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河南理工大學(xué)萬方科技學(xué)院
本科畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）中期檢查表
指導(dǎo)教師： 職稱：
所在系部（單位）：機(jī)械與動力工程學(xué)院 教研室（研究室）： 機(jī)設(shè)教研室
題 目
顎式破碎機(jī)的結(jié)構(gòu)和電氣部分設(shè)計(jì)
學(xué)生姓名
專業(yè)班級
學(xué)號
一、選題質(zhì)量
（主要從以下四個(gè)方面填寫：1、選題是否符合專業(yè)培養(yǎng)目標(biāo)，能否體現(xiàn)綜合訓(xùn)練要求；2、題目難易程度；
3題目工作量；4、題目與生產(chǎn)、科研、經(jīng)濟(jì)、社會、文化及實(shí)驗(yàn)室建設(shè)等實(shí)際的結(jié)合程度）
所選的題目與書本學(xué)習(xí)知識聯(lián)系緊密,比較貼近生產(chǎn)實(shí)際情況，比較有代表性;
中批量生產(chǎn)，具有非常大的發(fā)揮空間和巧活多樣的設(shè)計(jì)思路，對于本科機(jī)設(shè)專業(yè)的
學(xué)生來說，題目難度適中; 課題對學(xué)生的專業(yè)素質(zhì)要求較高，并且該題目由該同學(xué)
單獨(dú)完成，具有較高的工作量;選題完全符合專業(yè)培養(yǎng)目標(biāo)，并屬于先進(jìn)制造工藝的
一種,對即將畢業(yè)的學(xué)生的再學(xué)習(xí)有較好的指引作用,綜合訓(xùn)練的要求也得到充分的
體現(xiàn)。
二、開題報(bào)告完成情況
開題報(bào)告已經(jīng)完成。
從適合實(shí)際工作環(huán)境出發(fā)，確定了明確的課題設(shè)計(jì)方向；對顎式破碎機(jī)的結(jié)構(gòu)和工作過程已經(jīng)有了一定的認(rèn)識了解。已經(jīng)對課題進(jìn)行了設(shè)計(jì)、分析，并有了突破性的進(jìn)展。同時(shí)，已完成了對相關(guān)資料的查閱，對課題有了總體的分析，開題報(bào)告完成質(zhì)量較高。
三、階段性成果
1、本次設(shè)計(jì)的開題報(bào)告已經(jīng)完成，總體布置方案和主要結(jié)構(gòu)參數(shù)已確定，并完成一些標(biāo)準(zhǔn)件的選型及和大多數(shù)零部件的設(shè)計(jì)計(jì)算工作。
2、部分零件圖的繪制已經(jīng)基本完成，設(shè)計(jì)說明書已經(jīng)開始整理。
3、英文翻譯工作已經(jīng)基本完成，現(xiàn)在正對一些結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)進(jìn)行校核。
四、存在主要問題
由于專業(yè)基礎(chǔ)知識學(xué)習(xí)不夠深入，設(shè)計(jì)經(jīng)驗(yàn)欠缺，參考資料收集有限，設(shè)計(jì)主題
思路把握不夠，簡單問題解決不夠靈活；另外沒有仿真軟件的支持，無法確定設(shè)計(jì)是
否有應(yīng)有的設(shè)計(jì)效果，并且有較多的專業(yè)相關(guān)知識的綜合運(yùn)用，所遇需要進(jìn)一步更
多細(xì)致耐心的工作。
五、指導(dǎo)教師對學(xué)生在畢業(yè)實(shí)習(xí)中，勞動、學(xué)習(xí)紀(jì)律及畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）進(jìn)展等方面的評語
指導(dǎo)教師： （簽名）
年 月 日
畢
業(yè)
實(shí)
習(xí)
報(bào)
告
學(xué)校：
專業(yè)：
姓名：
學(xué)號：
一、畢業(yè)實(shí)習(xí)目的
