基于單片機(jī)的自動(dòng)門(mén)控制系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)【說(shuō)明書(shū)+CAD+SOLIDWORKS】
基于單片機(jī)的自動(dòng)門(mén)控制系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)【說(shuō)明書(shū)+CAD+SOLIDWORKS】,說(shuō)明書(shū)+CAD+SOLIDWORKS,基于,單片機(jī),自動(dòng)門(mén),控制系統(tǒng),設(shè)計(jì),說(shuō)明書(shū),仿單,cad,solidworks
畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)
基于單片機(jī)的自動(dòng)門(mén)控制系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)
The design of automatic door control system based on single chip microcomputer
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摘要
自動(dòng)門(mén)作為單片機(jī)控制的典型，廣泛應(yīng)用于各種地方，隨著科技的發(fā)展，傳動(dòng)圖的手拉門(mén)已經(jīng)將會(huì)逐漸淘汰，新型的自動(dòng)門(mén)將會(huì)越來(lái)越廣泛地得到應(yīng)用。如今伴隨著信息時(shí)代的到來(lái)，人們的生活水平日益提高，方便、快捷、 自動(dòng)、智能成為時(shí)代的主題，在現(xiàn)代超市、辦公樓等等環(huán)境中，門(mén)控系統(tǒng)早已不僅僅局限在物理空間上，人們更為關(guān)注的是一個(gè)安全、方便、舒適的環(huán)境，自動(dòng)化的電子產(chǎn)品自然成為人們追求的目標(biāo)。
本設(shè)計(jì)將以單片機(jī)為核心設(shè)計(jì)了系統(tǒng)結(jié)構(gòu)圖、程序指令、流程圖等等，在保留了原始門(mén)控系統(tǒng)的基本功能的同時(shí)又增加了一系列的實(shí)用功能并簡(jiǎn)化其電路結(jié)構(gòu)，其將以控制方便，靈活，只要改變輸入單片機(jī)的控制程序，便可控制門(mén)的關(guān)閉和開(kāi)合，從而使得人們的在超市購(gòu)物，在辦公樓辦公的環(huán)境不斷完美，不斷智能化。通過(guò)對(duì)基于單片機(jī)的自動(dòng)門(mén)的設(shè)計(jì)，我們得出了該自動(dòng)門(mén)具有反映靈敏、高效、智能化的結(jié)論。
關(guān)鍵詞 單片機(jī)；控制系統(tǒng)；可靠性；系統(tǒng)
I
ABSTRACT
Pneumatic manipulator is a automated devices that can mimic the human hand and arm movements to do something，aslo can according to a fixed procedure to moving objects or control tools. It can replace the heavy labor in order to achieve the production mechanization and automation, and can work in dangerous working environments to protect the personal safety, Therefore widely used in machine building, metallurgy, electronics, light industry and atomic energy sectors.
This article is mainly of the pneumatic manipulator the overall design, and pneumatic design. This mechanism of manipulator includes cylinders and claws and connectors parts, it can move according to the due track on the movement of grabbing, carrying and unloading. The pneumatic part of the design is primarily to choose the right valves and design a reasonable pneumatic control loop, by controlling and regulating pressure, flow and direction of the compressed air to make it get the necessary strength, speed and changed the direction of movement in the prescribed procedure work.It can replace the heavy labor in order to achieve the production mechanization and automation, and can work in dangerous working environments to protect the personal safety, Therefore widely used in machine building, metallurgy, electronics, light industry and atomic .The principle, technical pare-maters, transmiting system and main parts structure of mincing ma-chine were introduced.The productingcapacity was analysed.Keywords Mincing machine Holds plate.
Keywords industrial robot Forging machine loading manipulator cobit
目 錄
1緒論.......................................................................................................................1
1.1自動(dòng)門(mén)的發(fā)展現(xiàn)狀及應(yīng)用.............................................................................2
1.2國(guó)內(nèi)外發(fā)展?fàn)顩r.. .......................................................................................................3
1.3課題的提出及主要任務(wù)……………………………………………….........6
2 機(jī)械傳動(dòng)部分的設(shè)計(jì)計(jì)算…………………………………………….............17
2.1 電機(jī)的選型計(jì)算…………………………………………….......................18
2.2 同步帶輪傳動(dòng)的設(shè)計(jì)計(jì)算…………………………………………….......18
3 自動(dòng)門(mén)控制系統(tǒng)方案的設(shè)計(jì)……………………………………………..........9
3.1單片機(jī)的作用和功能………………………………………........................14
3.2單片機(jī)的應(yīng)用場(chǎng)合………………………………………............................14
3.3傳感器的工作原理………………………………………............................15
3.4故障檢測(cè)及顯示系統(tǒng)的構(gòu)成………………………………………............16
3.5門(mén)開(kāi)合行程的檢測(cè)………………………………………............................17
4 硬件系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計(jì)…………………………………………….............................21
4.1電路電框圖的確定……………………………………………………........22
4.2 硬件系統(tǒng)總體邏輯圖的設(shè)計(jì)………………………………………...........22
4.3 電路原理圖的確定………………………………………...........................22
5 系統(tǒng)軟件的設(shè)計(jì)…………………………………………….............................23
5.1系統(tǒng)主程序流程圖的確定………………………………............................23
5.2開(kāi)門(mén)子程序流程圖的確定…………………………………........................24
5.3 開(kāi)門(mén)中斷程序流程圖的確定………………………………………...........24
5.4 T1中斷服務(wù)程序流程圖的確定………………………………………......25
