托架冷沖壓模具設(shè)計(jì)【全套含CAD圖紙、說(shuō)明書(shū)】
托架冷沖壓模具設(shè)計(jì)【全套含CAD圖紙、說(shuō)明書(shū)】,全套含CAD圖紙、說(shuō)明書(shū),托架,沖壓,模具設(shè)計(jì),全套,CAD,圖紙,說(shuō)明書(shū)
畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（英文翻譯）報(bào)告用紙第 13 頁(yè) 共13 頁(yè)
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畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)外文翻譯
（譯文）
院 （系）： 機(jī)電工程學(xué)院
專 業(yè)： 機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)制造及其自動(dòng)化
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年 6 月 3 日
模具設(shè)計(jì)與制造
模具是制造業(yè)的重要工藝基礎(chǔ)，在我國(guó)，模具制造屬于專用設(shè)備制造業(yè)。中國(guó)雖然很早就開(kāi)始制造模具和使用模具，但長(zhǎng)期未形成產(chǎn)業(yè)。直到20世紀(jì)80年代后期，中國(guó)模具工業(yè)才駛?cè)氚l(fā)展的快車道。近年，不僅國(guó)有模具企業(yè)有了很大發(fā)展，三資企業(yè)、鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)（個(gè)體）模具企業(yè)的發(fā)展也相當(dāng)迅速。
雖然中國(guó)模具工業(yè)發(fā)展迅速，但與需求相比，顯然供不應(yīng)求，其主要缺口集中于精密、大型、復(fù)雜、長(zhǎng)壽命模具領(lǐng)域。由于在模具精度、壽命、制造周期及生產(chǎn)能力等方面，中國(guó)與國(guó)際平均水平和發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家仍有較大差距，因此，每年需要大量進(jìn)口模具。
中國(guó)模具產(chǎn)業(yè)除了要繼續(xù)提高生產(chǎn)能力，今后更要著重于行業(yè)內(nèi)部結(jié)構(gòu)的調(diào)整和技術(shù)發(fā)展水平的提高。結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)整方面，主要是企業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)向?qū)I(yè)化調(diào)整，產(chǎn)品結(jié)構(gòu)向著中高檔模具發(fā)展，向進(jìn)出口結(jié)構(gòu)的改進(jìn)，中高檔汽車覆蓋件模具成形分析及結(jié)構(gòu)改進(jìn)、多功能復(fù)合模具和復(fù)合加工及激光技術(shù)在模具設(shè)計(jì)制造上的應(yīng)用、高速切削、超精加工及拋光技術(shù)、信息化方向發(fā)展。
近年，模具行業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)整和體制改革步伐加大，主要表現(xiàn)在，大型、精密、復(fù)雜、長(zhǎng)壽命、中高檔模具及模具標(biāo)準(zhǔn)件發(fā)展速度高于一般模具產(chǎn)品；塑料模和壓鑄模比例增大；專業(yè)模具廠數(shù)量及其生產(chǎn)能力增加；“三資”及私營(yíng)企業(yè)發(fā)展迅速；股份制改造步伐加快等。從地區(qū)分布來(lái)看，以珠江三角洲和長(zhǎng)江三角洲為中心的東南沿海地區(qū)發(fā)展快于中西部地區(qū)，南方的發(fā)展快于北方。目前發(fā)展最快、模具生產(chǎn)最為集中的省份是廣東和浙江，江蘇、上海、安徽和山東等地近幾年也有較大發(fā)展。
雖然我國(guó)模具總量目前已達(dá)到相當(dāng)規(guī)模，模具水平也有很大提高，但設(shè)計(jì)制造水平總體上落后于德、美、日、法、意等工業(yè)發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家許多。當(dāng)前存在的問(wèn)題和差距主要表現(xiàn)在以下幾方面：
（1）總量供不應(yīng)求
國(guó)內(nèi)模具自配率只有70%左右。其中低檔模具供過(guò)于求，中高檔模具自配率只有50%左右。
（2）企業(yè)組織結(jié)構(gòu)、產(chǎn)品結(jié)構(gòu)、技術(shù)結(jié)構(gòu)和進(jìn)出口結(jié)構(gòu)均不合理
我國(guó)模具生產(chǎn)廠中多數(shù)是自產(chǎn)自配的工模具車間（分廠），自產(chǎn)自配比例高達(dá)60%左右，而國(guó)外模具超過(guò)70%屬商品模具。專業(yè)模具廠大多是“大而全”、“小而全”的組織形式，而國(guó)外大多是“小而?！?、“小而精”。國(guó)內(nèi)大型、精密、復(fù)雜、長(zhǎng)壽命的模具占總量比例不足30%，而國(guó)外在50%以上。2004年，模具進(jìn)出口之比為3.7:1，進(jìn)出口相抵后的凈進(jìn)口額達(dá)13.2億美元，為世界模具凈進(jìn)口量最大的國(guó)家。
（3）模具產(chǎn)品水平大大低于國(guó)際水平，生產(chǎn)周期卻高于國(guó)際水平
產(chǎn)品水平低主要表現(xiàn)在模具的精度、型腔表面粗糙度、壽命及結(jié)構(gòu)等方面。
（4）開(kāi)發(fā)能力較差，經(jīng)濟(jì)效益欠佳
我國(guó)模具企業(yè)技術(shù)人員比例低，水平較低，且不重視產(chǎn)品開(kāi)發(fā)，在市場(chǎng)中經(jīng)常處于被動(dòng)地位。我國(guó)每個(gè)模具職工平均年創(chuàng)造產(chǎn)值約合1萬(wàn)美元，國(guó)外模具工業(yè)發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家大多是15～20萬(wàn)美元，有的高達(dá)25～30萬(wàn)美元，與之相對(duì)的是我國(guó)相當(dāng)一部分模具企業(yè)還沿用過(guò)去作坊式管理，真正實(shí)現(xiàn)現(xiàn)代化企業(yè)管理的企業(yè)較少。
造成上述差距的原因很多，除了歷史上模具作為產(chǎn)品長(zhǎng)期未得到應(yīng)有的重視，以及多數(shù)國(guó)有企業(yè)機(jī)制不能適應(yīng)市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)之外，還有下列幾個(gè)原因：
（1）國(guó)家對(duì)模具工業(yè)的政策支持力度還不夠
雖然國(guó)家已經(jīng)明確頒布了模具行業(yè)的產(chǎn)業(yè)政策，但配套政策少，執(zhí)行力度弱。目前享受模具產(chǎn)品增值稅的企業(yè)全國(guó)只有185家，大多數(shù)企業(yè)仍舊稅負(fù)過(guò)重。模具企業(yè)進(jìn)行技術(shù)改造引進(jìn)設(shè)備要繳納相當(dāng)數(shù)量的稅金，影響技術(shù)進(jìn)步，而且民營(yíng)企業(yè)貸款十分困難。