畢業(yè)實(shí)習(xí)是學(xué)生在校結(jié)束了全部理論課程和實(shí)踐教學(xué)環(huán)節(jié)以后所進(jìn)行的一個(gè)大型綜合性實(shí)踐教學(xué)環(huán)節(jié)。其目的在于對學(xué)生進(jìn)行理論聯(lián)系實(shí)際的全面的工程技術(shù)訓(xùn)練,并根據(jù)設(shè)計(jì)題目要求搜集必要的設(shè)計(jì)資料,解決本專業(yè)范圍內(nèi)的工程技術(shù)問題,培養(yǎng)學(xué)生綜合應(yīng)用所學(xué)理論和實(shí)踐知識的能力,培養(yǎng)與工人相結(jié)合,與生產(chǎn)相結(jié)合,向?qū)嵺`學(xué)習(xí)、理論聯(lián)系實(shí)際、科學(xué)嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)?shù)墓ぷ髯黠L(fēng)。通過實(shí)習(xí)使學(xué)生學(xué)會如何進(jìn)行技術(shù)調(diào)查研究、擬定設(shè)計(jì)方案、技術(shù)設(shè)計(jì)經(jīng)濟(jì)分析。通過畢業(yè)實(shí)習(xí),收集相關(guān)的資料,為畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)做好準(zhǔn)備。保證畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)的順利完成。
二、 畢業(yè)實(shí)習(xí)要求
1、明確實(shí)習(xí)任務(wù),認(rèn)真學(xué)習(xí)實(shí)習(xí)大綱,提高對實(shí)習(xí)的認(rèn)識,做好思想準(zhǔn)備。
2、認(rèn)真完成實(shí)習(xí)內(nèi)容,按規(guī)定記實(shí)習(xí)筆記,撰寫實(shí)習(xí)報(bào)告,收集相關(guān)資料。
3、虛心向技術(shù)人員學(xué)習(xí),尊重知識,尊重他人,甘當(dāng)小學(xué)生。及時(shí)整理實(shí)習(xí)報(bào)告等。不斷提高分析問題、解決問題的能力。
4、自覺遵守學(xué)校、實(shí)習(xí)單位的有關(guān)規(guī)章制度,服從實(shí)習(xí)教師的指導(dǎo),培養(yǎng)良好的風(fēng)氣。
5、實(shí)習(xí)結(jié)束后,應(yīng)在規(guī)定時(shí)間內(nèi)交齊實(shí)習(xí)筆記、實(shí)習(xí)報(bào)告等。
三、畢業(yè)實(shí)習(xí)地點(diǎn)
1、中國濟(jì)南國際會展中心
2、肥城礦務(wù)局機(jī)械廠
四、畢業(yè)實(shí)習(xí)內(nèi)容
(一)中國濟(jì)南國際會展中心《機(jī)床展覽會》參觀實(shí)習(xí)本著加深對專業(yè)知識的理解,擴(kuò)大知識面、認(rèn)清專業(yè)發(fā)展方向,了解當(dāng)前中國機(jī)械工業(yè)發(fā)展現(xiàn)狀的目的,我們到濟(jì)南國際機(jī)械展覽會,參觀了機(jī)床設(shè)備及工藝裝備。我們借助于機(jī)床展覽會的特點(diǎn),了解到了當(dāng)前先進(jìn)機(jī)床的技術(shù)、機(jī)床的發(fā)展方向、當(dāng)代制造技術(shù)發(fā)展的新水平。從多方面了解不同的金屬切削機(jī)床、組合機(jī)床、電加工及特種加工機(jī)床、數(shù)控機(jī)床、加工中心等加工設(shè)備的結(jié)構(gòu)、組成。專用機(jī)床與鍛壓機(jī)械、折彎機(jī)械、相關(guān)加工設(shè)備等;機(jī)床新型配套件、機(jī)床元部件、附件及輔助設(shè)備;量具量儀、刀具、工件夾裝置、磨料磨具;快速成型技術(shù)及設(shè)備,檢查、測量和試驗(yàn)設(shè)備、激光等;各類模具、模具材料、模具標(biāo)準(zhǔn)件、模具檢測設(shè)備及模具加工設(shè)備;控制系統(tǒng)(NCC、DNC、PLC)及柔性加工系統(tǒng)(FMC、FMS);機(jī)械制造新工藝、新材料、新技術(shù)、新裝備。通過展覽廠家的設(shè)備演示了解相關(guān)零件的加工工藝流程并收集了相關(guān)資料。通過聽取機(jī)床展覽會開展的學(xué)術(shù)交流會了解機(jī)械行業(yè)的研究方向和發(fā)展趨勢開闊眼界。在展覽會上我們了解了國內(nèi)外許多知名廠商:浙江于環(huán)航空器材,上海歐地系機(jī)電、機(jī)寧海博卡特切割焊接、廈門西霸士、安良科技、正翔機(jī)械、華興數(shù)控、山大液壓、國鋒塑機(jī)、美國邦納傳感器、榮泰電爐、遠(yuǎn)達(dá)鋸業(yè)、金豐達(dá)實(shí)業(yè)、濟(jì)南一機(jī)、浙江恒力機(jī)械、河南超硬刀具、廣泰數(shù)控、天津華實(shí)工程、魯南機(jī)床等企業(yè)生產(chǎn)的各類數(shù)控加工設(shè)備,測量儀器,工具和量具看到了很多先進(jìn)的機(jī)械制造設(shè)備和先進(jìn)的加工工藝裝備。