5.5 程序源代碼的生成………………………………………...........................26
6 調(diào)試與檢測(cè)……………………………………….............................................27
6.1 自動(dòng)門(mén)控系統(tǒng)的調(diào)試……………………………………….......................27
6.2 自動(dòng)門(mén)行程的檢測(cè)………………………………………...........................28
結(jié)論………………………………………………………………….....................29
致謝…………………………………………………………………………….....30
參考文獻(xiàn)………………………………………………………………………….31
1 緒 論
1.1 自動(dòng)門(mén)的發(fā)展現(xiàn)狀及應(yīng)用
我國(guó)自動(dòng)門(mén)行業(yè)建立時(shí)間比較短，多以中小型企業(yè)為主，經(jīng)受市場(chǎng)洗禮和考驗(yàn)的程度還不夠充分，自動(dòng)門(mén)企業(yè)管理水平與國(guó)際化的接軌還有一定的差距，在客觀認(rèn)識(shí)國(guó)內(nèi)自動(dòng)門(mén)市場(chǎng)的需求空間和目前發(fā)展存在的諸多問(wèn)題時(shí)，與國(guó)際化的接軌和發(fā)展就顯得尤為的重要。過(guò)去的幾年里，我國(guó)自動(dòng)門(mén)行業(yè)進(jìn)入了快速的發(fā)展期。在國(guó)內(nèi)、國(guó)外兩個(gè)大市場(chǎng)都有比較好的發(fā)展勢(shì)頭。相關(guān)負(fù)責(zé)人認(rèn)為，隨著近年來(lái)的樓市調(diào)控、原材料價(jià)格上漲、運(yùn)輸及人工成本的不斷攀升使我國(guó)自動(dòng)門(mén)業(yè)發(fā)展呈現(xiàn)出新的特征，具體如下：
一、生產(chǎn)、銷售日益規(guī)模化、信息化
為了提升品牌知名度, 自動(dòng)門(mén)企業(yè)采用了許多的營(yíng)銷策略。例如, 松下自動(dòng)門(mén)的門(mén)店裝飾人文化, 導(dǎo)購(gòu)專業(yè)化、營(yíng)銷活動(dòng)信息化、服務(wù)意識(shí)的提高。利用現(xiàn)代技術(shù)與手段, 對(duì)高要求、高消費(fèi)客戶群提供個(gè)性化服務(wù)。自動(dòng)門(mén)企業(yè)還不斷學(xué)習(xí)國(guó)外知名品牌的營(yíng)銷策略、服務(wù)技巧等, 努力提高自身的營(yíng)銷服務(wù)水平。規(guī)?；蠊I(yè)生產(chǎn)機(jī)械化，信息管理的現(xiàn)代化是自動(dòng)門(mén)企業(yè)做大做強(qiáng)的必然選擇。
二、發(fā)展大環(huán)境趨好
近年，國(guó)家出臺(tái)了一系列保增長(zhǎng)、擴(kuò)內(nèi)需、調(diào)結(jié)構(gòu)的整體要求和保持經(jīng)濟(jì)平穩(wěn)較快的發(fā)展政策，這對(duì)自動(dòng)門(mén)業(yè)發(fā)展意義重大。此外，建材下鄉(xiāng)的實(shí)施及各地保障房的建設(shè)，作為具有低碳、環(huán)保的自動(dòng)門(mén)行業(yè)必然得到大力推廣和重視。
三、出口穩(wěn)步增長(zhǎng)
雖然我國(guó)自動(dòng)門(mén)的出口仍處在起步階段, 但具有廣闊的發(fā)展空間。我國(guó)自動(dòng)門(mén)企業(yè)高度重視提高產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量, 不斷追求生產(chǎn)高檔位、高品質(zhì)的產(chǎn)品。一些產(chǎn)品在質(zhì)量和款式上完全可以與國(guó)際上品牌居室門(mén)相媲美。部分發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家采購(gòu)勢(shì)頭日益旺盛, 這對(duì)于擴(kuò)大自動(dòng)門(mén)的出口極為有利。
四、人才儲(chǔ)備受重視
自動(dòng)門(mén)行業(yè)起步較低，行業(yè)的整體素質(zhì)不高，經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)方式粗放，產(chǎn)品的抄襲、同質(zhì)化的現(xiàn)象屢見(jiàn)不鮮。近年來(lái)，隨著企業(yè)自身防范意識(shí)的提高，加強(qiáng)了對(duì)高級(jí)專業(yè)人才的儲(chǔ)備，近年來(lái)，在文化產(chǎn)業(yè)活動(dòng)、產(chǎn)品設(shè)計(jì)及高級(jí)專業(yè)人才的儲(chǔ)備方面有所提高，利用先進(jìn)的工藝技術(shù)和優(yōu)秀人才的管理經(jīng)驗(yàn)，盡可能的設(shè)計(jì)制作個(gè)性化產(chǎn)品，避免同質(zhì)化的產(chǎn)生。有效地提升產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量，樹(shù)立品牌形象。所以，從以上眾多新特征可以看出，我國(guó)的自動(dòng)門(mén)市場(chǎng)還是很有發(fā)展前景的，注重產(chǎn)品的質(zhì)量和售后服務(wù)，提高行業(yè)人才的整體素質(zhì)等等，才能加快我國(guó)的自動(dòng)門(mén)行業(yè)水平與國(guó)際化的接軌速度，國(guó)際化對(duì)我們來(lái)說(shuō)是挑戰(zhàn)也是機(jī)遇，想要在這種大趨勢(shì)下立足，乃至有更大的發(fā)展，就需要利用國(guó)際化的優(yōu)勢(shì)和特點(diǎn)，加強(qiáng)與世界接軌與交流的機(jī)遇，努力提高國(guó)際化的視野和國(guó)際化的發(fā)展布局。
1.2 國(guó)內(nèi)外發(fā)展?fàn)顩r
在國(guó)外，進(jìn)入90年代以來(lái)，自動(dòng)化技術(shù)發(fā)展很快，技術(shù)已經(jīng)很成熟，并取得了驚人的成就，自動(dòng)化技術(shù)是自動(dòng)門(mén)的重要部分。在現(xiàn)在人們生活中自動(dòng)門(mén)可
以節(jié)約空調(diào)能源、降低噪音、防塵、防風(fēng)，同時(shí)可以使出入口顯得很莊重高檔，因此應(yīng)用非常廣泛。在國(guó)外大都市里的大廈、賓館、酒店、銀行、商樓、寫(xiě)字樓，自動(dòng)門(mén)已經(jīng)隨處可見(jiàn)，但在國(guó)內(nèi)，自動(dòng)門(mén)的自主研發(fā)尚處于初級(jí)階段。在自動(dòng)門(mén)控制系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)中，穩(wěn)定、節(jié)能、環(huán)保、安全、以及人性化是需要首先考慮的因素。
由于自動(dòng)門(mén)門(mén)體的重量及體積不同會(huì)對(duì)自動(dòng)門(mén)驅(qū)動(dòng)傳動(dòng)系統(tǒng)提出不同的要求，所以各種自動(dòng)門(mén)又可以分為重型自動(dòng)門(mén)和輕型自動(dòng)門(mén)?？土髁康牟町悤?huì)對(duì)自動(dòng)門(mén)的使用產(chǎn)生很大的影響，因此，自動(dòng)門(mén)還可以分為一般自動(dòng)門(mén)和頻繁使用自動(dòng)門(mén)。自動(dòng)門(mén)根據(jù)使用的場(chǎng)合及功能的不同可分為自動(dòng)平移門(mén)、自動(dòng)平開(kāi)門(mén)、自動(dòng)旋轉(zhuǎn)門(mén)、自動(dòng)圓弧門(mén)、自動(dòng)折疊門(mén)等，其中普通門(mén)用的場(chǎng)合比較少，旋轉(zhuǎn)門(mén)由于價(jià)格昂貴而且非常龐大，一般只使用于高檔酒店賓館，自動(dòng)平移門(mén)使用的最廣泛，大家一般所說(shuō)的自動(dòng)門(mén)、感應(yīng)門(mén)就是指自動(dòng)平移門(mén)，目前市場(chǎng)上流行的平移型自動(dòng)門(mén)又一般是兩開(kāi)，這種門(mén)的特點(diǎn)是簡(jiǎn)單易控，維護(hù)方便。?
? 自動(dòng)平移門(mén)最常見(jiàn)的形式是自動(dòng)門(mén)內(nèi)外兩側(cè)加感應(yīng)器，當(dāng)人走進(jìn)門(mén)時(shí)，感應(yīng)開(kāi)關(guān)感應(yīng)到人得存在，給控制一個(gè)開(kāi)門(mén)信號(hào)，控制器通過(guò)驅(qū)動(dòng)裝置將門(mén)打開(kāi)。當(dāng)人通過(guò)之后，在將門(mén)關(guān)上。由于自動(dòng)門(mén)再通電后可以實(shí)現(xiàn)無(wú)人管理，不但能給我們帶來(lái)人員進(jìn)出方便，又提高了建筑的檔次，于是迅速在國(guó)內(nèi)外建筑市場(chǎng)上得到大范圍的普及。??
? ?自動(dòng)門(mén)控制方式:自動(dòng)門(mén)的控制方法有很多，從控制器的不同來(lái)說(shuō)，有繼電器控制，即通過(guò)按鈕和復(fù)雜的接線安裝來(lái)控制，只能控制器控制，即通過(guò)運(yùn)行現(xiàn)代自動(dòng)化設(shè)備來(lái)控制，它具有穩(wěn)定性高，安全等優(yōu)點(diǎn)，因此被很多生產(chǎn)廠商所運(yùn)用，由于繼電器路基控制的自動(dòng)門(mén)系統(tǒng)存在許多缺陷而逐步被智能控制器的自動(dòng)門(mén)所淘汰。?
