will be considered. For this kinematic chain the tool workspace is a single point. The set of tool reference points which can be selected is also small. With the above machine travel ranges the workpiece workspace will be the space swept by the center of the machine table. If the centerline of the two rotary axes intersect in the reference point, a prismatic workpiece workspace will be obtained with as size XYZ or 300×250×200 mm3. If the centerlines of the two rotary axes do not intersect in the workpiece reference point then the workpiece workspace will be larger.
It will be a prismatic shape with rounded edges. The radius of this rounded edge is the excentricity of the bworkpiece reference point relative to each centerline. Model II in Fig. 15 has the rotary axes at the beginning of the kinematic chain (RRTTT). Here also two different values of the rotary axes excentricity will be considered. The same range of the axes as in model I is considered. The parameters defined in Section 5 are computed for each model and excentricity and summarized in Table 1. It can be seen that with the rotary axes at the end of the kinematic chain (model I), a much smaller machine tool workspace is obtained. There are two main reasons for this. The swept volume of the tool and workpiece WSTOOLWSWORK is much smaller for model I. The second reason is due to the fact that a large part of the machine tool workspace cannot be used in the case of model I, because of interference with the linear axes. The workspace utilization factor however is larger for the model I with no excentricity because the union of the tool workspace and workpiece workspace is relatively smaller compared with model I with excentricity e=50 mm. The orientation space index is the same for both cases if the table diameter is kept the same. Model II can handle much larger workpieces for the same range of linear axes as in model I. The rotary axes are here in the beginning of the kinematic chain, resulting in a much larger machine tool workspace then for model I. Also there is much less interference of the machine tool workspace with the slides. The other 18 possible kinematicchain selections will give index values somewhat in between the above cases.
6.4. rotary table selection
Two machines with the same kinematic diagram (TTRRT) and the same range of travel in the linear axes will be compared (Fig. 17). There are two options for the rotary axes: two-axis table with vertical table (model I), two-axis table with horizontal table (model II). Tables 2 and 3 give the comparison of the important features. It can be observed that reducing the range of the rotary axes increases the machine tool workspace. So model I will be more suited for smaller workpieces with operations which require a large orientation range, typically contouring applications. Model II will be suited for larger workpieces with less variation in tool orientation or will require two setups. This extra setup requirement could be of less importance then the larger size. The horizontal table can use pallets which transform the internal setup to external setup. The larger angle range in the B-axes 105 to +105, Fig. 17. Model I and model II TTRRT machines. compared to 45 to +20, makes model I more suited for complex sculptured surfaces, also because the much higher angular speed range of the vertical angular table. The option with the highest spindle speed should be selected and it will permit the use of smaller cutter diameters resulting in less undercut and smaller cutting forces. The high spindle speed will make the cutting of copper electrodes for die sinking EDM machines easier. The vertical table is also better for the chip removal. The large range of angular orientation, however, reduces the maximum size of the workpiece to about 300 mm and 100 kg. Model II with the same linear axes range as model I, but much smaller range in the rotation, can easily handle a workpiece of double size and weight. Model II will be good for positioning applications. Model I cannot be provided with automatic workpiece exchange, making it less suitable for mass production. Model II has automatic workpiece exchange and is suitable for mass production of position applications. Model I could, however, be selected for positioning applications for parts such as hydraulic valve housings which are small and would require a large angular range.
7.New machine concepts based on the Stewart platform
Conventional machine tool structures are based on Carthesian coordinates. Many surface contouring applications can be machined in optimal conditions only with five-axis machines. This five-axis machine structure requires two additional rotary axes. To make accurate machines, with the required stiffness, able to carry large workpieces, very heavy and large machines are required. As can be seen from the kinematic chain diagram of the classical five-axis machine design the first axis in the chain carries all the subsequent axes. So the dynamic responce will be limited by the combined inertia. A mechanism which can move the workpiece without having to carry the other axes would be the ideal. A new design concept is the use of a ‘HEXAPOD’. Stewart [16] described the hexapod principle in 1965. It was first constructed by Gough and Whitehall [20] in 1954 and served as tire tester. Many possible uses were proposed but it was only applied to flight simulator platforms. The reason was the complexity of the control of the six actuators. Recently with the amazing increase of speed and reduction in cost of computing, the Stewart platform is used by two American Companies in the design of new machine tools. The first machine is the VARIAX machine from the company Giddings and Lewis, USA. The second machine is the HEXAPOD from the Ingersoll company, USA. The systematic design of Hexapods and other similar systems is discussed in Ref. [17]. The problem of defining and determining the workspace of virtual axis machine tools is discussed in Ref. [18]. It can be observed from the design of the machine that once the position of the tool carrying plane is determined uniquely by the CL date (point + vector), it is still possible to rotate the tool carrying platform around the tool axis. This results in a large number of possible length combinations of the telescopic actuators for the same CL data.
8.Conclusion
Theoretically there are large number of ways in which a five-axis machine can be built. Nearly all classical Cartesian five-axis machines belong to the group with three linear and two rotational axes or three rotational axes and two linear axes. This group can be subdivided in six subgroups each with 720 instances.If only the instances with three linear axes are considered there are still 360 instances in each group. The instances are differentiated based on the order of the axes in both tool and workpiece carrying kinematic chain.If only the location of the rotary axes in the tool and workpiece kinematic chain is considered for grouping five-axis machines with three linear axes and two rotational axes, three groups can be distinguished. In the first group the two rotary axes are implemented in the workpiece kinematic chain. In the second group the two rotary axes are implemented in the tool kinematic chain. In the third group there is one rotary axis in each kinematic chain. Each group still has twenty possible instances. To determine the best instance for a specific application area is a complex issue. To facilitate this some indexes for comparison have been defined such as the machine tool workspace, workspace utilization factor, orientation space index, orientation angle index and machine tool space efficiency. An algorithm to compute the machine tool workspace and the diameter of the largest spherical dome which can be machined on the machine was outlined. The use of these indexes for two examples was discussed in detail. The first example considers the design of a five-axis machine for jewelry machining. The second example illustrates the selection of the rotary axes options in the case of a machine with the same range in linear axes.