（2）人才嚴(yán)重不足，科研開(kāi)發(fā)及技術(shù)攻關(guān)投入太少
模具行業(yè)是技術(shù)、資金、勞動(dòng)密集的產(chǎn)業(yè)，隨著時(shí)代的進(jìn)步和技術(shù)的發(fā)展，掌握并且熟練運(yùn)用新技術(shù)的人才異常短缺，高級(jí)模具鉗工及企業(yè)管理人才也非常緊張。由于模具企業(yè)效益欠佳及對(duì)科研開(kāi)發(fā)和技術(shù)攻關(guān)重視不夠，科研單位和大專院校的眼睛盯著創(chuàng)收，導(dǎo)致模具行業(yè)在科研開(kāi)發(fā)和技術(shù)攻關(guān)方面投入太少，致使模具技術(shù)發(fā)展步伐不大，進(jìn)展不快。
（3）工藝裝備水平低，且配套性不好，利用率低
近年來(lái)我國(guó)機(jī)床行業(yè)進(jìn)步較快，已能提供比較成套的高精度加工設(shè)備，但與國(guó)外裝備相比，仍有較大差距。雖然國(guó)內(nèi)許多企業(yè)已引進(jìn)許多國(guó)外先進(jìn)設(shè)備，但總體的裝備水平比國(guó)外許多企業(yè)低很多。由于體制和資金等方面的原因，引進(jìn)設(shè)備不配套，設(shè)備與附件不配套現(xiàn)象十分普遍，設(shè)備利用率低的問(wèn)題長(zhǎng)期得不到較妥善的解決。
（4）專業(yè)化、標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化、商品化程度低，協(xié)作能力差
由于長(zhǎng)期以來(lái)受“大而全”“小而全”影響，模具專業(yè)化水平低，專業(yè)分工不細(xì)致，商品化程度低。目前國(guó)內(nèi)每年生產(chǎn)的模具，商品模具只占40%左右，其余為自產(chǎn)自用。模具企業(yè)之間協(xié)作不暢，難以完成較大規(guī)模的模具成套任務(wù)。模具標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化水平低，模具標(biāo)準(zhǔn)件使用覆蓋率低也對(duì)模具質(zhì)量、成本有較大影響，特別是對(duì)模具制造周期有很大影響。
（5）模具材料及模具相關(guān)技術(shù)落后
模具材料性能、質(zhì)量和品種問(wèn)題往往會(huì)影響模具質(zhì)量、壽命及成本，國(guó)產(chǎn)模具鋼與國(guó)外進(jìn)口鋼材相比有較大差距。塑料、板材、設(shè)備性能差，也直接影響模具水平的提高。
目前，我國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)仍處于高速發(fā)展階段，國(guó)際上經(jīng)濟(jì)全球化發(fā)展趨勢(shì)日趨明顯，這為我國(guó)模具工業(yè)高速發(fā)展提供了良好的條件和機(jī)遇。一方面，國(guó)內(nèi)模具市場(chǎng)將繼續(xù)高速發(fā)展，另一方面，模具制造也逐漸向我國(guó)轉(zhuǎn)移以及跨國(guó)集團(tuán)到我國(guó)進(jìn)行模具采購(gòu)趨向也十分明顯。因此，放眼未來(lái)，國(guó)際、國(guó)內(nèi)的模具市場(chǎng)總體發(fā)展趨勢(shì)前景看好，預(yù)計(jì)中國(guó)模具將在良好的市場(chǎng)環(huán)境下得到高速發(fā)展，我國(guó)不但會(huì)成為模具大國(guó)，而且一定逐步向模具制造強(qiáng)國(guó)的行列邁進(jìn)?！笆晃濉逼陂g，中國(guó)模具工業(yè)水平不僅在量和質(zhì)的方面有很大提高，而且行業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)、產(chǎn)品水平、開(kāi)發(fā)創(chuàng)新能力、企業(yè)的體制與機(jī)制以及技術(shù)進(jìn)步的方面也會(huì)取得較大發(fā)展。
模具技術(shù)集合了機(jī)械、電子、化學(xué)、光學(xué)、材料、計(jì)算機(jī)、精密監(jiān)測(cè)和信息網(wǎng)絡(luò)等諸多學(xué)科，是一個(gè)綜合性多學(xué)科的系統(tǒng)工程。模具技術(shù)的發(fā)展趨勢(shì)主要是模具產(chǎn)品向著更大型、更精密、更復(fù)雜及更經(jīng)濟(jì)的方向發(fā)展，模具產(chǎn)品的技術(shù)含量不斷提高，模具制造周期不斷縮短，模具生產(chǎn)朝著信息化、無(wú)圖化、精細(xì)化、自動(dòng)化的方向發(fā)展，模具企業(yè)向著技術(shù)集成化、設(shè)備精良化、產(chǎn)批品牌化、管理信息化、經(jīng)營(yíng)國(guó)際化的方向發(fā)展。我國(guó)模具行業(yè)今后仍需提高的共性技術(shù)有：
（1）建立在CAD/CAE平臺(tái)上的先進(jìn)模具設(shè)計(jì)技術(shù)，提高模具設(shè)計(jì)的現(xiàn)代化、信息化、智能化、標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化水平。
（2）建立在CAM/CAPP基礎(chǔ)上的先進(jìn)模具加工技術(shù)與先進(jìn)制造技術(shù)相結(jié)合，提高模具加工的自動(dòng)化水平與生產(chǎn)效率。
（3）模具生產(chǎn)企業(yè)的信息化管理技術(shù)。例如PDM（產(chǎn)品數(shù)據(jù)管理）、ERP（企業(yè)資源管理）、MIS（模具制造管理信息系統(tǒng)）及INTERMET平臺(tái)等信息網(wǎng)絡(luò)技術(shù)的應(yīng)用、推廣及發(fā)展。
（4）高速、高精、復(fù)合模具加工技術(shù)的研究與應(yīng)用。例如超精沖壓模具制造技術(shù)、精密塑料和壓鑄模具制造技術(shù)等。
（5）提高模具生產(chǎn)效率、降低成本和縮短模具生產(chǎn)周期的各種快速經(jīng)濟(jì)模具制造技術(shù)。
（6）先進(jìn)制造技術(shù)的應(yīng)用。例如熱流道技術(shù)、氣輔技術(shù)、虛擬技術(shù)、納米技術(shù)、高速掃描技術(shù)、逆向工程、并行工程等技術(shù)在模具研究、開(kāi)發(fā)、加工過(guò)程中的應(yīng)用
（7）原材料在模具中成形的仿真技術(shù)。
（8）先進(jìn)的模具加工和專有設(shè)備的研究與開(kāi)發(fā)。
（9）模具及模具標(biāo)準(zhǔn)件、重要輔件的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化技術(shù)。
（10）模具及其制品的檢測(cè)技術(shù)。
（11）優(yōu)質(zhì)、新型模具材料的研究與開(kāi)發(fā)及其正確應(yīng)用。
（12）模具生產(chǎn)企業(yè)的現(xiàn)代化管理技術(shù)。
模具行業(yè)在“十一五”期間需要解決的重點(diǎn)關(guān)鍵技術(shù)應(yīng)是模具信息化、數(shù)字化技術(shù)和精密、超精、高速、高效制造技術(shù)方面的突破。