? ?在智能控制器的選析上，自動(dòng)門(mén)的主控制器有微電腦控制器控制和可編程器控制，微電腦控制主要有體積小、安裝方便等優(yōu)點(diǎn)，目前有許多廠家用此種方式生產(chǎn)自動(dòng)門(mén)，PLC的特點(diǎn)是穩(wěn)定性高、維護(hù)方便，目前許多大型商場(chǎng)的自動(dòng)門(mén)都是由這種控制方式控制的。
1.3 課題的提出及主要任務(wù)
本次課題的內(nèi)容是自動(dòng)門(mén)控制系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計(jì)，其中自動(dòng)門(mén)控制系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計(jì)主要包括三個(gè)方面：
第一，自動(dòng)選擇與智能控制系統(tǒng)配置的智能化設(shè)計(jì)，門(mén)的運(yùn)行速度可自由設(shè)定，并可以自由設(shè)置門(mén)的半開(kāi)狀態(tài)，這樣調(diào)整方便。
第二，始終處于最佳的運(yùn)行狀態(tài)自動(dòng)門(mén)，具有自動(dòng)校正功能，即使遇到大風(fēng)引起的運(yùn)行阻力，依然能保持平滑開(kāi)閉動(dòng)作。
第三，自動(dòng)倒車安全裝置這一安全設(shè)計(jì)，遇到障礙物或其他異常情況時(shí)，門(mén)體自動(dòng)反轉(zhuǎn)，并在下一個(gè)阻力區(qū)接近在一個(gè)安全的前進(jìn)速度，避免夾緊事件和配件損壞的現(xiàn)象，提高了自動(dòng)門(mén)運(yùn)行的安全性，延長(zhǎng)壽命的自動(dòng)門(mén)。備用電源保證自動(dòng)門(mén)電源能正常運(yùn)行，配置備用電源。安裝輔助光電傳感器時(shí)需要安裝在特定的區(qū)域，自動(dòng)門(mén)可以安裝輔助光傳感器（紅外保護(hù)裝置），門(mén)一打開(kāi)，人們靜靜地站著，手拉葫蘆輔助光傳感器，門(mén)應(yīng)保持開(kāi)放。當(dāng)手幾秒鐘后，門(mén)關(guān)閉。
本次課題的主要任務(wù)是研究自動(dòng)門(mén)的控制系統(tǒng)的組成及工作原理，確定設(shè)計(jì)方案，通過(guò)單片機(jī)設(shè)計(jì)出該門(mén)的電路原理圖，各流程圖，并寫(xiě)出設(shè)計(jì)說(shuō)明書(shū)等等。該系統(tǒng)主要由單片機(jī)和電機(jī)控制電路，紅外檢測(cè)電路，故障檢測(cè)電路等組成。在正常操作過(guò)程中，紅外檢測(cè)電路輸出信號(hào)以產(chǎn)生直流控制信號(hào)，電機(jī)驅(qū)動(dòng)門(mén)的操作，當(dāng)系統(tǒng)檢測(cè)到了相對(duì)應(yīng)的信號(hào)，系統(tǒng)就進(jìn)入相應(yīng)的類型。如果在關(guān)閉過(guò)程中門(mén)遇到阻力，就會(huì)自動(dòng)打開(kāi)，從而避免造成人身的損傷。其系統(tǒng)原理方框圖如下：
2 機(jī)械傳動(dòng)部分的設(shè)計(jì)計(jì)算
自動(dòng)門(mén)控制系統(tǒng)是通過(guò)傳感器感應(yīng)到門(mén)下面有無(wú)人的到來(lái)從而反饋信號(hào)給中控系統(tǒng)，然后通過(guò)中控系統(tǒng)控制電機(jī)轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)從而帶動(dòng)門(mén)移動(dòng)的結(jié)構(gòu)。 一般由兩扇門(mén)組成，已知整個(gè)自動(dòng)門(mén)控制系統(tǒng)結(jié)構(gòu)部分的的總重量150KG,其他重量50KG，我們?nèi)】傊亓繛?00Kg，反復(fù)移動(dòng)速度為1~2r/min，其中忽略空氣阻力和摩擦力。其具體方案布局圖如下：
2.1 電機(jī)的選型計(jì)算
針對(duì)系統(tǒng)工況，根據(jù)以上條件，對(duì)電機(jī)的選型計(jì)算過(guò)程如下：
具體的電機(jī)設(shè)計(jì)計(jì)算如下:
1、確定運(yùn)行時(shí)間
本次設(shè)計(jì)加速時(shí)間
負(fù)載速度（m/min）
有速度可知每秒上升50mm，
電機(jī)轉(zhuǎn)速
3.負(fù)載轉(zhuǎn)矩
式中：
4.電機(jī)轉(zhuǎn)矩
啟動(dòng)轉(zhuǎn)矩
必須轉(zhuǎn)矩
S為安全系數(shù)，這里取1.0。
根據(jù)以上得出數(shù)據(jù)，我們選用電機(jī)型號(hào)為160BL-A，此無(wú)電機(jī)廠家為機(jī)電產(chǎn)品。根據(jù)電機(jī)的特性曲線以及參數(shù)表如下：
根據(jù)計(jì)算和特性曲線以及電機(jī)基本參數(shù)表，我們選用電機(jī)型號(hào)為160BL-4030H1-LK-B，電機(jī)額定功率為0.37KW，額定轉(zhuǎn)矩為7.62N.m，最大轉(zhuǎn)矩為9N.m，額定轉(zhuǎn)速為 3000r/min。
2.2 同步帶輪傳動(dòng)的設(shè)計(jì)計(jì)算
(1)傳動(dòng)名義功率P_=0.37kW
(2)主動(dòng)輪轉(zhuǎn)速n1=1500r／min，從動(dòng)輪 =350r／min
(3)中心距a=100mm左右
(4)工作情況， 24小時(shí)運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)
求設(shè)計(jì)功率P=K0 Pm=0.4×2= 0.8Kw，式中Ko為載荷修正系數(shù)
由設(shè)計(jì)功率0.8Kw 和n =1500r／min，由查得帶的型號(hào)為L(zhǎng)型，對(duì)應(yīng)節(jié)距P =9.525mm
（1）選擇小帶輪齒數(shù)
由小帶輪轉(zhuǎn)速n=1500r/min，L型帶，查表得小帶輪最小許用齒數(shù) Z1=14，則大帶輪齒數(shù) Z2= i Z1，其中i= n1／n2=1500／350=4．286
Z2=4．286×14=60取標(biāo)準(zhǔn)帶輪齒敦==60
（2）確定帶輪節(jié)圓直徑
dI==Pb Z1/π=42.736mm
d2= Pb Z2/π=182mm
（3）確定同步帶的節(jié)線長(zhǎng)度L，
L= 2acosψ +π(d2+d1 )／2+πψ( d2-d1)／180
式中：ψ =sin-1 (d2-d1)/2a =0．218；12．6 (以a=100mm代入) 則L =150.54 選擇最接近計(jì)算值的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)
節(jié)線長(zhǎng)(見(jiàn)表4)L=160.20mm
（4）計(jì)算同步帶齒數(shù)z
Zb=Lp/Pb=160.20/9.525=17
（5）傳動(dòng)中心距n的計(jì)算
a=Pb( Z2-Z1)／2zcosθ
式中： inV =3．14l6 inVθ=tgθ-θ用逐步逼近法計(jì)算，θ=1．351 8(弧度)代入上式
得出a=102.45與精確計(jì)算結(jié)果相似。
最后測(cè)量裝置同步帶選用L型同步帶P= 9.525mm
ZB=17， L,= 150．20ram b．= 25.4mm
同步帶輪： Z1=14，Z2=60，dI==Pb Z1/π=42.736mm
d2= Pb Z2/π=182mm
3 自動(dòng)門(mén)控制系統(tǒng)方案的設(shè)計(jì)
3.1單片機(jī)的作用和功能
隨著半導(dǎo)體集成工藝的不斷發(fā)展，單片機(jī)的集成度將更高、體積將更小、功能將列強(qiáng)。在單片機(jī)家族中，80C51系列是其中的佼佼者，加之Intel公司將其MCS?–51系列中的80C51內(nèi)核使用權(quán)以專利互換或出售形式轉(zhuǎn)讓給全世界許多著名IC制造廠商，如Philips、?NEC、Atmel、AMD、華邦等，這些公司都在保持與80C51單片機(jī)兼容的基礎(chǔ)上改善了80C51的許多特性。這樣，80C51就變成有眾多制造廠商支持的、發(fā)展出上百品種的大家族，現(xiàn)統(tǒng)稱為80C51系列。80C51單片機(jī)已成為單片機(jī)發(fā)展的主流。專家認(rèn)為，雖然世界上的MCU品種繁多，功能各異，開(kāi)發(fā)裝置也互不兼容，但是客觀發(fā)展表明，80C51可能最終形成事實(shí)上的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)MCU芯片。??
