數控銑溝機床銑頭送料結構設計
數控銑溝機床銑頭送料結構設計,數控銑溝機床銑頭送料結構設計,數控,機床,銑頭送料,結構設計
哈爾濱工業(yè)大學華德應用技術學院
畢業(yè)設計（論文）
題 目 數控銑溝機床銑頭送料
結構設計
專 業(yè) 機械設計制造及其自動化
學 號 1109511211
學 生 于 明
指 導 教 師 楊 革
答 辯 日 期 2013年 12 月 17日
哈工大華德學院
哈工大華德學院畢業(yè)設計（論文）評語
姓名： 于明 學號：1109511123 專業(yè)：機械設計制造及其自動化（數控）
畢業(yè)設計（論文）題目： 數控銑溝機床銑頭送料結構設計
工作起止日期：__2013__年_9_月_10_日起 _2013_年__12__月__3_ 日止
指導教師對畢業(yè)設計（論文）進行情況，完成質量及評分意見：
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根據畢業(yè)設計（論文）的材料和學生的答辯情況，答辯委員會作出如下評定：
學生 畢業(yè)設計（論文）答辯成績評定為：
對畢業(yè)設計（論文）的特殊評語：
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年 月 日
哈工大華德學院畢業(yè)設計（論文）任務書
姓 名：于明 院 （系）：機電工程系
專 業(yè)：機械設計制造及其自動化 班 號：1095111
任務起至日期： 2013年 9 月 20 日 至 2013 年 12月 17 日
畢業(yè)設計（論文）題目：數控銑溝機床銑頭送料結構設計
立題的目的和意義：
1、通過計算機輔助設計數控銑床，掌握現代數控銑床的總體結構、功能部件和性能指標。通過CAD/CAM軟件對功能部件進行三維設計和加工程序的生成，了解數控機床功能部件的結構和設計方法。實現刀具生產工藝裝備現代化和加工刀具溝槽柔性化，提高刀具制造工藝水平。該課題的研制成功將會對大力發(fā)展小而專的數控自動化專機生產技術作出貢獻。
2、通過數控銑床銑頭送料結構設計，提高查閱資料、分析問題和解決問題的能力。
3、掌握現代結構設計方法，熟練運用和掌握計算機輔助設計和三維設計制造方法。
技術要求與主要內容：
1、總體設計按專用數控銑床設計，主要參數自定。
2、銑頭箱結構設計。
3、送料機構結構設計。
4、撰寫設計說明書。
5、翻譯外文資料。
進度安排：
2013.9.10 下達畢業(yè)設計任務書，收集整理資料文獻、圖紙和設計手冊，確定主機參數、總體結構和部件結構方案，填寫畢業(yè)設計日志。
2013.9.20 開題報告
2013.11.5 中期報告檢查，編寫設計說明書。
2013.12.3 結題驗收，基本完成設計圖紙、論文。
2013.12.13 上交設計圖紙、論文供導師批閱。
2013.12.15—16 導師交叉批閱論文。
2013.12.17 畢業(yè)答辯。
同組設計者及分工：
指導教師簽字___________________
年 月 日
系（教研室）主任意見：
系（教研室）主任簽字___________________
年 月 日
哈爾濱工業(yè)大學華德應用技術學院畢業(yè)設計（論文）
I
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附 錄1
數控技術
1 當前世界NC機床的研究現狀
世界各國對數控機床、加工中心以至FMS、CIMS等各種新技術的研究與發(fā)展進程，是與世界經濟形勢緊密相連的。機床工業(yè)有世界經濟相互促進和發(fā)展，進入21世界知識機警時代，人們的知識所起的作用更加突出，而機床工業(yè)作為機器制造業(yè)的基礎，其重點地位與戰(zhàn)略意義也更加明顯。在1991—1994年間，世界經濟衰退，昂貴的FMS，CIMS降溫，1995—2000年間，世界經濟在低速增長，根據當前世界市場各方面用戶為提高生產率對NC機床的要求以及世界四大國際機床展（歐洲的EMO、美國的IMTS、日本的JIMTOF、中國的CIMT）上展品的分析，當前世界NC機床的技術研究主要有以下幾點：
（1） 更加重視新技術和創(chuàng)新
在世界范圍內，對新工藝、新材料、新結構、新單元、新元件的研究開發(fā)工作正在大力開展，如新的刀具材料、新的主軸結構、高速電主軸、高速直線電機等的開發(fā)研究。以加工工藝的改進創(chuàng)新為基礎，為加工超硬、難切削材料及特殊復合材料及復雜零件、不規(guī)則曲面等在不斷研究開發(fā)新機種。
（2）提高機床加工的精度和研究
為了提高加工中心的加工精度，不斷提高機床的剛度、減少振動，消除熱變形，降低噪聲，提高NC機床的定位精度、重復精度、工作可靠性、穩(wěn)定性、精度保持性，世界很多國家都在進行機床熱誤差、機床運動及負載變形誤差的軟件補償技術研究，并采取精度補償、軟件補償等措施加以改善，有的已經可以使此類誤差消除60%。并在不斷開發(fā)精細加工，納米加工。
（3）提高機床加工生產率的研究
世界NC機床、加工中心及相應的高速點主軸、直線電機、測量系統(tǒng)、NC系統(tǒng)的開發(fā)，均以提高生產率為前提。
2 加工中心的分類
（1）按工藝用途分類有：
鏜銑加工中心，分為立式樘銑加工中心、臥式樘銑加工中心和龍門樘銑加工中心。其加工工藝以樘銑為主，用于箱體，殼體以及各種復雜零件特殊曲線和曲面輪廓的多工序加工，適合多品種小批量生產。
復合加工中心，主要指五面復合加工，主軸頭可自動回轉，進行立，臥加工，在主軸自動回轉后，在水平和垂直方向實現知道變換。
（2）按特殊功能分類有：
單工作臺、雙工作臺加工中心；
單軸、雙軸、三軸及可換主軸箱的加工中心；
立式轉塔加工中心和臥式轉塔加工中心；
刀庫加主軸換刀加工中心；
刀庫接寫手加主軸換刀加工中心；
刀庫加機械手加雙主軸轉塔加工中心。
3 當今數控機床的發(fā)展趨勢：
目前，世界先進制造技術不斷興起，超高速切削、超精密加工等技術的應用，柔性制造系統(tǒng)的迅速發(fā)展和計算機集成系統(tǒng)的不斷成熟，對數控加工技術提出了更高的要求。當今數控機床正在朝著以下幾個方向發(fā)展。
（1）高速度、高精度化速度和精度是數控機床的兩個重要指標，它直接關系到加工效率和產品質量。目前，數控系統(tǒng)采用位數、頻率更高的處理器，以提高系統(tǒng)的基本運算速度。同時，采用超大規(guī)模的集成電路和多微處理器結構，以提高系統(tǒng)的數據處理能力，即提高插補運算的速度和精度。并采用直線電動機直接驅動機床工作臺的直線伺服進給方式，其高速度和動態(tài)響應特性相當優(yōu)越。采用前饋控制技術，使追蹤滯后誤差大大減小，從而改善拐角切削的加工精度。