數(shù)控機(jī)床、加工中心是展會的一大主題:1.廣泰數(shù)孔展出的RET-150iM銑削加工中心數(shù)控系統(tǒng),該機(jī)床的功能非常強(qiáng)大,數(shù)孔系統(tǒng)的功能特征:(1)直線、圓弧、螺旋線插補(bǔ);鉆孔、鏜孔、攻絲等多種固定循環(huán)加工宏指令;全屏幕編輯系統(tǒng),前后臺操作,可實(shí)現(xiàn)加工過程中可同時(shí)進(jìn)行編程、參數(shù)修改等操作;加工前,二維和三維圖形預(yù)覽及仿真運(yùn)行;加工過程中,坐標(biāo)顯示、二維和三維圖形顯示任意切換,且圖形可任意放大、縮小、平移和旋轉(zhuǎn);加工過程中,單段與連續(xù)隨意切換;任意程序段開始加工,任意刀具號開始加工;主軸、進(jìn)給速度實(shí)時(shí)修調(diào);實(shí)時(shí)全方位自診斷功能,實(shí)時(shí)顯示系統(tǒng)各種狀態(tài),可實(shí)現(xiàn)多級密碼保護(hù),如程序、參數(shù)保護(hù),方便現(xiàn)場設(shè)備管理,分進(jìn)給、轉(zhuǎn)進(jìn)給,公制、英制輸入方式,機(jī)床回基準(zhǔn)點(diǎn),各軸獨(dú)立自動背隙及存儲型螺距誤差補(bǔ)償。刀具長度自動補(bǔ)償,刀具半徑補(bǔ)償自動內(nèi)、外尖角過渡,各軸最大速度、升降速獨(dú)立設(shè)置,比例縮放,坐標(biāo)系旋轉(zhuǎn),鏡像功能,編程單位公英制切換功能,輔助軸角度、位移編程設(shè)置,多組坐標(biāo)系設(shè)定,最大行程軟、硬限位功能,豐富的刀具管理功能:99把刀具(每把刀具4個(gè)刀沿)的管理能力;多達(dá)99組刀具壽命管理組的功能,可控制多種刀庫,適應(yīng)不同類型機(jī)床。(2)中英文界面切換,顯示當(dāng)前時(shí)間,開機(jī)時(shí)間,單件時(shí)間,加工時(shí)間等信息,各種插補(bǔ)指令功能及M、S、T功能等。兼容國外主流數(shù)控系統(tǒng)指令代碼,多數(shù)程序無需修改可直接運(yùn)行,USB可移動U盤拷貝接口,并可實(shí)現(xiàn)U盤DNC功能,實(shí)現(xiàn)外接海量存貯器;RS232通訊接口傳輸速率達(dá)115200bit,用于程序參數(shù)的傳送和RS232DNC功能,程序預(yù)處理功能,可實(shí)現(xiàn)程序段(行)之間平滑無縫連接,特別適用于模具加工和雕銑設(shè)備,系統(tǒng)內(nèi)置PLC功能,并可在線編輯。(3)結(jié)構(gòu)特點(diǎn):高性能32位嵌入式工業(yè)級微處理器,32MB用戶存儲空間,8.4英寸真彩色/7.5英寸單色液晶顯示器,工業(yè)級DSP、FPG組成運(yùn)動控制核心,內(nèi)置I/O數(shù)為118X46的PLC功能,雙路模擬量輸出接口,RS232接口、USB接口面板前置,波段開關(guān)、手脈(面板式、手持式)接口。2.TH5680B立式加工中心機(jī)床性能:該機(jī)床是較大型單柱立式加工中心,數(shù)控系統(tǒng)采用德國SIENS840D系統(tǒng),XYZ三坐標(biāo)光柵尺均為德國海德漢原裝進(jìn)口,定位準(zhǔn)確、穩(wěn)定,三坐標(biāo)重復(fù)定位精度均小于0.013mm。在一次裝夾中能夠自動連續(xù)完成銑、鉆、擴(kuò)、鉸、鏜、攻絲及兩維、三維曲面、斜面的精確加工。適用于單件和中、小批量生產(chǎn),可節(jié)省工裝、縮短生產(chǎn)周期、保證質(zhì)量、提高生產(chǎn)效率。是箱體、殼體、模具、盤類等復(fù)雜零件的現(xiàn)代化理想加工設(shè)備。主要技術(shù)參數(shù):工作臺面積 800 ×1950 mm工作臺承重 3000 kg工作臺T型槽寬 ×個(gè)數(shù) 22H8 mm ×5行程:X 工作臺左右移動 2100 mmY 滑座前后移動 800 mmZ 主軸上下移動 850 mm刀庫容量 32 把最大刀具直徑/長度 φ125/349 mm(相鄰空位φ190 mm)換刀時(shí)間 (刀-刀) 3 S重復(fù)定位精度X 0.013 mmY 0.010 mmZ 0.012 mm3.TH65125×125B/3臥式加工中心機(jī)床性能:該機(jī)床是引進(jìn)德國制造技術(shù)生產(chǎn)的產(chǎn)品。