STC89C51RC系列單片機(jī)是宏晶科技出的新一代高速/低功耗/超強(qiáng)抗干擾的單片機(jī)，指令代碼完全兼容傳統(tǒng)8051單片機(jī)，12時(shí)鐘/機(jī)器和6時(shí)鐘/機(jī)器可選，HD版本和90C版本內(nèi)部集成MAX810專用復(fù)位電路。89C52與89C51的區(qū)別在于51的程序空間為4K字節(jié)，而52程序空間為8K字節(jié)，其余性能與結(jié)構(gòu)相同。本論文以89C51RC系列來(lái)講述。單片機(jī)又稱單片微控制器,它不是完成某一個(gè)邏輯功能的芯片,而是把一個(gè)計(jì)算機(jī)系統(tǒng)集成到一個(gè)芯片上。相當(dāng)于一個(gè)微型的計(jì)算機(jī)，和計(jì)算機(jī)相比，單片機(jī)只缺少了I/O設(shè)備。概括的講：一塊芯片就成了一臺(tái)計(jì)算機(jī)。它的體積小、質(zhì)量輕、價(jià)格便宜、為學(xué)習(xí)、應(yīng)用和開(kāi)發(fā)提供了便利條件。同時(shí)，學(xué)習(xí)使用單片機(jī)是了解計(jì)算機(jī)原理與結(jié)構(gòu)的最佳選擇。單片機(jī)的使用領(lǐng)域已十分廣泛，如智能儀表、實(shí)時(shí)工控、通訊設(shè)備、導(dǎo)航系統(tǒng)、家用電器等。各種產(chǎn)品一旦用上了單片機(jī)，就能起到使產(chǎn)品升級(jí)換代的功效，常在產(chǎn)品名稱前冠以形容詞——“智能型”，如智能型洗衣機(jī)等。由于單片機(jī)體積小，使用方便的特點(diǎn)，被應(yīng)用在智能儀器上，再結(jié)合其他的傳感器之類的，可以實(shí)現(xiàn)對(duì)溫度、濕度等精密量的測(cè)量，功能十分的強(qiáng)大。同樣由于單片機(jī)的體積小、環(huán)境適應(yīng)能力強(qiáng)和使用方便等方面的優(yōu)點(diǎn)，單片機(jī)也被普遍應(yīng)用于工業(yè)控制上，比如多種多樣的通訊系統(tǒng)以及機(jī)器人等方面。此外，由于單片機(jī)的適應(yīng)能力很強(qiáng)，所以在我們常用的手機(jī)、電腦等物品上應(yīng)用十分廣泛。還有，醫(yī)院的醫(yī)療設(shè)備如呼吸機(jī)等也有單片機(jī)的廣泛應(yīng)用。還有就是汽車系統(tǒng)、物流系統(tǒng)、電力系統(tǒng)、通訊系統(tǒng)等都廣泛應(yīng)用單片機(jī)。其中，單片機(jī)的結(jié)構(gòu)圖如下：
3.2單片機(jī)的應(yīng)用場(chǎng)合
由于單片機(jī)有許多優(yōu)點(diǎn)，因此其應(yīng)用領(lǐng)域之廣，幾乎到了無(wú)孔不入的地步。單片機(jī)應(yīng)用的主要領(lǐng)域有：
1）智能化家用電器：各種家用電器普遍采用單片機(jī)智能化控制代替?zhèn)鹘y(tǒng)的電子線路控制，升級(jí)換代，提高檔次。如洗衣機(jī)、空調(diào)、電視機(jī)、錄像機(jī)、微波爐、電冰箱、電飯煲以及各種視聽(tīng)設(shè)備等。
2）辦公自動(dòng)化設(shè)備：現(xiàn)代辦公室使用的大量通信和辦公設(shè)備多數(shù)嵌入了單片機(jī)。如打印機(jī)、復(fù)印機(jī)、傳真機(jī)、繪圖機(jī)、考勤機(jī)、電話以及通用計(jì)算機(jī)中的鍵盤(pán)譯碼、磁盤(pán)驅(qū)動(dòng)等。
3）商業(yè)營(yíng)銷設(shè)備：在商業(yè)營(yíng)銷系統(tǒng)中已廣泛使用的電子稱、收款機(jī)、條形碼閱讀器、IC卡刷卡機(jī)、出租車計(jì)價(jià)器以及倉(cāng)儲(chǔ)安全監(jiān)測(cè)系統(tǒng)、商場(chǎng)保安系統(tǒng)、空氣調(diào)節(jié)系統(tǒng)、冷凍保險(xiǎn)系統(tǒng)等都采用了單片機(jī)控制。
4）工業(yè)自動(dòng)化控制：工業(yè)自動(dòng)化控制是最早采用單片機(jī)控制的領(lǐng)域之一。如各種測(cè)控系統(tǒng)、過(guò)程控制、機(jī)電一體化、PLC等。在化工、建筑、冶金等各種工業(yè)領(lǐng)域都要用到單片機(jī)控制。
5）智能化儀表：采用單片機(jī)的智能化儀表大大提升了儀表的檔次，強(qiáng)化了功能。如數(shù)據(jù)處理和存儲(chǔ)、故障診斷、聯(lián)網(wǎng)集控等。
6）智能化通信產(chǎn)品：最突出的是手機(jī)，當(dāng)然手機(jī)內(nèi)的芯片屬專用型單片機(jī)。
7）汽車電子產(chǎn)品：現(xiàn)代汽車的集中顯示系統(tǒng)、動(dòng)力監(jiān)測(cè)控制系統(tǒng)、自動(dòng)駕駛系統(tǒng)、通信系統(tǒng)和運(yùn)行監(jiān)視器（黑匣子）等都離不開(kāi)單片機(jī)。
8）航空航天系統(tǒng)和國(guó)防軍事、尖端武器等領(lǐng)域：?jiǎn)纹瑱C(jī)的應(yīng)用更是不言而喻。
單片機(jī)應(yīng)用的意義不僅在于它的廣闊范圍及所帶來(lái)的經(jīng)濟(jì)效益。更重要的意義在于，單片機(jī)的應(yīng)用從根本上改變了控制系統(tǒng)傳統(tǒng)的設(shè)計(jì)思想和設(shè)計(jì)方法。以前采用硬件電路實(shí)現(xiàn)的大部分控制功能，正在用單片機(jī)通過(guò)軟件方法來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)。以前自動(dòng)控制中的PID調(diào)節(jié)，現(xiàn)在可以用單片機(jī)實(shí)現(xiàn)具有智能化的數(shù)字計(jì)算控制、模糊控制和自適應(yīng)控制。這種以軟件取代硬件并能提高系統(tǒng)性能的控制技術(shù)稱為微控技術(shù)。隨著單片機(jī)應(yīng)用的推廣，微控制技術(shù)將不斷發(fā)展完善。
3.3傳感器的工作原理
本測(cè)量系統(tǒng)采用的是光穿透型光電傳感器，這里我們采用的是基恩士的LS-7000系列：
LS-7000 系列產(chǎn)品是一款高速、高精度的數(shù)字測(cè)微計(jì)，無(wú)需接觸目標(biāo)物即可對(duì)其尺寸進(jìn)行測(cè)量。該系列用途廣泛，可應(yīng)用于聯(lián)機(jī)測(cè)量和脫機(jī)測(cè)量。每秒 2400 次的高速采樣可以確保達(dá)到兩倍于普通型號(hào)的采樣速度。這樣就可以對(duì)擠壓制品進(jìn)行連續(xù)測(cè)量以及對(duì)運(yùn)動(dòng)工件進(jìn)行聯(lián)機(jī)測(cè)量。重復(fù)精度為 ±0.15 μm配備最新的光學(xué)系統(tǒng)，確保兩倍于普通型號(hào)的重復(fù)精度，從而為高精度產(chǎn)品的制造提供了有力的支持。連接兩個(gè)測(cè)量頭進(jìn)行雙渠道同步測(cè)量結(jié)合使用兩個(gè)測(cè)量頭可對(duì)兩個(gè)目標(biāo)物進(jìn)行同步測(cè)量。利用閾值更改功能對(duì)透明目標(biāo)物進(jìn)行穩(wěn)定的檢測(cè)DE 處理器支持閾值更改功能，這樣就可以對(duì)透明目標(biāo)物進(jìn)行穩(wěn)定的檢測(cè)。