隨著國(guó)民經(jīng)濟(jì)總量和工業(yè)產(chǎn)品技術(shù)的不斷發(fā)展，各行各業(yè)對(duì)模具的需求量越來(lái)越大，技術(shù)要求也越來(lái)越高。雖然模具種類繁多，但其發(fā)展重點(diǎn)應(yīng)該是既能滿足大量需要，又有較高技術(shù)含量，特別是目前國(guó)內(nèi)尚不能自給，需大量進(jìn)口的模具和能代表發(fā)展方向的大型、精密、復(fù)雜、長(zhǎng)壽命模具。模具標(biāo)準(zhǔn)件的種類、數(shù)量、水平、生產(chǎn)集中度等對(duì)整個(gè)模具行業(yè)的發(fā)展有重大影響。因此，一些重要的模具標(biāo)準(zhǔn)件也必須重點(diǎn)發(fā)展，而且其發(fā)展速度應(yīng)快于模具的發(fā)展速度，這樣才能不斷提高我國(guó)模具標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化水平，從而提高模具質(zhì)量，縮短模具生產(chǎn)周期，降低成本。由于我國(guó)的模具產(chǎn)品在國(guó)際市場(chǎng)上占有較大的價(jià)格優(yōu)勢(shì)，因此對(duì)于出口前景好的模具產(chǎn)品也應(yīng)作為重點(diǎn)來(lái)發(fā)展。根據(jù)上述需要量大、技術(shù)含量高、代表發(fā)展方向、出口前景好的原則選擇重點(diǎn)發(fā)展產(chǎn)品，而且所選產(chǎn)品必須目前已有一定技術(shù)基礎(chǔ)，屬于有條件、有可能發(fā)展起來(lái)的產(chǎn)品。
根據(jù)“十一五”模具行業(yè)發(fā)展規(guī)劃，“十一五”期間模具產(chǎn)品發(fā)展重點(diǎn)主要有如下幾類：
（1）汽車覆蓋件模具
沖壓模具占模具總量的40%以上。汽車覆蓋件模具主要為汽車配套，也包括為農(nóng)用車、工程機(jī)械和農(nóng)機(jī)配套的覆蓋件模具，它在沖壓模具中具有很大的代表性，模具大都是大中型，結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜，技術(shù)要求高。尤其是為轎車配套的覆蓋件模具，要求更高，可以代表沖壓模具的水平。此類模具我國(guó)已有一定的技術(shù)基礎(chǔ)，已為中檔轎車配套，但水平還不高，能力不足，目前滿足率只有一半左右。中高檔轎車覆蓋件模具主要依靠進(jìn)口，已成為汽車發(fā)展的瓶頸，極大的影響著車型開(kāi)發(fā)。
（2）精密沖壓模具
多工位級(jí)進(jìn)模和精沖模代表了沖壓模具的發(fā)展方向，精度要求壽命要求極高，主要為電子工業(yè)、汽車、儀器儀表、電機(jī)電器等配套。這兩種模具，國(guó)內(nèi)已有相當(dāng)基礎(chǔ)，并已引進(jìn)了國(guó)外技術(shù)及設(shè)備，個(gè)別企業(yè)生產(chǎn)的產(chǎn)品已達(dá)到世界水平，但大部分企業(yè)仍有較大差距，供應(yīng)總量不足，進(jìn)口很多。
（3）大型精密塑料模具
塑料模具占模具總量近40%，而且這個(gè)比例還在上升。塑料模具中為汽車和家電配套的大型注塑模具，為集成電路配套的塑封模，為電子信息產(chǎn)業(yè)和機(jī)械及包裝配套的多層、多腔、多材質(zhì)、多色精密注塑模，為新型建材及節(jié)水農(nóng)業(yè)配套的塑料異型材擠出模及管路和噴頭模具等，目前雖然已有相當(dāng)技術(shù)基礎(chǔ)并正在快速發(fā)展，但技術(shù)水平與國(guó)外仍有較大差距，總量供不應(yīng)求，每年的進(jìn)口額達(dá)幾億美元。
（4）主要模具標(biāo)準(zhǔn)件
目前國(guó)內(nèi)已有較大產(chǎn)量的模具標(biāo)準(zhǔn)件主要是模架、導(dǎo)向件、推桿推管、彈性元件等。這些產(chǎn)品不但國(guó)內(nèi)配套大量需要，出口前景也很好，應(yīng)繼續(xù)大力發(fā)展。氮?dú)飧缀蜔崃鞯涝饕揽窟M(jìn)口，應(yīng)在現(xiàn)有基礎(chǔ)上提高水平，形成標(biāo)準(zhǔn)并組織規(guī)模化生產(chǎn)。
（5）其他高技術(shù)含量的模具
占模具總量給8%的壓鑄模具中，大型薄壁精密壓鑄技術(shù)含量高，難度大。鎂合金壓鑄模具目前雖然剛起步，但發(fā)展前景好，有代表性。子午線橡膠輪胎模具也是發(fā)展方向，其中活絡(luò)模技術(shù)難度最大。與快速成型技術(shù)相結(jié)合的一些快速制模技術(shù)及相應(yīng)的快速經(jīng)濟(jì)模具具有很好的發(fā)展前景。這些高技術(shù)含量的模具在“十一五”期間也應(yīng)重點(diǎn)發(fā)展。
現(xiàn)代快速經(jīng)濟(jì)制造模具技術(shù)
1引言??
??? ?隨著全球經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展，新的技術(shù)革命不斷取得新的進(jìn)展和突破，技術(shù)的飛躍 發(fā)展已經(jīng)成為推動(dòng)世界經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)的重要因素。市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)的不斷發(fā)展，促使工業(yè)產(chǎn) 品越來(lái)越向多品種、小批量、高質(zhì)量、低成本的方向發(fā)展，為了保持和加強(qiáng)產(chǎn)品在市場(chǎng)上的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力，產(chǎn)品的開(kāi)發(fā)周期、生產(chǎn)周期越來(lái)越短，于是對(duì)制造各種產(chǎn)品的關(guān)鍵工藝裝備——模具的要求越來(lái)越苛刻。 ??
??? ?一方面企業(yè)為追求規(guī)模效益，使得模具向著高速、精密、長(zhǎng)壽命方向發(fā)展； 另一方面企業(yè)為了滿足多品種、小批量、產(chǎn)品更新?lián)Q代快、贏得市場(chǎng)的需要，要求模具向著制造周期短、成本低的快速經(jīng)濟(jì)的方向發(fā)展。計(jì)算機(jī)、激光、電子、新材料、新技術(shù)的發(fā)展，使得快速經(jīng)濟(jì)制模技術(shù)如虎添翼，應(yīng)用范圍不斷擴(kuò)大，類型不斷增多，創(chuàng)造的經(jīng)濟(jì)效益和社會(huì)效益越來(lái)越顯著。??
2快速經(jīng)濟(jì)制模技術(shù)類型??
??? ?快速經(jīng)濟(jì)制模技術(shù)與傳統(tǒng)的機(jī)械加工相比，具有制模周期短、成本低、精度與壽命又能滿足生產(chǎn)上的使用要求，是綜合經(jīng)濟(jì)效益比較顯著的一類制造模具的技術(shù)，概括起來(lái)，有以下幾種類別。??
??2.1快速原型制造技術(shù)??
??? ?快速原型制造技術(shù)簡(jiǎn)稱RPM，是80年代后期發(fā)展起來(lái)的一種新型制造技術(shù)。美國(guó)、日本、英國(guó)、以色列、德國(guó)、中國(guó)都推出了自己的商業(yè)化產(chǎn)品，并逐漸形成了新型產(chǎn)業(yè)。??