數(shù)控系統(tǒng)采用德國SIENS公司840D 系統(tǒng)。B座標(biāo)采用進(jìn)口圓光柵測量、閉環(huán)控制、分度精度高、運(yùn)行可靠;X 、Y、Z三坐標(biāo)配光柵尺直接測量,實(shí)現(xiàn)閉環(huán)控制;光柵尺均采用德國海登漢產(chǎn)品。該機(jī)床應(yīng)用廣泛,最適于復(fù)雜箱體多工作面的銑、鉆、鏜、鉸、攻絲、二維、三維曲面等多種工序加工,具有在一次裝夾中完成箱體孔系和平面多工序精確加工的良好性能,非常適合于箱體孔的調(diào)頭鏜削加工。機(jī)床配有雙交換工作臺,加工效率更高。主要技術(shù)參數(shù):工作臺尺寸1250×1250mm最大載荷3000kg工作臺數(shù)量2工作臺T型槽 22×7工作臺最大行程 X2000mm主軸箱最大行程 Y1200mm立柱最大行程Z1200mm主軸行程W500mm工作臺回轉(zhuǎn)B360 °/0.001°刀庫容量 60 把刀具最大重量 25kg刀具最大長度 400mm刀具最大直徑 125mm (相鄰刀套空位250mm)換刀時(shí)間 9S4.TKP6513B數(shù)控刨臺臥式銑鏜床機(jī)床性能:該機(jī)床為數(shù)控刨臺臥式銑鏜床,六軸數(shù)控,任意三軸聯(lián)動,具備粗、精加工能力?；剞D(zhuǎn)工作臺可任意位置精確定位,可進(jìn)行四面加工,高精度調(diào)頭鏜加工。主傳動系統(tǒng)采用調(diào)速電機(jī)與兩級機(jī)械變速相結(jié)合,軸承采用轉(zhuǎn)速高、剛性好、精度高的進(jìn)口軸承。機(jī)床的X、Y、Z、三個(gè)運(yùn)動導(dǎo)軌均采用貼塑滑動導(dǎo)軌與滾動導(dǎo)軌相結(jié)合的復(fù)合式導(dǎo)軌。B坐標(biāo)采用貼塑滑動導(dǎo)軌與滾動導(dǎo)軌相結(jié)合的復(fù)合式導(dǎo)軌,并采用雙小齒輪消隙機(jī)構(gòu),保證工作臺高的回轉(zhuǎn)精度。主要技術(shù)參數(shù):鏜軸直徑130mm,鏜軸錐孔ISO 50#(7:24),主軸轉(zhuǎn)速(無級)2-1000 r/min,主軸最大扭矩1800N.m,工作臺橫向行程(X 軸)2500mm,主軸箱垂直行程( Y 軸)1600mm,立柱行程( Z軸)1000mm,工作臺回轉(zhuǎn)( B 軸)360°,鏜軸行程( W軸)900mm,最大鏜孔/鉆孔450/60mm,平旋盤最大加工直徑1000mm。5.UBE-1000-2112熱處理自動生產(chǎn)線生產(chǎn)線描述:該密封箱式多用爐是目前世界熱處理工業(yè)主要爐型之一,以其零件熱處理環(huán)境密封、氣氛易于實(shí)現(xiàn)精確控制、工藝靈活可變、產(chǎn)品適應(yīng)性好而著稱。主要用于多種金屬工件在可控氣氛下的氣體滲碳、碳氮共滲,在保護(hù)氣氛下的光亮淬火、簡易正火、退火等熱處理工藝,同時(shí)能夠進(jìn)行高、中、低溫回火,清洗等處理。適用于中、小批量生產(chǎn),是齒輪、軸類等重要零件的現(xiàn)代理想的熱處理自動化生產(chǎn)線。主要技術(shù)參數(shù):1、密封箱式滴注式可控氣氛氣體滲碳氮化爐爐膛尺寸(長×寬×高) 1200×760×800mm最大處理能力(包括料盤等工裝) 1000kg最高使用溫度 950℃正常使用溫度 800~930℃爐溫均勻性 ≤±5℃工件表面硬度偏差 同爐工件≤±1.5HRC同一工件≤±1 HRC氣氛類型 滴注式氣氛 甲醇滴注 丙烷富化2、箱式回火爐爐膛尺寸(長×寬×高) 1200×760×800mm最大處理能力(包括料盤等工裝)1000kg3、清洗機(jī)爐膛尺寸(長×寬×高) 1200×760×800mm(最大處理能力 1000kg處理時(shí)間 ≤40分鐘/爐6.XKZ2320/6 數(shù)控定梁龍門鏜銑床機(jī)床性能:本機(jī)床為數(shù)控定梁龍門鏜銑床,剛性好,上下工件操作方便,配置德國西門子840D數(shù)控系統(tǒng),四軸控制,三軸聯(lián)動,配置先進(jìn)的自動萬能銑頭,由于萬能銑頭能自動分度和自動立臥轉(zhuǎn)換,可一次裝夾工件進(jìn)行五面體和多種空間方向的銑、鏜、鉆、攻等工序加工,自動化程度高,廣泛適用于各機(jī)械制造領(lǐng)域,特別是航空航天、汽車、模具等制造領(lǐng)域。主要技術(shù)參數(shù):工作臺面積(寬×長)2000mm×6000mm龍門寬度2600mm工作臺縱向行程即X向6000mm T型槽數(shù)9條滑枕橫向行程即Y向2600mm 主軸轉(zhuǎn)速10-2500rpm滑枕縱向行程即Z向1250mm,工作臺進(jìn)給范圍X向10-4000mm/min,滑枕進(jìn)給范圍Y、Z向10-4000mm/min,X、Y、Z三向快速移動速度8000 mm/min。