高亮度 GaN 綠色 LED 輻射光能夠通過(guò)專用的散射模組和準(zhǔn)直裝置鏡頭變成均勻的平行光，并照射到測(cè)量范圍內(nèi)的目標(biāo)物上。然后目標(biāo)物的影像即通過(guò)遠(yuǎn)心光學(xué)系統(tǒng)顯示在HL-CCD (高速線性 CCD) 上。HL-CCD (高速線性) 的輸出入射信號(hào)將由控制器中的DE (數(shù)字邊緣檢測(cè)) 處理器和 CPU 進(jìn)行處理。因此，目標(biāo)物的尺寸規(guī)格就可以被顯示和輸出。
3.4故障檢測(cè)及顯示系統(tǒng)的構(gòu)成
在故障檢測(cè)電路中，配置了溫度和速度傳感器，用來(lái)監(jiān)測(cè)電機(jī)的工作情況， 從而實(shí)現(xiàn)電機(jī)過(guò)熱保護(hù)和門(mén)運(yùn)行障礙保護(hù)，同時(shí)還設(shè)置了電壓監(jiān)控電路，用于檢 測(cè)系統(tǒng)異常情況。檢測(cè)電路首先將檢測(cè)到的信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)換成電壓，然后經(jīng) ADC0809 轉(zhuǎn)換器變成數(shù)字信號(hào)，單片機(jī)定期讀取數(shù)據(jù)，一旦發(fā)現(xiàn)數(shù)據(jù)異常，即馬上采取相 應(yīng)的緊急措施， 向系統(tǒng)發(fā)出故障信號(hào)， 系統(tǒng)停止工作， 向故障顯示電路發(fā)出指令， 發(fā)出報(bào)警信號(hào)并顯示故障類型。
3.5門(mén)開(kāi)合行程的檢測(cè)
門(mén)行程檢測(cè)電路通過(guò)檢測(cè)門(mén)行程開(kāi)關(guān)的閉合情況來(lái)發(fā)送不同的信號(hào)， 使電機(jī) 改變轉(zhuǎn)速，進(jìn)而控制門(mén)運(yùn)行的速度以提高運(yùn)作效率，為了保護(hù)門(mén)不受到損害和保 證門(mén)運(yùn)行效率，在門(mén)行程檢測(cè)電路中設(shè)置了四個(gè)行程開(kāi)關(guān)。它們分別代表開(kāi)門(mén)極 限、程極限 1、行程極限 2、關(guān)門(mén)極限。門(mén)在開(kāi)啟過(guò)程中，分別經(jīng)過(guò)慢速、加速、 減速和停止四個(gè)過(guò)程，門(mén)的關(guān)閉過(guò)程則與上述過(guò)程相反。門(mén)運(yùn)行到極限位置時(shí)， 限位開(kāi)關(guān)動(dòng)作，單片機(jī)根據(jù)接收到響應(yīng)的信號(hào)，改變電機(jī)運(yùn)行速度。
4 硬件系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計(jì)
4.1電路電框圖的確定
紅外線自動(dòng)門(mén)控制系統(tǒng)的硬件框圖，如下所示。這個(gè)系統(tǒng)主要由AT89C51單片機(jī)及其外圍電路，一個(gè)紅外線檢測(cè)電路，步進(jìn)電動(dòng)機(jī)控制電路，故障檢測(cè)電路，故障顯示電路，控制方式切換電路等幾個(gè)部分組成。單個(gè)環(huán)路檢測(cè)的紅外線檢測(cè)電路和柵極沖程檢測(cè)電路的輸出信號(hào)，以產(chǎn)生步進(jìn)電機(jī)的控制信號(hào)，電動(dòng)機(jī)驅(qū)動(dòng)門(mén)動(dòng)作，系統(tǒng)檢測(cè)時(shí)，控制模式被改變，則系統(tǒng)進(jìn)入相應(yīng)的控制模式。如門(mén)在打開(kāi)時(shí)遇到有人或者其他障礙物時(shí)，系統(tǒng)就會(huì)通過(guò)單片機(jī)控制程序進(jìn)入故障處理程序。其硬件組成圖與結(jié)構(gòu)圖分別如下所示：
單片機(jī)結(jié)構(gòu)圖
由于將多功能8位CPU和閃爍存儲(chǔ)器組合在單個(gè)芯片中，ATMEL的AT89C51是一種高效微控制器，AT89C51是它的一種精簡(jiǎn)版本。AT89C51單片機(jī)為很多嵌入式控制系統(tǒng)性高且價(jià)廉的方案。芯片管腳如圖所示：
4.2 硬件系統(tǒng)總體邏輯圖的設(shè)計(jì)
在許多類型的自動(dòng)門(mén)傳感器中，我們選擇平移型感應(yīng)自動(dòng)門(mén)機(jī)作為此次設(shè)計(jì)的重點(diǎn)。首先，自動(dòng)門(mén)機(jī)組由以下部分組成：
（1） 主控制器：它是自動(dòng)門(mén)的指揮中心，通過(guò)內(nèi)部指令程序來(lái)控制整個(gè)門(mén)的動(dòng)作，并發(fā)出相應(yīng)的命令，指揮馬達(dá)或電動(dòng)門(mén)鎖系統(tǒng)；人們可以很方便地通過(guò)主控制器來(lái)調(diào)節(jié)門(mén)的打開(kāi)速度和范圍等等參數(shù)
（2）感應(yīng)探測(cè)器：負(fù)責(zé)采集外部信號(hào)，就像人的眼睛，當(dāng)有移動(dòng)的物體進(jìn)入它的工作范圍內(nèi)，它會(huì)反饋一個(gè)脈沖信號(hào)給主控制器。
（3）電動(dòng)機(jī)功率：提供開(kāi)放和關(guān)閉的主動(dòng)力，加速和減速控制門(mén)。
（4）當(dāng)門(mén)打開(kāi)和關(guān)閉再次完成感應(yīng)探測(cè)器探測(cè)到有人進(jìn)入脈沖信號(hào)的時(shí)候，中控系統(tǒng)接收到信號(hào)后，電機(jī)運(yùn)行。當(dāng)電機(jī)正轉(zhuǎn)時(shí)，門(mén)打開(kāi)，當(dāng)電機(jī)反轉(zhuǎn)時(shí)，自動(dòng)門(mén)關(guān)閉。
4.3 電路原理圖的確定
根據(jù)自動(dòng)門(mén)自動(dòng)控制系統(tǒng)的相關(guān)設(shè)定得出它的電路原理圖如下圖所示：
5 系統(tǒng)軟件的設(shè)計(jì)
整個(gè)系統(tǒng)軟件由主程序、開(kāi)門(mén)子程序，T0中斷服務(wù)程序、T1中斷服務(wù)程序，外部中斷服務(wù)子程序組成。主程序主要是完成系統(tǒng)初始化，中斷設(shè)置等功能。外部中斷程序的設(shè)置是為了確保紅外自動(dòng)門(mén)在無(wú)人的情況下自動(dòng)運(yùn)行。當(dāng)檢測(cè)到有人到訪時(shí)，自動(dòng)啟動(dòng)電機(jī)，從而達(dá)到自動(dòng)關(guān)閉門(mén)的目的。
5.1系統(tǒng)主程序流程圖的確定
系統(tǒng)主程序流程圖主要是反映了自動(dòng)門(mén)控制系統(tǒng)的控制邏輯，它代表了各個(gè)程序執(zhí)行的先后順序，本次設(shè)計(jì)的是自動(dòng)門(mén)控制系統(tǒng)，其主程序流程圖如下圖所示：
5.2開(kāi)門(mén)子程序流程圖的確定
已知在自動(dòng)門(mén)控制系統(tǒng)中，開(kāi)門(mén)子程序主要是執(zhí)行中控系統(tǒng)發(fā)出的脈沖信號(hào)，從而通過(guò)步進(jìn)電機(jī)來(lái)控制門(mén)的打開(kāi)的功能，其具體流程圖如下：