???? RPM是電腦、激光、光學(xué)掃描、先進(jìn)的新型材料、計(jì)算機(jī)輔助設(shè)計(jì)(CAD)、計(jì)算機(jī)輔助加工(CAM)、數(shù)控(CNC)綜合應(yīng)用的高新技術(shù)。在成型概念上以平面離散、堆積為指導(dǎo)，在控制上以計(jì)算機(jī)和數(shù)控為基礎(chǔ)，以最大柔性為總體目標(biāo)。它摒棄了傳統(tǒng)的機(jī)械加工方法，對(duì)制造業(yè)的變革是一個(gè)重大的突破，利用RPM技術(shù)可以直接或間接地快速制模，該技術(shù)已被汽車、航空、家電、船舶、醫(yī)療、模具等行業(yè)廣泛應(yīng)用。下面簡(jiǎn)述一下目前已經(jīng)商業(yè)化的幾種典型快速成型工藝。??
????2.1.1激光立體光刻技術(shù)(SLA)??
???? SLA技術(shù)是交計(jì)算機(jī)CAD造型系統(tǒng)獲得制品的三維模型，通過(guò)微機(jī)控制激光，按著確定的軌跡，對(duì)液態(tài)的光敏樹(shù)脂進(jìn)行逐層掃描，使被掃描區(qū)層層固化，連成一體，形成最終的三維實(shí)體，再經(jīng)過(guò)有關(guān)的最終硬化打光等后處量，形成制件或模具。??
??? ?激光立體光刻技術(shù)主要特點(diǎn)是可成型任意復(fù)雜形狀，成型精度高，仿真性強(qiáng)，材料利用率高，性能可靠，性能價(jià)格比較高。適合產(chǎn)品外型評(píng)估、功能實(shí)驗(yàn)、快速制造電極和各種快速經(jīng)濟(jì)模具。但該技術(shù)所用的設(shè)備和光敏樹(shù)脂價(jià)格昂貴，使其成本較高。??
????2.1.2疊層輪廓制造技術(shù)(LOM)??
??? ?LOM技術(shù)是通過(guò)計(jì)算機(jī)的三維模型，利用激光選擇性地對(duì)其分層切片，將得到的各層截面輪廓層層粘結(jié)，最終疊加成三維實(shí)體產(chǎn)品。??
???? 其工藝特點(diǎn)是成型速度快，成型材料便宜、成本低，因無(wú)相變，故無(wú)熱應(yīng)力、收縮、膨脹，翹曲等，所以形狀與盡寸精度穩(wěn)定，但成型后廢料塊剝離較費(fèi)事，特別是復(fù)雜件內(nèi)部的廢料剝離。該工藝適用于航空、汽車等和中體積較大制件的制作。??
????2.1.3激光粉末選區(qū)燒結(jié)成型技術(shù)(SLS)??
??? ?SLS技術(shù)是將計(jì)算機(jī)的三維模型通過(guò)分層軟件將其分層，在計(jì)算機(jī)控制下，使激光束依據(jù)分層的切片截面信息對(duì)粉末逐層掃描，掃描到的粉末燒結(jié)固化(聚合、燒結(jié)、粘結(jié)、化學(xué)反應(yīng)等)，層層疊加，堆積成三維實(shí)體制件。該技術(shù)最大特點(diǎn)是能同時(shí)用幾種不同材料(聚碳酸脂、聚乙烯氯化物、石蠟、尼龍、ABS、??
鑄造砂)制造一個(gè)零件。??
????2.1.4熔融沉積成型技術(shù)(FDM)??
??? ?FDM技術(shù)是由計(jì)算機(jī)控制可擠出熔融狀態(tài)材料的噴嘴，根據(jù)CAD產(chǎn)品模型分層軟件確定的幾何信息，擠出半流動(dòng)狀態(tài)的熱塑材料沉積固化成精確的實(shí)際制件薄層 ，自下而上層層堆積成一個(gè)三維實(shí)體，可直接做模具或產(chǎn)品。??
????2.1.5三維印刷成型技術(shù)(3D-P)??
???? 3D-P技術(shù)用微機(jī)控制一個(gè)連續(xù)噴墨印刷頭，依據(jù)分層軟件逐層選擇性地在粉末層上沉積液體粘結(jié)材料，最終由順序印刷的二維層堆積成一個(gè)三維實(shí)體，猶如不使用激光的快速制模技術(shù)。該技術(shù)主要應(yīng)用在金屬陶瓷復(fù)合材料的多孔陶瓷預(yù)成型件上，其目標(biāo)是由CAD產(chǎn)品模型直接生產(chǎn)模具或功能性制作。??
??2.2表面成型制模技術(shù)??
???? 表面成型制模技術(shù)，主要是利用噴涂、電鑄、化學(xué)腐蝕等新的工藝方法形成型腔表面及精細(xì)花紋的一種工藝技術(shù)，實(shí)際應(yīng)用中包括以下幾種類型。??
????2.2.1電弧噴涂成型制模技術(shù)??
???? 電弧噴涂成型技術(shù)的原理是：利用2根通電的金屬絲之間產(chǎn)生電弧的熱量將金屬絲熔化，依靠高壓氣體將其充分霧化，并給予一定的動(dòng)能，高速噴射在樣模表面，層層鑲嵌，形成一金屬殼體，即型腔的內(nèi)表面，再用充填基體材料(一般為金屬粉粒與樹(shù)脂的復(fù)合材料)加以支撐加固，提高其強(qiáng)度和剛性，連同金屬模架組合成模具。這種制模技術(shù)工藝簡(jiǎn)單、成本低，制造周期非常短，型腔表面的成型僅需幾個(gè)小時(shí)，節(jié)省能源和金屬材料，一般型腔表面僅2-3mm厚，仿真性極強(qiáng)，花紋精度可達(dá)到0.5μm。??
??? ?目前該技術(shù)被廣泛地用于飛機(jī)、汽車的內(nèi)飾件模具、家電、家俱、制鞋、美術(shù)工藝品等表面形狀復(fù)雜及花紋精細(xì)的各種聚氨酯制品的吹塑、吸塑、PVC注射、PU發(fā)泡及各類注射成型模具中。??
????2.2.2電鑄成型技術(shù)??
???? 電鑄成型技術(shù)的原理同電鍍一樣，是依樣模(現(xiàn)成制品或按制品圖紙制成的母模)為基準(zhǔn)(陰極)，置放在電鑄液中(陽(yáng)極)，使電鑄液中的金屬離子還原后一層一層地沉積在樣模上，形成金屬殼體，將其剝離后，與樣模接觸的表面即為模具的型腔內(nèi)表面。??
???? 該技術(shù)主要特點(diǎn)是節(jié)省材料、模具制造周期短，電鑄層硬度可達(dá)40HRC，提高了耐磨性和壽命，粗糙度、尺寸精度與樣模完全一致，適用于注射、吸塑、吹塑、搪塑、膠木模、玻璃模、壓鑄模等模具型腔及電火花成型電極的制造。??
????2.2.3型腔表面精細(xì)花紋成型的蝕刻技術(shù)??
???? 蝕刻技術(shù)是光學(xué)、化學(xué)、機(jī)加工綜合應(yīng)用的一種技術(shù)，它的基本原理是先把花紋圖案制成膠片，再把膠片上的花紋圖案復(fù)制在已涂上光敏材料的模具型腔表面上，經(jīng)過(guò)化學(xué)處理，模具型腔表面形成不被蝕刻部分的保護(hù)層，再根據(jù)模具材質(zhì)，選擇相應(yīng)蝕刻工藝，將花紋圖案蝕刻在模具內(nèi)表面上。??