7.YC31125E滾齒機(jī)簡介機(jī)床性能:本機(jī)床按連續(xù)分度法的原理工作,一般能滾切圓柱直齒輪、圓柱斜齒輪、鏈輪和蝸輪。機(jī)床結(jié)構(gòu)剛性強(qiáng)。更適合于淬硬齒面的齒輪滾切,可以代替半精磨齒和精磨齒。機(jī)床滾切圓柱齒輪時(shí),采用逆銑法,順銑法均可。滾切渦輪用手動徑向進(jìn)給法加工。本機(jī)床還具有機(jī)動徑向進(jìn)給及機(jī)動切向進(jìn)給特殊性能。主要技術(shù)參數(shù):最大工件直徑(無后立柱/有后立柱)1250/1000(mm)最大模數(shù) 12 mm最大裝刀直徑×長度 235×250 mm 刀具轉(zhuǎn)速/級數(shù)22-184/7 rpm刀具回轉(zhuǎn)中心至工作臺面距離 200-700 mm 刀架最大回轉(zhuǎn)角度 ±60o外支架端面至工作臺面距離 510-900mm 工作臺最高轉(zhuǎn)速 5 rpm刀具回轉(zhuǎn)中心至工作臺面中心最小距離100 mm8.YK7163數(shù)控磨齒機(jī)本機(jī)床主要用于磨削漸開線圓柱齒輪。采用展成——分度原理磨削漸開線齒形,用一個(gè)錐形砂輪按齒條和齒輪嚙合原理生成漸開線齒廓。機(jī)床的主運(yùn)動展成,分度進(jìn)給均采C控制。采用專用數(shù)控系統(tǒng)實(shí)現(xiàn)參數(shù)編程,編程和操作極為方便靈活C系統(tǒng)具有環(huán)控制功能,有利于提高工作精度,工作精度可達(dá)5級1GB10095-88。采用交流伺服電機(jī)驅(qū)動。砂輪的沖程運(yùn)動采用變頻無級調(diào)速裝置。砂輪修整器可滿足各種修形齒輪的要求。主要技術(shù)參數(shù):加工直徑 φ50(根圓rot)~φ630mm(頂圓tip)工件齒數(shù)不限工件模數(shù)(法向單面磨削) 2-12mm 最大齒寬(直齒輪) 215mm最大螺旋角 ±45o 頭尾架頂尖距 570mm砂輪轉(zhuǎn)速、磨削 1730rpm 砂輪規(guī)格 φ349×127×16-32mm9.K7740J電火花現(xiàn)線切割機(jī)床該機(jī)床是利用電極絲和高頻電源作為工具,在控制機(jī)控制下,按預(yù)定軌跡對工件進(jìn)行切割加工。機(jī)床剛性較好、切削力小、運(yùn)動平穩(wěn)、操作安全可靠。使用直徑為φ0.18mm鉬絲。本機(jī)床適合加工高韌性的導(dǎo)電金屬模具,樣板及形狀復(fù)雜的零件。廣泛應(yīng)用于電子儀器、家電電器、精密機(jī)械、輕工、軍工等部門。機(jī)床可進(jìn)行小錐度切割。設(shè)有運(yùn)絲電機(jī)超程、過流、斷絲保護(hù)裝置。10.工業(yè)機(jī)器人的介紹機(jī)器人電動伺服驅(qū)動系統(tǒng)是利用各種電動機(jī)產(chǎn)生的力矩和力,直接或間接地驅(qū)動機(jī)器人本體以獲得機(jī)器人的各種運(yùn)動的執(zhí)行機(jī)構(gòu)。對工業(yè)機(jī)器人關(guān)節(jié)驅(qū)動的電動機(jī),要求有最大功率質(zhì)量比和扭矩慣量比、高起動轉(zhuǎn)矩、低慣量和較寬廣且平滑的調(diào)速范圍。特別是像機(jī)器人末端執(zhí)行器(手爪)應(yīng)采用體積、質(zhì)量盡可能小的電動機(jī),尤其是要求快速響應(yīng)時(shí),伺服電動機(jī)必須具有較高的可靠性和穩(wěn)定性,并且具有較大的短時(shí)過載能力。這是伺服電動機(jī)在工業(yè)機(jī)器人中應(yīng)用的先決條件。機(jī)器人對關(guān)節(jié)驅(qū)動電機(jī)的主要要求規(guī)納如下:1)快速性。電動機(jī)從獲得指令信號到完成指令所要求的工作狀態(tài)的時(shí)間應(yīng)短。響應(yīng)指令信號的時(shí)間愈短,電伺服系統(tǒng)的靈敏性愈高,快速響應(yīng)性能愈好,一般是以伺服電動機(jī)的機(jī)電時(shí)間常數(shù)的大小來說明伺服電動機(jī)快速響應(yīng)的性能。2)起動轉(zhuǎn)矩慣量比大。在驅(qū)動負(fù)載的情況下,要求機(jī)器人的伺服電動機(jī)的起動轉(zhuǎn)矩大,轉(zhuǎn)動慣量小。