5.3 開(kāi)門(mén)中斷程序流程圖的確定
開(kāi)門(mén)中斷程序主要是為了防止有人或物在門(mén)打開(kāi)的過(guò)程中進(jìn)入，為了安全而設(shè)置的一個(gè)程序，其具體流程圖如下：
5.4 T1中斷服務(wù)程序流程圖的確定
5.5 程序源代碼的生成
主程序的生成：
開(kāi)門(mén)子程序的生成：
關(guān)門(mén)子程序的生成：
T0中斷服務(wù)程序的生成：
6 調(diào)試與檢測(cè)
6.1 自動(dòng)門(mén)控系統(tǒng)的調(diào)試
調(diào)試是為了確保自動(dòng)門(mén)的安全概率達(dá)到要求，以確保人身的安全。
系統(tǒng)的操作必須符合以下條件：
1、門(mén)必須實(shí)現(xiàn)自動(dòng)控制，必須特別注意需要控制滾輪的重量和門(mén)相匹配的重量以及尺寸符合技術(shù)規(guī)范的要求。
2、確保門(mén)是傾斜的滑動(dòng)。
3、確保門(mén)在活動(dòng)過(guò)程中運(yùn)動(dòng)軌跡準(zhǔn)確，無(wú)摩擦等任何異常現(xiàn)象發(fā)生。
4、確保地面條件結(jié)實(shí)以確保門(mén)在安裝固定好后牢固，不動(dòng)搖。
5、仔細(xì)檢查上面的引導(dǎo)和限制機(jī)械塊安裝到位。
6.2 自動(dòng)門(mén)行程的檢測(cè)
門(mén)行程檢測(cè)電路通過(guò)檢測(cè)門(mén)行程開(kāi)關(guān)的閉合情況來(lái)發(fā)送不同的信號(hào)，使電機(jī)改變轉(zhuǎn)速，進(jìn)而控制門(mén)運(yùn)行的速度以提高運(yùn)作效率，為了保護(hù)門(mén)不受到損害和保證門(mén)運(yùn)行效率，在門(mén)行程檢測(cè)電路中設(shè)置了四個(gè)行程開(kāi)關(guān)。它們分別代表開(kāi)門(mén)極限、行程極限1、行程極限2、關(guān)門(mén)極限。門(mén)在開(kāi)啟過(guò)程中，分別經(jīng)過(guò)慢速、加速、減速和停止四個(gè)過(guò)程，門(mén)的關(guān)閉過(guò)程則與上述過(guò)程相反。門(mén)運(yùn)行到極限位置時(shí)，限位開(kāi)關(guān)動(dòng)作，單片機(jī)根據(jù)接收到響應(yīng)的信號(hào)，改變電機(jī)運(yùn)行速度。?
在故障檢測(cè)電路中，配置了溫度和速度傳感器，用來(lái)監(jiān)測(cè)電機(jī)的工作情況，從而實(shí)現(xiàn)電機(jī)過(guò)熱保護(hù)和門(mén)運(yùn)行障礙保護(hù)，同時(shí)還設(shè)置了電壓監(jiān)控電路，用于檢測(cè)系統(tǒng)異常情況。
檢測(cè)電路首先將檢測(cè)到的信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)換成電壓，然后經(jīng)單片機(jī)內(nèi)部的戶以轉(zhuǎn)換器變成數(shù)字信號(hào)，單片機(jī)定期讀取數(shù)據(jù)，一旦發(fā)現(xiàn)數(shù)據(jù)異常，即馬上采取相應(yīng)的緊急措施，向系統(tǒng)發(fā)出故障信號(hào)，系統(tǒng)停止工作，向故障顯示電路發(fā)出指令，發(fā)出報(bào)警信號(hào)并顯示故障類型。
結(jié)論
時(shí)光荏苒，一晃就半年過(guò)去了，在這幾個(gè)月的時(shí)間了，我不僅復(fù)習(xí)所學(xué)的知識(shí)，而且還獲得新的經(jīng)驗(yàn)與啟示，在各種軟件的使用找到的資料或圖紙?jiān)O(shè)計(jì)，會(huì)遇到不清楚的作業(yè)，老師和學(xué)生都能給予及時(shí)的指導(dǎo)，確保設(shè)計(jì)進(jìn)度，本文所設(shè)計(jì)的是基于單片機(jī)的自動(dòng)門(mén)控制系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計(jì)，通過(guò)初期的定稿，查資料和開(kāi)始正式做畢設(shè)，讓我系統(tǒng)地了解到了所學(xué)知識(shí)的重要性，從而讓我更加深刻地體會(huì)到做一門(mén)學(xué)問(wèn)不易，需要不斷鉆研，不斷進(jìn)取才可要做的好，總之，本設(shè)計(jì)完成了老師和同學(xué)的幫助下，在這里，我向幫助我的老師和同學(xué)們表示感謝，沒(méi)有大家共同的努力，今天的我起不到這個(gè)成就。
致謝
本文所設(shè)計(jì)的是基于單片機(jī)的自動(dòng)門(mén)控制系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計(jì)，原理比較簡(jiǎn)單，功能實(shí)用，設(shè)計(jì)比較合理。在論文完成之際，我首先向我的導(dǎo)師致以衷心的感謝和崇高的敬意！在這期間，導(dǎo)師在學(xué)業(yè)上嚴(yán)格要求，精心指導(dǎo)，在生活上給了我無(wú)微不至的關(guān)懷，給了我人生的啟迪，使我在順利的完成學(xué)業(yè)階段的學(xué)業(yè)的同時(shí)，也學(xué)到了很多做人的道理，明確了人生目標(biāo)。導(dǎo)師嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)?shù)闹螌W(xué)態(tài)度，淵博的學(xué)識(shí)，實(shí)事求是的作風(fēng)，平易近人、寬以待人和豁達(dá)的胸懷，深深感染著我，使我深受啟發(fā)，必將終生受益。經(jīng)過(guò)近半年努力的設(shè)計(jì)與計(jì)算，論文終于可以完成了，我的心里無(wú)比的激動(dòng)。雖然它不是最完美的，也不是最好的，但是在我心里，它是我最珍惜的，因?yàn)樗俏矣眯?、用汗水成就的，也是我在大學(xué)四年來(lái)對(duì)所學(xué)知識(shí)的應(yīng)用和體現(xiàn)。四年的學(xué)習(xí)和生活，不僅豐富了我的知識(shí)，而且鍛煉了我的能力，更重要的是從周圍的老師和同學(xué)們身上潛移默化的學(xué)到了許多。在此，向他們表示深深的謝意與美好的祝愿。
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Mechanical design theory research and discussion
The machine design is through designs the new product or improves the old product to meet the human need the application technical science. It involves the project technology each domain, mainly studies the product the size, the shape and the detailed structure basic idea, but also must study the product the personnel which in aspect the and so on manufacture, sale and use question.