???? 該技術(shù)的主要特點(diǎn)是時(shí)間短、費(fèi)用低，修補(bǔ)破損花紋圖案可做到天衣無(wú)縫。
??2.3澆鑄成型制模技術(shù)
澆鑄成型制模技術(shù)的共同特點(diǎn)是依樣件為基準(zhǔn)，澆鑄出凸、凹模，型腔表面不需要機(jī)械加工。實(shí)際制模中主要有以下幾種類型。??
????2.3.1鉍錫合金制模技術(shù)??
???? 鉍錫合金快速制模技術(shù)是經(jīng)樣件為基準(zhǔn)，以Bi-Sn(鉍錫)二元共晶合金(熔點(diǎn)138℃，脹縮率萬(wàn)分之三)為材料，有精密鑄造的方法同時(shí)鑄出凸模、凹模、壓邊圈的一種技術(shù)。該技術(shù)的特點(diǎn)是制模成本低，合金可重復(fù)使用，制造周期短，尺寸精度高，形狀、尺寸與樣件完全相符，一次鑄模壽命可達(dá)500-3000件，非常適合新產(chǎn)品開(kāi)發(fā)、工藝驗(yàn)證、樣品試制及中小批量和平。??
??2.3.2鋅基合金制模技術(shù)??
???? 這是一種以樣件(或樣模)為基準(zhǔn)，以熔點(diǎn)為380℃左右的鋅基合金為材料，分別澆注凸、凹模，原則上型腔表面不進(jìn)行機(jī)械加工的一種制模技術(shù)。該技術(shù)特點(diǎn)是制模成本低、周期短，適用于制作薄板大型拉伸模、沖裁模及塑料模。??
????2.3.3樹(shù)脂復(fù)合成型模具技術(shù)??
??? ?這是一種以樣模(或工藝模型)為基準(zhǔn)，以樹(shù)脂或其復(fù)合材料為流體材料，先澆注出凸(凹)模，再依據(jù)凸(凹)模貼上蠟片(間隙層)，澆注凸(凹)模。該技術(shù)成型的型腔表面不需機(jī)械加工。該技術(shù)與CAD/CAM相結(jié)合，特點(diǎn)是模具尺寸精度高、制造周期短、成本低，是新產(chǎn)品試制、小批量生產(chǎn)工藝裝備的新途徑。適用于制作大型覆蓋件拉伸模(也可局部鑲鋼)、真空吸塑、聚氨酯發(fā)泡成型模、陶瓷模、仿型靠模、鑄造模等。
????2.3.4硅橡膠制模技術(shù)
該技術(shù)以制件原型或模型為基準(zhǔn)，將柔態(tài)硅橡膠制做成塊，再靠高壓力與模型完全吻合。??
??2.4擠壓成型技術(shù)??
??2.4.1冷擠壓成型??
???? 利用鈹銅合金的良好的導(dǎo)熱性和穩(wěn)定性，經(jīng)固熔時(shí)效處理后，采用冷擠壓制造模具凹模型腔。其特點(diǎn)是制造周期短，型腔精度高(IT7級(jí))，表面粗糙度Ra=0.025μm,強(qiáng)度高，壽命可達(dá)50萬(wàn)次，無(wú)環(huán)境污染。??
????2.4.2超塑成型制模技術(shù)??
?? ??該技術(shù)是利用金屬材料在細(xì)化晶粒、一定成型溫度、低變形速率條件下，材料具有最佳超塑性時(shí)，將事先制作好的凸模，用較小的力便可擠壓出凹模的一種快速經(jīng)濟(jì)制模技術(shù)。超塑成型材料的典型代表是Zn-22%AL。??
???2.5無(wú)模多點(diǎn)成形技術(shù)??
???? 無(wú)模多點(diǎn)快速成形技術(shù)是以CAD/CAM/CAT技術(shù)為主要手段，利用計(jì)算機(jī)控制高度可調(diào)基本體群形成上下成形面，代替?zhèn)鹘y(tǒng)模具對(duì)板料進(jìn)行三維曲面成形的又一現(xiàn)代先進(jìn)制造技術(shù)。此項(xiàng)技術(shù)可以隨意改變變形路徑與受力狀態(tài)，提高材料的成形極限，可反復(fù)成形，以此消除材料內(nèi)部的殘余應(yīng)力，實(shí)現(xiàn)無(wú)回彈成形。??
???2.6凱維朗(KEVRON)鋼帶沖裁落料制模技術(shù)??
???? 新型鋼帶沖裁落料制模技術(shù)是一種不同于一般具有凸、凹模結(jié)構(gòu)的鋼帶模，它是由單刃鋼帶與特制墊板組成的新型快速經(jīng)濟(jì)制模技術(shù)。這種模具重量輕，一般只有200kg，加工精度為?±0.35-0.50mm，可適合各種黑色和有色金屬的0.5-0.65mm厚的板料加工。壽命可達(dá)到5-25?萬(wàn)次，制造成本低。??
???2.7模具毛坯的快速制造技術(shù)—實(shí)型鑄造??
???? 由于大量的模具是屬于單件或小批量生產(chǎn)，模具毛坯的制造質(zhì)量和周期及成本對(duì)最終的模具質(zhì)量和周期及成本的影響是至關(guān)重要的。??
???? 現(xiàn)代模具毛坯已廣泛地采用子實(shí)型鑄造技術(shù)，所謂實(shí)型鑄造就是利用泡沫塑料(聚苯乙烯—PS或聚甲基丙烯酸酯—PMMA)制作代替?zhèn)鹘y(tǒng)的木?；蚪饘倌＃煨秃蟛恍枞〕瞿Ｐ?，便可以澆鑄，泡沫塑料模型的高溫液體金屬作用下，迅速燃燒氣化而消失，金屬液取代原來(lái)泡沫塑料模型所占有的位置，冷凝后形成鑄件。實(shí)型鑄造在實(shí)際應(yīng)用中有下列幾種情況。??
????2.7.1干砂實(shí)型鑄造??
???? 即用55-100目的全干沒(méi)有任何粘結(jié)劑的石英砂造型，用EPS或PMMA泡沫塑料制作的模型涂掛0.2-1mm厚透氣性良好的耐火涂料層，以提高鑄件表面光潔度，防止粘砂或塌箱。??
????2.7.2負(fù)壓實(shí)型鑄造??
???? 負(fù)壓實(shí)型鑄造又稱V法造型。該技術(shù)是使用全干而無(wú)粘結(jié)劑的石英砂做型砂，用EPS或PMMA泡沫塑料做模型，在塑料薄膜的密封條件下，讓整個(gè)鑄型在負(fù)壓條件下(真空度0.4-0.67MPa)進(jìn)行液體金屬澆鑄，鑄件凝固后解除負(fù)壓即可得到表面光潔的鑄件。??
????2.7.3樹(shù)脂砂實(shí)型鑄造??