（2）可靠性最大化數控機床的可靠性一直是用戶最關心的主要指標。數控系統(tǒng)將采用更高集成度的電路芯片，利用大規(guī)模或超大規(guī)模的專用及混合式集成電路，以減少元器件的數量，來提高可靠性。通過硬件功能軟件化，以適應各種控制功能的要求，同時采用硬件結構機床本體的模塊化、標準化和通用化及系列化，使得既提高硬件生產批量，又便于組織生產和質量把關。還通過自動運行啟動診斷、在線診斷、離線診斷等多種診斷程序，實現對系統(tǒng)內硬件、軟件和各種外部設備進行故障診斷和報警。利用報警提示，及時排除故障；利用容錯技術，對重要部件采用“冗余”設計，以實現故障自恢復；利用各種測試、監(jiān)控技術，當生產超程、刀損、干擾、斷電等各種意外時，自動進行相應的保護。
附 錄2
NC Technology
1、Research current situation of NC lathe in our times
Research and development process to such various kinds of new technologies as numerical control lathe , machining center , FMS , CIMS ,etc. of countries all over the world, linked to with the international economic situation closely. The machine tool industry has international economy to mutually promote and develop, enter 21 alert eras of World Affairs, the function that people's knowledge plays is more outstanding , and the machine tool industry is regarded as the foundation of the manufacturing industry of the machine, its key position and strategic meaning are more obvious. Within 1991-1994 years, the economic recession of the world, expensive FMS, CIMS lowers the temperature, among 1995-2000 years, the international economy increases at a low speed, according to requisition for NC lathe and the world four major international lathes exhibition in order to boost productivity of users of various fields of present world market (EMO , IMTS , JIMTOF , China CIMT of Japan of U.S.A. of Europe), have the analysis of the exhibit, there are the following several points mainly in the technical research of NC lathe in our times:
（1）Pay more attention to new technology and innovation
Worldwide , are launching the new craft , new material , new structure , new unit , research and development of the new component in a more cost-effective manner, developmental research of for instance new cutter material , the new electric main shaft of main shaft structure , high speed , high-speed straight line electrical machinery ,etc.. Regard innovating in improvement of the processing technology as the foundation, for process ultra and hard difficult to cut material and special composite and complicated part , irregular curved surface ,etc. research and develop new lathe variety constantly.
（2）Improve the precision and research of machine tooling
In order to improve the machining accuracy of the machining center , are improving rigidity of the lathe , reduction vibration constantly, dispel hotly and out of shape, reduce the noise , improve the precision of localization of NC lathe , repeat precision , working dependability , stability , precision keeping, world a lot of country carry on lathe hot error , lathe sport and load out of shape software of error compensate technical research, take precision compensate , software compensate measure improve , some may make this kind of error dispel 60% already. And is developing retrofit constantly, nanometer is being processed.