Carries on each kind of machine design work to be usually called designs the personnel or machine design engineer. The machine design is a creative work. Project engineer not only must have the creativity in the work, but also must in aspect and so on mechanical drawing, kinematics, engineerig material, materials mechanics and machine manufacture technology has the deep elementary knowledge.
If front sues, the machine design goal is the production can meet the human need the product. The invention, the discovery and technical knowledge itself certainly not necessarily can bring the advantage to the humanity, only has when they are applied can produce on the product the benefit. Thus, should realize to carries on before the design in a specific product, must first determine whether the people do need this kind of product
Must regard as the machine design is the machine design personnel carries on using creative ability the product design, the system analysis and a formulation product manufacture technology good opportunity. Grasps the project ANSYS software design and knowledge to have to memorize some data and the formula is more important than. The merely service data and the formula is insufficient to the completely decision which makes in a good design needs. On the other hand, should be earnest precisely carries on all operations. For example, even if places wrong a decimal point position, also can cause the correct design to turn wrongly
A good design personnel should dare to propose the new idea, moreover is willing to undertake the certain risk, when the new method is not suitable, use original method. Therefore, designs the personnel to have to have to have the patience, because spends the time and the endeavor certainly cannot guarantee brings successfully. A brand-new design, the request screen abandons obsoletely many, knows very well the method for the people. Because many person of conservativeness, does this certainly is not an easy matter. A mechanical designer should unceasingly explore the improvement existing product the method, should earnestly choose originally, the process confirmation principle of design in this process, with has not unified it after the confirmation new idea.
Newly designs itself can have the question occurrence which many flaws and has not been able to expect, only has after these flaws and the question are solved, can manifest new goods come into the market the product superiority. Therefore, a performance superior product is born at the same time, also is following a higher risk. Should emphasize, if designs itself does not request to use the brand-new method, is not unnecessary merely for the goal which transform to use the new method.
In the design preliminary stage, should allow to design the personnel fully to display the creativity, not each kind of restraint. Even if has had many impractical ideas, also can in the design early time, namely in front of the plan blueprint is corrected. Only then, only then does not send to stops up the innovation the mentality. Usually, must propose several sets of design proposals, then perform the comparison. Has the possibility very much in the plan which finally designated, has used certain not in plan some ideas which accepts.
How does the psychologist frequently discuss causes the machine which the people adapts them to operate. Designs personnel''s basic responsibility is diligently causes the machine to adapt the people. This certainly is not an easy work, because certainly does not have to all people to say in fact all is the most superior operating area and the operating process.
Another important question, project engineer must be able to carry on the exchange and the consultation with other concerned personnel. In the initial stage, designs the personnel to have to carry on the exchange and the consultation on the preliminary design with the administrative personnel, and is approved. This generally is through the oral discussion, the schematic diagram and the writing material carries on. In order to carry on the effective exchange, needs to solve the following problem:
(1) designs whether this product truly does need for the people? Whether there is competitive ability
(2) does this product compare with other companies'' existing similar products?
(3) produces this kind of product is whether economical?
(4) product service is whether convenient?
(5) product whether there is sale? Whether may gain?
Only has the time to be able to produce the correct answer to above question. But, the product design, the manufacture and the sale only can in carry on to the above question preliminary affirmation answer foundation in. Project engineer also should through the detail drawing and the assembly drawing, carries on the consultation together with the branch of manufacture to the finally design proposal
Usually, can have some problem in the manufacture process. Possibly can request to some components size or the common difference makes some changes, causes the components the production to change easily. But, in the project change must have to pass through designs the personnel to authorize, guaranteed cannot damage the product the function. Sometimes, when in front of product assembly or in the packing foreign shipment experiment only then discovers in the design some kind of flaw. These instances exactly showed the design is a dynamic process. Always has a better method to complete the design work, designs the personnel to be supposed unceasingly diligently, seeks these better method.
Recent year, the engineerig material choice already appeared importantly. In addition, the choice process should be to the material continuously the unceasing again appraisal process. The new material unceasingly appears, but some original materials can obtain the quantity possibly can reduce. The environmental pollution, material recycling aspect and so on use, worker''s health and security frequently can attach the new limiting condition to the choice of material. In order to reduce the weight or saves the energy, possibly can request the use different material. Comes from domestic and international competition, to product service maintenance convenience request enhancement and customer''s aspect the and so on feedback pressure, can urge the people to carry on to the material reappraises. Because the material does not select when created the product responsibility lawsuit, has already had the profound influence. In addition, the material and between the material processing interdependence is already known by the people clearly. Therefore, in order to can and guarantees the quality in the reasonable cost under the premise to obtain satisfaction the result, project engineer makes engineers all to have earnestly carefully to choose, the determination and the use material.
Makes any product the first step of work all is designs. Designs usually may divide into several explicit stages: (a) preliminary design; (b) functional design; (c) production design. In the preliminary design stage, the designer emphatically considered the product should have function. Usually must conceive and consider several plans, then decided this kind of thought is whether feasible; If is feasible, then should makes the further improvement to or several plans. In this stage, the question which only must consider about the choice of material is: Whether has the performance to conform to the request material to be possible to supply the choice; If no, whether has a bigger assurance all permits in the cost and the time in the limit develops one kind of new material.