???? 利用樹(shù)脂砂做型砂，用EPS或PMMA泡沫塑料做模型，在常溫、常壓下進(jìn)行液體金屬澆鑄而制取鑄件。利用實(shí)型鑄造的技術(shù)制造模具毛坯具有尺寸精度高(ISO9級(jí))，加工余量小(一般在5mm左右)，不需要拔模斜度，不需要制型芯與泥芯撐，節(jié)省金屬材料，節(jié)省做木模型的木材，制造周期短，成本低。該技術(shù)適合大型、復(fù)雜、單件模具毛坯的生產(chǎn)。陶瓷型精鑄、失蠟精鑄等技術(shù)在提高模具毛坯精度、降低加工工時(shí)、縮短制造周期、降低成本等方面也顯示出其特有的優(yōu)越性。??
???2.8其它方面技術(shù)
為了簡(jiǎn)化模具的結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)，降低模具成本，縮短模具制造周期，在國(guó)內(nèi)外也先后出現(xiàn)了一些其它方面新技術(shù)的應(yīng)用，如快換模架、沖壓?jiǎn)卧?、刃口堆焊、鑲塊鑄造、氮?dú)鈴椈傻取＊??
????2.8.1氮?dú)鈴椈稍谀＞呱系膽?yīng)用??
???? 氮?dú)鈴椈墒且环N新型彈性功能部件，用它代替彈簧、橡膠、聚氨酯或者氣墊，它能夠準(zhǔn)確地提供壓邊力，在較小空間便可產(chǎn)生較大初始彈壓力，不需預(yù)緊，在模具整個(gè)工作過(guò)程中彈壓力基本恒定。彈壓力大小及受力點(diǎn)位置可隨時(shí)、準(zhǔn)確、方便地調(diào)整，簡(jiǎn)化模具拉伸、壓邊、卸料等結(jié)構(gòu)，簡(jiǎn)化模具設(shè)計(jì)，縮短制模周期，調(diào)試模具方便，縮短更換模具時(shí)間，提高生產(chǎn)效率。??
??2.8.2快速換模技術(shù)??
???? 由于產(chǎn)品品種的增多，使模具在生產(chǎn)中更換變得十分頻繁，于是如何縮短沖壓設(shè)備的停機(jī)時(shí)間，提高生產(chǎn)效率，快速換模技術(shù)受到了人們的關(guān)注。目前發(fā)達(dá)工業(yè)國(guó)家的一些大公司換模速度達(dá)到了驚人的程度，是否具有快速換模技術(shù)已成為企業(yè)技術(shù)進(jìn)步的一項(xiàng)標(biāo)志。總的趨勢(shì)就是減少模具在設(shè)備上安裝、固定、調(diào)整的時(shí)間，這既要在設(shè)備結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)上予以考慮，又要在模具的結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)、標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化方面予以考慮，將機(jī)上的作業(yè)盡可能地放在機(jī)下做。??
????2.8.3沖壓?jiǎn)卧M合技術(shù)??
???? 沖壓?jiǎn)卧M合技術(shù)是將常規(guī)的沖模分解為一個(gè)個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單的單元沖模，根據(jù)工序件的要求，排列組合，在同一次沖程內(nèi)完成多種沖壓工序的新型工藝裝備，工作時(shí)沖壓?jiǎn)卧慌c沖床滑塊聯(lián)接，只需滑塊打擊即可完成沖壓工作。單獨(dú)使用時(shí)它就是1副完整模具。它可以用來(lái)加工板料或型材的沖孔、落料、切角、切槽、切斷及淺拉伸等。具有組裝快捷、使用方便、通用性強(qiáng)、經(jīng)濟(jì)性好等特點(diǎn)，特別適合多品種、中小批量生產(chǎn)。??
????2.8.4刃口堆焊技術(shù)??
???? 在沖模制造中，以普通灰鑄鐵為基體，在刃口部位堆焊高硬度的合金鋼，以代替模具鋼鑲塊，這一技術(shù)成為世界先進(jìn)工藝之一。這是一項(xiàng)節(jié)省制造工時(shí)，節(jié)省昂貴的模具鋼材，縮短模具制造周期的快速經(jīng)濟(jì)制模技術(shù)。目前熔化極氬弧焊技術(shù)的應(yīng)用，大大地提高了刃口堆焊的速度和質(zhì)量。這項(xiàng)技術(shù)世界各國(guó)模具行業(yè)已廣泛采用，取得了良好的經(jīng)濟(jì)效益。??
????2.8.5實(shí)型鑄造沖模刃口鑲塊技術(shù)??
???? 這是一種用實(shí)型鑄造的工藝方法制造沖模刃口的方法，即用合金鋼鑄件鑲塊代替鍛造合金鋼鑲塊。目前由于鑄造工藝和熱處理工藝不斷完善和提高，鑄造鑲塊的內(nèi)在質(zhì)量有了保證，故其應(yīng)用范圍在不斷擴(kuò)大。這項(xiàng)以鑄代鍛的新技術(shù)的突出特點(diǎn)是節(jié)省貴重模具鋼材，簡(jiǎn)化模具制造工序，由于加工余量小，節(jié)省了大量機(jī)加工工時(shí)，縮短模具制造周期，降低模具成本。??
????2.8.6可加工塑料在模具制造中的應(yīng)用??
???? 可加工塑料在發(fā)達(dá)的工業(yè)國(guó)家應(yīng)用較普遍，特別是在汽車、飛機(jī)等制造業(yè)中，主要代替木材或金屬制作汽車車身主模型、靠模、檢具和鑄造模型等。可加工塑料的主要特點(diǎn)是兼?zhèn)淠静暮徒饘俚膬?yōu)良加工性能，制作工藝簡(jiǎn)捷(可采用模塑、澆注、拼粘、雕塑等方法)、尺寸穩(wěn)定性好、不變形、耐潮濕、耐腐蝕、易修復(fù)、易改型、重量輕、制作周期短、成本低。??
3結(jié)束語(yǔ)??
??快速經(jīng)濟(jì)制模技術(shù)種類很多，其所具有的特點(diǎn)、應(yīng)用范圍各不相同，本文僅能概括地做一些簡(jiǎn)單介紹，每種技術(shù)在具體應(yīng)用和實(shí)施過(guò)程中尚有許多具體的工藝過(guò)程、工藝參數(shù)及其技術(shù)特性。??