3)控制特性的連續(xù)性和直線性,隨著控制信號的變化,電動機(jī)的轉(zhuǎn)速能連續(xù)變化,有時(shí)還需轉(zhuǎn)速與控制信號成正比或近似成正比。4)調(diào)速范圍寬。能使用于1:1000～10000的調(diào)速范圍。5)體積小、質(zhì)量小、軸向尺寸短。6)能經(jīng)受得起苛刻的運(yùn)行條件,可進(jìn)行十分頻繁的正反向和加減速運(yùn)行,并能在短時(shí)間內(nèi)承受過載。目前,由于高起動轉(zhuǎn)矩、大轉(zhuǎn)矩、低慣量的交、直流伺服電動機(jī)在工業(yè)機(jī)器人中得到廣泛應(yīng)用,一般負(fù)載1000N(相當(dāng)100kgf)以下的工業(yè)機(jī)器人大多采用電伺服驅(qū)動系統(tǒng)。所采用的關(guān)節(jié)驅(qū)動電動機(jī)主要是C伺服電動機(jī),步進(jìn)電動機(jī)和DC伺服電動機(jī)。其中,交流伺服電動機(jī)、直流伺服電動機(jī)、直接驅(qū)動電動機(jī)(DD)均采用位置閉環(huán)控制,一般應(yīng)用于高精度、高速度的機(jī)器人驅(qū)動系統(tǒng)中。步進(jìn)電動機(jī)驅(qū)動系統(tǒng)多適用于對精度、速度要求不高的小型簡易機(jī)器人開環(huán)系統(tǒng)中。交流伺服電動機(jī)由于采用電子換向,無換向火花,在易燃易爆環(huán)境中得到了廣泛的使用。機(jī)器人關(guān)節(jié)驅(qū)動電動機(jī)的功率范圍一般為0.1～10kW。工業(yè)機(jī)器人驅(qū)動系統(tǒng)中所采用的電動機(jī),大致可細(xì)分為以下幾種:(1)交流伺服電動機(jī)包括同步型交流伺服電動機(jī)及反應(yīng)式步進(jìn)電動機(jī)等。(2)直流伺服電動機(jī)包括小慣量永磁直流伺服電動機(jī)、印制繞組直流伺服電動機(jī)、大慣量永磁直流伺服電動機(jī)、空心杯電樞直流伺服電動機(jī)。(3)步進(jìn)電動機(jī) 包括永磁感應(yīng)步進(jìn)電動機(jī)。速度傳感器多采用測速發(fā)電機(jī)和旋轉(zhuǎn)變壓器;位置傳感器多用光電碼盤和旋轉(zhuǎn)變壓器。近年來,國外機(jī)器人制造廠家已經(jīng)在使用一種集光電碼盤及旋轉(zhuǎn)變壓器功能為一體的混合式光電位置傳感器,伺服電動機(jī)可與位置及速度檢測器、制動器、減速機(jī)構(gòu)組成伺服電動機(jī)驅(qū)動單元機(jī)器人驅(qū)動系統(tǒng)要求傳動系統(tǒng)間隙小、剛度大、輸出扭矩高以及減速比大,常用的減速機(jī)構(gòu)有:1)RV減速機(jī)構(gòu);2)諧波減速機(jī)械;3)擺線針輪減速機(jī)構(gòu);4)行星齒輪減速機(jī)械;5)無側(cè)隙減速機(jī)構(gòu);6)蝸輪減速機(jī)構(gòu);7)滾珠絲杠機(jī)構(gòu);8)金屬帶/齒形減速機(jī)構(gòu);9)球減速機(jī)構(gòu)。
(二)肥城礦業(yè)集團(tuán)公司機(jī)械廠
實(shí)習(xí)公司始建于1959年,至今已有47年的機(jī)械、電器制修歷史。廠區(qū)占地面積14萬平米,廠房建筑面積6.5萬平米,固定資產(chǎn)8600萬元,機(jī)電設(shè)備800余臺(套),其中大型、精密、稀有設(shè)備50臺(套)?，F(xiàn)有員工千余人,工程技術(shù)人員140余人,其中中高級技術(shù)人員80余人,具有較強(qiáng)的設(shè)計(jì)開發(fā)、加工制造、計(jì)量檢驗(yàn)和經(jīng)營管理能力,設(shè)有鋼結(jié)構(gòu)、鍛造、鉚焊、機(jī)加工、礦修、動力、電器制修、汽車大修中心等九個(gè)生產(chǎn)車間。2005年完成工業(yè)總產(chǎn)值1.4億元,實(shí)現(xiàn)銷售收1.3億元。具備了精密度較高的機(jī)械加工和制造能力。主要設(shè)備有:立式加工中心、臥式加工中心、數(shù)控龍門銑鏜床、數(shù)控刨臺式銑鏜床、數(shù)控弧齒錐齒銑齒機(jī)、數(shù)控插齒機(jī)、滾齒機(jī)、熱處理箱式多用爐機(jī)組、數(shù)控切割機(jī)、龍門刨床、2.5米立式車床、落地?cái)?shù)顯鏜床及一批通用設(shè)備。主要產(chǎn)品有:液壓支架、掘進(jìn)機(jī)、采煤機(jī)、帶式輸送機(jī)、刮板輸送機(jī)、電機(jī)車、礦車、耙斗裝巖機(jī)、調(diào)度絞車、托輥、高低壓開關(guān)柜、煤礦提升設(shè)備(罐籠、箕斗等)、治水設(shè)備。