In the functional design and the engineering design stage, needs to make a practical feasible design. Must draw up the quite complete blueprint in this stage, chooses and determines each kind of components the material. Usually must make the prototype or the working model, and carries on the experiment to it, the appraisal product function, the reliability, the outward appearance and the service maintenance and so on. Although this kind of experiment possibly can indicate, enters in the product to the production base in front of, should replace certain materials, but, absolutely cannot this point take not earnestly chooses the material the excuse. Should unify the product the function, earnestly carefully considers the product the outward appearance, the cost and the reliability. Has the achievement very much the company when manufacture all prototypes, selects the material should the material which uses with its production in be same, and uses the similar manufacture technology as far as possible. Like this has the advantage very much to the company. The function complete prototype if cannot act according to the anticipated sales volume economically to make, or is prototypical and the official production installment has in the quality and the reliable aspect is very greatly different, then this kind of prototype does not have the great value. Project engineer is best can completely complete the material in this stage the analysis, the choice and the determination work, but is not remains it to the production design stage does. Because, is carries on in the production design stage material replacement by other people, these people are inferior to project engineer to the product all functions understanding. In the production design stage, is should completely determine with the material related main question the material, causes them to adapt with the existing equipment, can use the existing equipment economically to carry on the processing, moreover the material quantity can quite be easy to guarantee the supply.
In the manufacture process, inevitably can appear to uses the material to make some changes the situation. The experience indicated that, may use certain cheap materials to take the substitute. However, in the majority situation, in will carry on the production later to change the material to have in to start before the production to change the price which the material will spend to have to be higher than. Completes the choice of material work in the design stage, may avoid the most such situations. Started after the production manufacture to appear has been possible to supply the use the new material is replaces the material the most common reason. Certainly, these new materials possibly reduce the cost, the improvement product performance. But, must carry on the earnest appraisal to the new material, guarantees its all performance all to answer the purpose. Must remember that, the new material performance and the reliable very few pictures materials on hand such understood for the people. The majority of products expiration and the product accident caused by negligence case is because in selects the new material to take in front of substitution material, not truly understood their long-term operational performance causes.Pneumatic manipulator is a automated devices that can mimic the human hand and arm movements to do something，aslo can according to a fixed procedure to moving objects or control tools. It can replace the heavy labor in order to achieve the production mechanization and automation, and can work in dangerous working environments to protect the personal safety, Therefore widely used in machine building, metallurgy, electronics, light industry and atomic energy sectors.Along with change with each passing day of science and technology, the high-speed tool machine of gears gets the favor of the molding tool manufactories increasingly, the high speed slice the essence for pare be the knife have of run about of length walk in the in a short time over, because of the good characteristic of its oneself, can with significantly the exaltation process the efficiency, thus can lower the production cost. he high-speed gears process the turn of center and can amount to the 40000 r/ min soon, the local usage is more currently, sex price has the German DMG production the high-speed machine more and goodly. But the usage of the high-speed machine exists a lot of problems currently, first is to weave the distance, a lot of plaits distance the personnel usually feel vacant to frighten into inaction in the high-speed machine in front, don't know how adopt to slice to pare the dosage, currently the gears plait distance of most molding tool factories the personnel are all in the factory to grow up with teacher from the apprentice of, they usually have abundant fulfillment experience, but be in need of the theories leading of the system, is experience and fillings towards slicing the understanding of pare the dosage, usually with what to borrow, but these experiences and felling are in the low speed gears tool machine backlog. So, faced the high-speed machine hour to can not find to fragment . Still need to consider the material and degree of hardness's of process the work pieces the next in order, the material is harder, slicing to pare the dosage to correspond to take the small value. Is also very important with the function that the knife have, because the knife that you choose has to decide you can use of turn soon, come to a decision it is commonness that tool machine process still process the high speed process. So, only chose to use the high-speed knife, then can give a homologous high speed, carry on high speed's process. And a parameter of knife of different company also is a vast difference between the two, so the plait distance personnel needs to process related technique data that knife have. Compared with the common low speed gears tool machine, is certain because of the power of the tool machine, the principal axis become soon and more quick, it can bear of slice and pare dint will more small, at a high speed When the machine process, eat the amount of knife and correspond and want to be small. Only have, process tool machine, knife material, process the property etc. the knot puts together and then can grope for slice to pare the dosage the best, producing the best production efficiency. Aim at this kind of circumstance, can adopt the following after weigh of process the craft
This article is mainly of the pneumatic manipulator the overall design, and pneumatic design. This mechanism of manipulator includes cylinders and claws and connectors parts, it can move according to the due track on the movement of grabbing, carrying and unloading. The pneumatic part of the design is primarily to choose the right valves and design a reasonable pneumatic control loop, by controlling and regulating pressure, flow and direction of the compressed air to make it get the necessary strength, speed and changed the direction of movement in the prescribed procedure work.
It can replace the heavy labor in order to achieve the production mechanization and automation, and can work in dangerous working environments to protect the personal safety, Therefore widely used in machine building, metallurgy, electronics, light industry and atomic .The principle, technical pare-maters, transmiting system and main parts structure of mincing ma-chine were introduced. The productingcapacity was analysed.Keywords Mincing machine Holds plate Cutting blade Transfer auger
This paper discusses the meat processing machinery - crusher working principle, main technical parameters, transmission system, the typical parts of the structure design and production capacity analysis.
The product responsibility lawsuit forces designs the personnel and the company when the choice material, uses the best procedure. In the material process, five most common questions are: (a) did not understand or cannot use about the material application aspect most newly the best information paper; (b) has not been able to foresee and to consider the dusk year possible reasonable use (for example to have the possibility, designs the personnel also to be supposed further to forecast and the consideration because product application method not when creates consequence.
In recent years many products responsibilities lawsuit case, because wrongly uses the plaintiff which the product receives the injury to accuse produces the factory, and wins the decision); uses the material data not entire perhaps some data are indefinite, works as its long-term performance data is the like this time in particular; the quality control method is not suitable and not after the confirmation; the personnel which completely is not competent for the post by some chooses the material.
Through to the above five questions analysis, may obtain these questions is does not have the sufficient reason existence the conclusion. May for avoid these questions to these questions research analyses the appearance indicating the direction. Although uses the best choice of material method not to be able to avoid having the product responsibility lawsuit, designs the personnel and the industry carries on the choice of material according to the suitable procedure, may greatly reduce the lawsuit the quantity.
May see from the above discussion, the choice material people should to the material nature, the characteristic and the processing method have comprehensive and the basic understanding.Because the country is in keeping with currently heavy slice to pare the tool machine a lot of, process the fee also cheap, the knife have also cheap. But the general work piece process to have great capacity, the accuracy request is not high. Owing to this kind of circumstance, can use to imitate the form Miller or numbers to control the Miller to slice the big part to pare the quantity to complete( heavy slice to pare), leave the 2-3 mms to process the amount of remaining, slice the surplus to pare the quantity on board complete quickly in the high-speed gears carvings. Turn into the high speed after slice pare because process the object to have already near to take shape, so the first knife slices to pare the quantity very even, the knife that can adopt to import have, the knife have although expensive, process time short, slice to pare the quantity not big, so the function price ratio is very good. For the small scaled molding tool, process the amount of remaining not big, then can process the mission all to all carve in the gears computer on board complete. We made use of the gears computer the carvings machine that my school by oneself design to carry on the trial well, because of carvings the principal axis of the machine turns to be up to the 40000 r/min soon, can carry on high speed's process availably. Used for a capacity inside the model or convex molds that the high speed processes the complicated molding tool, can adopt the diameter to used for a nose of a blade knife( allow the line speed 380 ms/ min) of the 8-10 mms thick process, use the 6-8 mms of a blade ball knife nicety process.
For example, the high speed processes a molding tool of small scaled cellular phone, that spare parts contain many keys and a capacity inside the model of the screen, is a typical model spare parts of much more complicated curved face, the material of the molding tool is the T10 tool steel, the knife have for German tile especially the company takes to draw the layer of R3 double blade ball head knife, the knife has the line speed 200 ms/ min, the principal axis turn soon 1.1-20,000 r/ min, the knife has to eat the knife depth 0.5-0.8 mms, entering to the speed 5 ms/ min, the knife has th
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