??模具是基礎(chǔ)工業(yè)之一，在全球化市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)和各種高新技術(shù)的迅猛發(fā)展形勢(shì)下，快速經(jīng)濟(jì)模具賦予了新的使命和全新的內(nèi)涵，分類不斷增加，快速經(jīng)濟(jì)制模材料向著多品種系列化邁進(jìn)，工藝不斷有新的創(chuàng)新和突破，與之配套設(shè)備相繼問(wèn)世，服務(wù)領(lǐng)域在不斷地拓寬，創(chuàng)造的經(jīng)濟(jì)效益越來(lái)越顯著。隨著商品經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展，激烈的市場(chǎng)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)，產(chǎn)品更新?lián)Q代的加速，對(duì)快速經(jīng)濟(jì)制模技術(shù)在縮短周期、降低成本，提高精度和延長(zhǎng)壽命方面的要求勢(shì)必會(huì)越來(lái)越高。由于它能使企業(yè)贏得市場(chǎng)，創(chuàng)造顯著的經(jīng)濟(jì)效益，越來(lái)越受到企業(yè)家的青睞和有關(guān)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)部門的極大關(guān)注與政策資金的支持。各種快速經(jīng)濟(jì)制模技術(shù)在推廣應(yīng)用過(guò)程中也會(huì)不斷完善成熟和發(fā)展，由于高新技術(shù)的發(fā)展，各種技術(shù)的復(fù)合與滲透，為適應(yīng)生產(chǎn)中的不同需求，今后必定會(huì)形成一些新型、節(jié)約能源、節(jié)約材料的快速制模技術(shù)。
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畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)外文翻譯
（原文）
院 （系）： 機(jī)電工程學(xué)院
專 業(yè)： 機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)制造及其自動(dòng)化
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年 6 月 3 日
畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（英文翻譯）報(bào)告用紙第 15 頁(yè) 共 17 頁(yè)
Mold design and manufacture
The mold is the manufacturing industry important craft foundation, in our country, the mold manufacture belongs to the special purpose equipment manufacturing industry. China although very already starts to make the mold and the use mold, but long-term has not formed the industry. Straight stabs 0 centuries 80's later periods, the Chinese mold industry only then drives into the development speedway. Recent years, not only the state-owned mold enterprise had the very big development, the three investments enterprise, the villages and towns (individual) the mold enterprise's development also quite rapid .
Although the Chinese mold industrial development rapid, but compares with the demand, obviously falls short of demand, its main gap concentrates precisely to, large-scale, is complex, the long life mold domain. As a result of in aspect and so on mold precision, life, manufacture cycle and productivity, China and the international average horizontal and the developed country still had a bigger disparity, therefore, needed massively to import the mold every year .
The Chinese mold industry except must continue to sharpen the productivity, from now on will have emphatically to the profession internal structure adjustment and the state-of-art enhancement. The structure adjustment aspect, mainly is the enterprise structure to the specialized adjustment, the product structure to center the upscale mold development, to the import and export structure improvement, center the upscale automobile cover mold forming analysis and the structure improvement, the multi-purpose compound mold and the compound processing and the laser technology in the mold design manufacture application, the high-speed cutting, the superfinishing and polished the technology, the information direction develops .
The recent years, the mold profession structure adjustment and the organizational reform step enlarges, mainly displayed in, large-scale, precise, was complex, the long life, center the upscale mold and the mold standard letter development speed is higher than the common mold product; The plastic mold and the compression casting mold proportion increases; Specialized mold factory quantity and its productivity increase; "The three investments" and the private enterprise develops rapidly; The joint stock system transformation step speeds up and so on. Distributes from the area looked, take Zhujiang Delta and Yangtze River delta as central southeast coastal area development quickly to mid-west area, south development quickly to north. At present develops quickest, the mold produces the most centralized province is Guangdong and Zhejiang, places such as Jiangsu, Shanghai, Anhui and Shandong also has a bigger development in recent years .
Although our country mold total quantity had at present achieved the suitable scale, the mold level also has the very big enhancement, after but design manufacture horizontal overall rise and fall industry developed country and so on Yu De, America, date, France, Italy many. The current existence question and the disparity mainly display in following several aspects:
(1) The total quantity falls short of demand
Domestic mold assembling oneself rate only ,about 70%. Low-grade mold , center upscale mold assembling oneself rate only has 50% about .
(2) The enterprise organizational structure, the product structure, the technical structure and the import and export structure does not gather
Iin our country mold production factory to be most is from the labor mold workshop which produces assembles oneself (branch factory), from produces assembles oneself the proportion to reach as high as about 60%, but the overseas mold ultra 70% is the commodity mold. The specialized mold factory mostly is "large and complete", "small and entire" organization form, but overseas mostly is "small but", "is specially small and fine". Domestic large-scale, precise, complex, the long life mold accounts for the total quantity proportion to be insufficient 30%, but overseas in 50% above 2004 years, ratio of the mold import and export is 3.7:1, the import and export balances the after net import volume to amount to 1.32 billion US dollars, is world mold net import quantity biggest country .
(3) The mold product level greatly is lower than the international standard
The production cycle actually is higher than the international water broad product level low mainly to display in the mold precision, cavity aspect and so on surface roughness, life and structure .
(4) Develops the ability badly, economic efficiency unsatisfactory our country mold enterprise technical personnel proportion low
The level is lower, also does not take the product development, frequently is in the passive position in the market. Our country each mold staff average year creation output value approximately ,ten thousand US dollars, overseas mold industry developed country mostly 15 to10,000 US dollars, some reach as high as 25 to10,000 US dollars, relative is our country quite part of molds enterprises also continues to use the workshop type management with it, truly realizes the enterprise which the modernized enterprise manages few
To create the above disparity the reason to be very many, the mold long-term has not obtained the value besides the history in as the product which should have, as well as the most state-owned enterprises mechanism cannot adapt the market economy, but also has the following several reasons: .
(1) Country to mold industry policy support dynamics also insufficiently
Although the country already was clear about has promulgated the mold profession industrial policy, but necessary policy few, carried out dynamics to be weak. At present enjoyed the mold product increment duty enterprise nation 185, the majority enterprise still the tax burden is only overweight. The mold enterprise carries on the technological transformations introduction equipment to have to pay the considerable amount the tax money, affects the technology advancement, moreover privately operated enterprise loan extremely difficult .
(2) Talented person serious insufficient, the scientific research development and the technical attack investment too urine
Mold profession is the technology, the fund, the work crowded industry, along with the time progress and the technical development, grasps the talented person which and skilled utilizes the new technology exceptionally short, the high-quality mold fitter and the enterprise management talent extremely is also anxious. Because the mold enterprise benefit unsatisfactory and takes insufficiently the scientific research development and the technical attack, the scientific research unit and the universities, colleges and institutes eye stares at is creating income, causes the mold profession invests too few in the scientific research development and the technical attack aspect, causes the mold technological development step not to be big, progresses not quick .
(3) The craft equipment level to be low, also necessary is not good, the use factor low
recent years our country engine bed profession progressed quickly, has been able to provide the quite complete precision work equipment, but compared with the overseas equipment, still had a bigger disparity. Although the domestic many enterprises have introduced many overseas advanced equipment, but the overall equipment level low are very more than the overseas many enterprises. As a result of aspect the and so on system and fund reason, introduces the equipment not not necessary, the equipment and the appendix not necessary phenomenon are extremely common, the equipment utilization rate low question cannot obtain the comparatively properly solution for a long time .
(4) Specialization, standardization, commercialized degree low, the cooperation ability
Because receives "large and complete" "small and entire" the influence since long ago, mold specialization level low, the specialized labor division is not careful, the commercialized degree is low. At present domestic every year produces mold, commodity mold minister 40% About, other for from produce uses for oneself. Between the mold enterprise cooperates impeded, completes the comparatively large-scale mold complete task with difficulty. Mold standardization level low, mold standard letter use cave rare is low also to the mold quality, the cost has a more tremendous influence, specially has very tremendous influence .
(5) To the mold manufacture cycle) the mold material and the mold correlation technology falls
The mold material performance, the quality and the variety question often can affect the mold quality, the life and the cost, the domestically produced molding tool steel and overseas imports the steel products to compare has a bigger disparity. Plastic, plate, equipment energy balance, also direct influence mold level enhancement .