自行開發(fā)研制的制漿機(jī)、彈簧清洗機(jī)、清淤機(jī)分別填補(bǔ)國內(nèi)空白和達(dá)到國內(nèi)先進(jìn)水平。主要產(chǎn)品介紹:(1)液壓支架是以高壓液體作為動力,由液壓元件與金屬構(gòu)件組成的支護(hù)和控制頂板的設(shè)備,它能實(shí)現(xiàn)支撐、切頂、移架和推移輸送機(jī)等一整套工序。液壓支架在工作過程中,必須具備升、降、推、移四個(gè)基本動作,這些動作利用泵站供給的高壓乳化液通過工作性質(zhì)不同的幾個(gè)液壓缸來完成。1.升柱當(dāng)需要支架上升支護(hù)頂板時(shí),高壓乳化液進(jìn)入立柱的活塞腔,另一腔回液,推動活塞上升,使與活塞桿相連接的頂梁緊緊接觸頂板。2.降柱當(dāng)需要降柱時(shí),高壓液進(jìn)入立柱的活塞桿腔,另一腔回液,迫使活塞桿下降,于是頂梁脫離頂板。3.支架和輸送機(jī)前支架和輸送機(jī)的前移,都是由底座上的推移千斤頂來完成的。當(dāng)需要支架前前移時(shí),先降柱卸載,然后高壓液進(jìn)入推移千斤頂?shù)幕钊麠U腔,另一腔回液,以輸送機(jī)為支點(diǎn),缸體前移,把整個(gè)支架拉向煤壁;當(dāng)需要推輸送機(jī)時(shí),支架支撐頂板后,高壓液進(jìn)入推移千斤頂?shù)幕钊?另一腔回液,以支架為支點(diǎn),使活塞桿伸出,把輸送機(jī)推向煤壁。不管型式如何,所有液壓支架都包括頂梁、底座、n根立柱和控制系統(tǒng)。(一) 頂梁頂梁尺寸在1.61——9.4m2范圍內(nèi),而在讓壓時(shí)的頂梁最大壓力約為4.2——33.2kg/cm2。節(jié)式支架的頂梁可能是任何一種型式的,但矩形是最普遍的。節(jié)式支架遮蓋工作面頂板面積小于70%。垛式支架的頂梁一般是實(shí)芯件,為適應(yīng)頂板的臺階下沉或空頂而采用鉸接方式。發(fā)現(xiàn)實(shí)芯頂梁與頂板保持的接觸面積只有41%;當(dāng)使用鉸接頂梁時(shí),接觸面積可增大到平均為68%。垛式支架的頂梁尺寸在1.9——3.87m2范圍內(nèi),再讓壓時(shí)提供7——35kg/cm2的承載壓力。使用垛式支架的整個(gè)支護(hù)面積通常達(dá)到工作面面積的85——90%。掩護(hù)支架的頂梁尺寸在2.6——4.2m2范圍內(nèi),平均面積為3.2m2,再讓壓的平均承載壓力小于28kg/cm2。掩護(hù)支架遮蓋了整個(gè)工作面頂板。(二) 底座底座可用任何規(guī)格的。一般用于節(jié)式支架的底座分為兩半部分,而垛式和掩護(hù)式支架使用整體底座。整體底座具有更好的穩(wěn)定性。每個(gè)底座都有滑板;最通用的設(shè)計(jì)有一塊后滑板和一塊對半開的前滑板。(三) 立柱(活柱)支架立柱孔徑介于10——30cm間,這和液壓泵的工作壓力有關(guān)。當(dāng)升柱頂上頂板時(shí),對頂板施加的總壓力P=Pi**n此后,當(dāng)頂板下沉?xí)r迫使立柱回縮,于是柱內(nèi)的液壓增大。為防止活柱一直降到缸底和出現(xiàn)“壓死”現(xiàn)象,每架裝有由彈簧調(diào)定的過載安全閥。當(dāng)柱內(nèi)液壓增大到一定水平時(shí),過載安全閥將自動開啟并逐步卸載。過載安全閥將開啟的這一壓力叫做屈服壓力;在頂板上施加相應(yīng)的載荷叫做額定工作阻力。大多數(shù)支架的能力都設(shè)計(jì)成與額定工作阻力相一致。(四)液壓動力的供應(yīng)用于液壓支架有四種液壓液:(1)5%的水包油乳化液;(2)40%的油包水乳化液;(3)50%的乙二醇水基液體;(4)精煉的石油及潤滑油。對液壓支架液壓液的主要要求是成本低、粘度低、阻燃,與空氣基礎(chǔ)時(shí)抗化學(xué)性能好等。而且,液體應(yīng)能有效地防止起泡,因?yàn)榻亓舻目諝獠粌H在液體受壓時(shí)產(chǎn)生熱,而且在承壓下因氣泡破裂也會造成機(jī)械故障。為保護(hù)活動部件,潤滑和防腐措施也是重要的。(五)控制系統(tǒng)支架可由不同的方式來控制:(1)人工單架控制;(2)人工單架鄰架控制;(3)工作面上定點(diǎn)人工控制;(4)順槽中自動控制。用于早期設(shè)計(jì)中的第一種控制法在安全上有一些難題。第二種方法得到十分普遍地應(yīng)用。第三種方法正在越來越流行也跟更安全。第四種方法只有采煤機(jī)全自動化作業(yè)時(shí)才可能得到應(yīng)用。
六、畢業(yè)實(shí)習(xí)心得