（3）Improve the research of the machine tooling productivity
World NC lathe, machining center and corresponding some development of main shaft , electrical machinery of straight line , measuring system , NC system of high speed, under the prerequisite of boosting productivity.
2、Classification of the machining center
（1）Process according to main shaft space position when it classifies to be as follows, horizontal and vertical machining center.
Horizontal machining center, refer to the machining center that the axis level of the main shaft is set up . Horizontal machining center for 3-5 sport coordinate axis, a common one three rectilinear motion coordinate axis and one turn the coordinate axis of sports round (turn the workingbench round), it can one is it is it finish other 4 Taxi processing besides installing surfaces and top surfaces to insert to install in work piece, most suitable for processing the case body work piece . Compared with strength type machining center it, the structure is complicated, the floor space is large, quality is large, the price is high.
Vertical machining center, the axis of the main shaft of the vertical machining center, in order to set up vertically, its structure is mostly the regular post type, the workingbench is suitable for processing parts for the slippery one of cross, have 3 rectilinear motion coordinate axis generally , can find a room for one horizontal numerical control revolving stage (the 4th axle ) of axle process the spiral part at workingbench. The vertical machining center is of simple structure, the floor space is small, the price is low, after allocating various kinds of enclosures , can carry on the processing of most work pieces .
Large-scale gantry machining center, the main shafts are mostly set up vertically, is especially used in the large-scale or with complicated form work piece , is it spend the many coordinate gantry machining center to need like aviation , aerospace industry , some processing of part of large-scale steam turbine.
Five machining centers, this kind of machining center has function of the vertical and horizontal machining center, one is it after inserting , can finish all five Taxi processing besides installing the surface to install in work piece, the processing way can make form of work piece error lowest , save 2 times install and insert working, thus improve production efficiency , reduce the process cost.
(2) Classify by craft use
Is it mill machining center to bore, is it mill for vertical door frame machining center , horizontal door frame mill the machining center and Longmen door frame mill the machining center to divide into. Processing technology its rely mainly on the fact that the door frame is milled, used in case body, shell and various kinds of complicated part special curve and large processes , curved surface of outline process, suitable for many varieties to produce in batches small.
Complex machining center, point five times and compound and process mainly, the main shaft head can be turned round automatically, stand, lie and process, after the main shaft is turned round automatically, realize knowing that varies in the horizontal and vertical direction.
(3) Classify by special function
Single workingbench , a pair of workingbench machining center;
Single axle , dual axle , three axle can change machining center , main shaft of case;
Transfer vertically to the tower machining center and transfer ;
One hundred sheets of storehouses adds the main shaft and changes one one hundred sheets of machining centers;
One hundred sheets of storehouses connects and writes hands to add the main shaft and change one hundred sheets of machining centers;
One hundred sheets of storehouses adds the manipulator and adds one pair of main shafts to transfer to the tower machining center.
3、Development trend of the current numerical control lathe
At present, the advanced manufacturing technology in the world is rising constantly, such application of technology as ultrafast cutting , ultraprecision processing ,etc., the rapid development of the flexible manufacturing system and integrated system of the computer one is constant and ripe, have put forward higher demand to the process technology of numerical control. Nowadays the numerical control lathe is being developed in several following directions.
（1）The speed and precision at a high speed , high accuracy are two important indexes of the numerical control lathe , it concerns directly that processes efficiency and product quality. At present, numerical control system adopt-figure number, frequency high processor, in order to raise basic operation speed of system. Meanwhile , adopt the super large-scale integrated circuit and many microprocessors structure, in order to improve systematic data processing ability , namely improve and insert the speed and precision of mending operation. Adopt the straight line motor and urge the straight line of the lathe workingbench to be servo to enter to the way directly, it is quite superior that its responds the characteristic at a high speed and dynamically. Adopt feedforward control technology , make it lag behind error reduce greatly , thus improve the machining accuracy cut in corner not to track.
（2）The dependability of the dependability maximization numerical control lathe has been the major indicator that users cared about most all the time . The numerical control system will adopt the circuit chip of higher integrated level , will utilize the extensive or super large-scale special-purpose and composite integrated circuit, in order to reduce the quantity of the components and parts , to improve dependability . Through the function software of the hardware, in order to meet various kinds of demands for controlling the function, adopt the module , standardization , universalization and seriation of the structure lathe noumenonn of the hardware at the same time , make not only improve the production lot of the hardware but also easy to is it produce to organize and quality check on.. Still through operating and starting many kinds of diagnostic programs of diagnosing , diagnosing , diagnosing off-line online etc. automatically, realize that diagnoses and reports to the police the trouble to hardware , software and various kinds of outside equipment in the system. Utilize the warning suggestion, fix a breakdown in time; Utilize fault-tolerant technology, adopt and design the important part " redundantly ", in order to realize the trouble resumes by oneself; Utilize various kinds of test , control technology , exceed Cheng , one one hundred sheets of damages , interfering , cutting out ,etc. at the time of various kinds of accidents as production, carry on corresponding protection automatically.
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