At present, our country economy still was at the high speed development phase, on the international economical globalization development tendency is day by day obvious, this has provided the good condition and the opportunity for the our country mold industry high speed development. On the one hand, the domestic mold market will continue high speed to develop, on the other hand, the mold manufacture also gradually will shift as well as the transnational group to our country carries on the mold purchase trend to our country extremely to be also obvious. Therefore, will take a broad view the future, international, the domestic mold market overall development tendency prospect will favor, estimated the Chinese mold will obtain the high speed development under the good market environment, our country not only can become the mold great nation, moreover certainly gradually will make the powerful nation to the mold the ranks to make great strides forward. "15" period, the Chinese mold industry level not only has the very big enhancement in the quantity and the archery target aspect, moreover the profession structure, the product level, the development innovation ability, enterprise's system and the mechanism as well as the technology advancement aspect also can obtain a bigger development .
The mold technology has gathered the machinery, the electron, chemistry, optics, the material, the computer, the precise monitor and the information network and so on many disciplines, is a comprehensive nature multi-disciplinary systems engineering. The mold technology development tendency mainly is the mold product to larger-scale, preciser, more complex and a more economical direction develops, the mold product technical content unceasingly enhances, the mold manufacture cycle unceasingly reduces, the mold production faces the information, is not having the chart, is fine, the automated direction develops, the mold enterprise to the technical integration, the equipment excellent, is producing approves the brand, the management information, the management internationalization direction develops. Our country mold profession still will have to enhance from now on the general character technology had :
(1) To establish in the CAD/CAE platform the advanced mold design technology, enhances modernization which the mold designed, information, intellectualization, standardized level .
(2) Establishes in the CAM/CAPP foundation the advanced mold processing technology and the advanced manufacture technology unifies, raises the automated level and the production efficiency which the mold processes .
(3) The mold production enterprise's information management technology. For example PDM (product data management), ERP (enterprise resource management), MIS (mold manufacture management information system) and information network technology the and so on INTERMET platform application, the promotion and the development .
(4) Are high speed, Gao Jing, the compound mold processing technology research and the application. For example the ultra fine ramming mold manufacture technology, the precise plastic and the compression casting mold manufacture technology and so on .
(5) Enhances the mold production efficiency, reduces the cost and reduces the mold production cycle each kind of fast economical mold manufacture technology .
(6) The advanced manufacture technology application. For example hot technology and so on flow channel technology, gas auxiliary technology, hypothesized technology, nanotechnology, rapid scanning technology, reversion project, parallel project in the mold research, the development, the processing process application .
(7) The raw material the simulation technology which forms in the mold .
(8) The advanced mold processing and the appropriation equipment research and the development .
(9) The mold and the mold standard letter, the important auxiliary standardized technology .
(10) The mold and its the product examination technology.
(11) High quality, the new mold material research and the development and its the correct application .
(12) The mold production enterprise's modern management technology □
Mold profession in "十15" period needs to solve the key essential technology should be the mold information, the digitized technology and precise, ultra fine, high speed, the highly effective manufacture technology aspect breakthrough
Along with the national economy total quantity and the industry product technology unceasing development, all the various trades and occupations to the mold demand quantity more and more big, the specification more and more is also high.
Although mold type many, but its development should be with emphasis both can meet the massive needs, and has the comparatively high-tech content, specially at present domestic still could not be self-sufficient, needs the massive imports the mold and can represent the development direction large-scale, precise, is complex, the long life mold. The mold standard letter type, the quantity, the level, the production a and so on have the significant influence to the entire mold profession development. Therefore, some important mold standard letters also must the prioritize, moreover its development speed should quickly to the mold development speed, like this be able unceasingly to raise our country mold standardization level, thus improves the mold quality, reduces the mold production cycle, reduces the cost. Because our country mold product holds the bigger price superiority in the international market, therefore regarding the exportation prospect good mold product also should take key develops. According to the above required quantity big, the technical content is high, represents the development direction, the export prospect good principle choice prioritize product, moreover chooses the product to have at present to have the certain technology base, belongs has the condition, has the product which the possibility develops .
According to "十15" the mold profession development plan, "十15" the period mold product development mainly has following several kind of the automobile cover mold
(1)Ramming mold to occupy
The mold total quantity dish with emphasis above 40%. Automobile cover mold mainly for automobile necessary, also includes for the agriculture with the vehicle, the project machinery and the farm machinery necessary cover mold, it has the very big representation in the ramming mold, the mold mostly is large and middle scale, structure complex, the specification is high. For the passenger vehicle necessary cover mold, the request is in particular higher, may represent the ramming mold the level. This kind of mold our country had the certain technology base, already for middle-grade passenger vehicle necessary, but the level is not high, the ability is insufficient, at present satisfying rate only has one about the half. Center the upscale passenger vehicle cover mold main dependence import, has become the bottleneck which the automobile develops, enormous influence vehicle type development .
(2)The precise ramming mold
Multi- locations level was entering the mold and fine represents the ramming mold development direction, the precision request life request has been extremely high, mainly for the electronics industry, the automobile, the instrument measuring appliance, the electrical machinery electric appliance and so on formed a complete set. These two kind of molds, domestic had the suitable foundation, and has introduced the overseas technology and the equipment, the individual enterprise produces the product has achieved the world level, but the majority of enterprises still had a bigger disparity, the supply total quantity insufficient, the import were very many
(3) The large-scale precise plastic mold
Plastic mold accounts for the mold total quantity 10%, moreover this proportion also is rising. In the plastic mold necessary large-scale casts the mold for the automobile and the electrical appliances, necessary models for the integrated circuit seals the mold, for the electronic information industry and the machinery and the packing necessary multilayer, the multi- cavities, the multi- material qualities, the multicolor precise note , and saves water the agricultural necessary plastic different molding for the new building materials to squeeze out the mold and the pipeline and the nozzle mold and so on, at present although had the suitable technology base and fast is developing, but the technical level and overseas still had a bigger disparity, the total quantity falls short of demand, Every year import amount reaches several hundred million US dollar.
(4) The main mold standard to imitatee
At present domestically to have an greater output the mold standard letter mainly is the mold frame, the guidance, the throwout lever pushes the tube, the elastic part and so on. These products not only the domestic necessary massive need, the exportation prospect very is also good, should continue vigorously to develop. The nitrogen cylinder and the hot flow channel part main dependence import, should raise the level in the existing foundation, forms the standard and organization scale production.
(5) The other high-tech content molds
Occupiesin the mold total quantity green 8% compression casting mold, large-scale thin wall precise compression casting technology content high, the difficulty is big. The magnesium alloy compression casting mold at present although just started, but the prospects for development were good, have the representation. The meridian rubber tire mold also is the development direction, detachable mold technology difficulty is biggest. With fast takes shape some fast pattern making technologies and the corresponding fast economical mold which the technology unifies has the very good prospects for development. These high-tech content molds in "十15" period also should the prioritize .
Modern fast economy manufacture mold technology
1 introduction
Along with the global economy development, the new technological revolution made the new progress and the breakthrough unceasingly, the technical leap development already becomes the important attribute which the impetus world economics grew. The market economy unceasing development, urges the industry product more and more to the multi- varieties, high grade, the low cost direction to develop, in order to maintain and strengthens the product in market competitive power, product development cycle, production cycle more and more short, thereupon to makes each kind of product the essential craft equipment mold request to be more and more harsh.
On the one ha
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