翻譯題名:Five-axis milling machine tool kinematic chain design and analysis
期刊與作者:E.L.J. Bohez
出版社: International Journal of Machine Tools & Manufacture 42 (2002) 505–520
● 英文譯文
摘要:
現(xiàn)如今五軸數(shù)控加工中心已經(jīng)非常普及。大部分機(jī)床的運(yùn)動學(xué)分析都 基于笛卡爾直角坐標(biāo)系。本文羅列了現(xiàn)有的概念設(shè)計與實(shí)際應(yīng)用,這些從理論上都基于自由度的綜合。一些有用的參數(shù)都有所規(guī)定,比如工件使用系數(shù),機(jī)床空間效率,方向空間搜索以及方向角等。每一種概念,它的優(yōu)缺點(diǎn)都有所分析。選擇的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)及機(jī)器參數(shù)設(shè)置的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)都給出來了。據(jù)于Stewart平臺的新概念最近行業(yè)內(nèi)已有介紹并作簡短討論。
1.緒論
設(shè)計一臺數(shù)控機(jī)床主要要遵循以下規(guī)則:
1,刀具和工件在空間方向上要有足夠的靈活性。
2,方向和位置的改變要盡可能的快。
3,方向和位置的改變要盡可能的準(zhǔn)確。
4,刀具和工件快速變、換。
5,環(huán)保
6,切削材料速度快
一臺數(shù)控機(jī)床的軸的數(shù)目通常取決于其自由度數(shù)目或者獨(dú)立控制運(yùn)動的導(dǎo)軌數(shù)目。國際標(biāo)準(zhǔn)委員會推薦通過右手笛卡兒坐標(biāo)系來命名坐標(biāo)軸,刀具相應(yīng)的為Z軸。一個三軸銑床有三條導(dǎo)軌,X,Y,Z向,它們可用來在長度范圍內(nèi)可以在任意位置移動。加工過程中刀具軸的位置始終不變。這就限制了刀具相對于工件在方向上變化的靈活性,并且導(dǎo)致許多偏差的出現(xiàn)。為了盡可能的提高刀具相對于工件的靈活性,無需重啟,必須要加入多個自由度。對于傳統(tǒng)三軸機(jī)床來說這可以通過提供旋轉(zhuǎn)滑臺來實(shí)現(xiàn)。圖1給出了一個五軸銑床的例子。
圖1 五軸數(shù)控機(jī)床
1.運(yùn)動鏈圖表
通過制作機(jī)器的運(yùn)動鏈圖表對于機(jī)器的分析來說十分有用。通過運(yùn)動簡圖可知兩組軸可以迅速的區(qū)分開:工件裝夾軸和刀具軸。圖2給出了圖1.五軸機(jī)床的運(yùn)動鏈簡圖。由圖上可以看出工件由四根軸承載,刀具僅在一根軸上。這個五軸機(jī)床與兩工位操作機(jī)器人很相似,一個機(jī)器人夾住工件,另一個夾住刀具。為了獲得刀具工件方向上的最大自由,五個自由度已是最低要求,這就意味著工件和刀具可以在任意角度位置相對定位。最低需求的軸數(shù)也可以通過剛體運(yùn)動學(xué)的方法來分析。兩個剛體在空間確定相對位置,每個剛體需要6個到12個自由度。然而由于任意的移動或轉(zhuǎn)動并不改變相對位置就允許將自由度減少到6.兩個剛體之間的距離通過刀具軌跡來描述,并且允許去掉一個額外的自由度,結(jié)果也就是5個自由度。
圖2 運(yùn)動鏈圖
2.參考文獻(xiàn)
最早(1970年)到目前并且仍就有參考價值的對五軸數(shù)控銑床的介紹之一是由 Baughman提出的并清楚的闡述了它的應(yīng)用(附錄1有他的介紹)。APT語言隨后成為唯一的五軸輪廓加工的編程語言之一。后處理階段的問題也在數(shù)控發(fā)展的早期由Sim清楚的表述出來(附錄2有對他的介紹),并且大部分問題到現(xiàn)在仍然有效。Boyd(詳見附錄3)也是最早引進(jìn)數(shù)控機(jī)床的先驅(qū)之一。Beziers的書(見附錄4)也是非常有用的介紹。Held(見附錄5)在他的小型銑削加工的書里對多軸機(jī)床也有非常簡短但啟發(fā)性的定義。目前一篇適用于解決五軸數(shù)控機(jī)床工作空間計算的文章,通過使用Denawit-Hartenberg發(fā)表并由 Abdel-Malek and Othman(見附錄6)改進(jìn)的算法 應(yīng)用于多弧段切削。許多對機(jī)床的類型和概念設(shè)計,這些可以被應(yīng)用于五軸機(jī)床,Ref都有討論(見附錄8).關(guān)于對刀具路徑生成的技巧和新需求由B.K. Choi et al給出(見附錄9)。工件與刀具的圖像模擬也是研究的熱點(diǎn)并且可以在Ref(見附錄10)的書是一個好的入門讀物。
3.五軸機(jī)床運(yùn)動結(jié)構(gòu)的分類
從R軸(旋轉(zhuǎn)軸)和T軸(移動軸)劃分大致可以分為四大部分:(i)3個移動軸和2個轉(zhuǎn)動軸;(ii)2個T軸和3個R軸;(
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