通過畢業(yè)實(shí)習(xí),使我們了解機(jī)械產(chǎn)品、零部件設(shè)備的特點(diǎn)、適用范圍、結(jié)構(gòu)特點(diǎn)以及零部件的工藝,提高對機(jī)械產(chǎn)品設(shè)計(jì)的認(rèn)識,加深產(chǎn)品設(shè)計(jì)加工技術(shù)在工業(yè)各領(lǐng)域應(yīng)用的感性認(rèn)識,同時(shí)提高我們對設(shè)計(jì)加工方法、手段的認(rèn)識,對新款軟件應(yīng)用有了更深一步地了解。通過參觀機(jī)床設(shè)備展覽會和現(xiàn)場參觀實(shí)習(xí),對現(xiàn)代加工方法有了一定的認(rèn)識,與傳統(tǒng)的加工方法相比,提高了加工生產(chǎn)效率,大大減少了勞動力,減輕了勞動工人的作業(yè)強(qiáng)度。也讓我們真正認(rèn)識到科學(xué)技術(shù)是第一生產(chǎn)力的重要性。開闊了我們的視野,使我們的思想從課本上的理論知識,逐步與實(shí)際的生產(chǎn)技術(shù)結(jié)合起來。也使我們對課本一些比較模糊的概念、抽象的原理有了一個(gè)嶄新的認(rèn)識和理解。使我們對以往所學(xué)的知識有了更進(jìn)一步的鞏固,對以前沒接觸過的知識有了深刻地了解,讓我們對所設(shè)計(jì)的課程的具體結(jié)構(gòu)有了深入認(rèn)識。通過現(xiàn)場實(shí)習(xí),進(jìn)一步鞏固和深化所學(xué)的理論知識,培養(yǎng)了我們的實(shí)際設(shè)計(jì)水平和獨(dú)立的設(shè)計(jì)能力和對輔助軟件的應(yīng)用,增強(qiáng)了我們的社會責(zé)任感和做事謹(jǐn)慎態(tài)度。也親身體會到,工人師傅們對待工作一絲不茍的精神,就如同我們應(yīng)該對待學(xué)習(xí)一樣,容不得半點(diǎn)虛的,特別是我們學(xué)工科,知識的掌握不允許有一點(diǎn)馬虎,否則,后果不堪設(shè)想。同時(shí),我們對機(jī)械發(fā)展的新領(lǐng)域有了全新的概念,使我們有了自己的發(fā)展方向。總之,畢業(yè)實(shí)習(xí)使我們受益匪淺。
河南理工大學(xué)畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）開題報(bào)告
（學(xué)生填表）
學(xué)院：萬方科技學(xué)院 2012年4月1日
課題名稱
顎式破碎機(jī)的結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)
學(xué)生姓名
專業(yè)班級
課題類型
設(shè)計(jì)
指導(dǎo)教師
職稱
教授
課題來源
生產(chǎn)
一、 設(shè)計(jì)（或研究）的依據(jù)與意義
設(shè)計(jì)依據(jù)：
隨著世界國際化深入世界的每一個(gè)角落，世界總體持續(xù)著飛速發(fā)展，因此大量公路和各種建筑建設(shè)是不可避免的。所以各種制造設(shè)備應(yīng)運(yùn)而生。不管發(fā)達(dá)國家、發(fā)展中國家或者是一些落后的國家，其國內(nèi)的礦山工業(yè)、冶煉工業(yè)、建材工業(yè)、公路建設(shè)、鐵路建設(shè)、水利建設(shè)和化工工業(yè)等各種行業(yè)中其所需的各種原料生產(chǎn)大都牽涉到了破碎問題。而破碎的基本原則是“多破少磨”，所以顎式破碎機(jī)在破碎行業(yè)中具有重要的地位。但不管是粗破、中破還是細(xì)破，其都是朝著破碎機(jī)使用時(shí)的節(jié)能、高效和使用壽命長等方向發(fā)展，這就為顎破的今后設(shè)計(jì)發(fā)展指出了大體方向。
設(shè)計(jì)意義：
顎式破碎機(jī)作為一般破碎流程的基本要求設(shè)備，且通常作為第一道破碎工序設(shè)備。因此顎式破碎機(jī)的出現(xiàn)具有歷史性的意義，打破了傳統(tǒng)的人工破碎。雖然顎式破碎機(jī)自發(fā)明至今，其結(jié)構(gòu)形式不斷的完善，但還沒有達(dá)到社會發(fā)展的要求。且縱觀整個(gè)世界，顎破的生產(chǎn)制造并沒有出現(xiàn)壟斷性的企業(yè)，也足以說明重工行業(yè)的發(fā)展前景。由于不同物料的物理性質(zhì)和結(jié)構(gòu)差異非常大，破碎要求各有不同，這就導(dǎo)致了為適應(yīng)各種物料的破碎要求而生產(chǎn)的破碎機(jī)的品種也是極其的多的。雖然傳統(tǒng)的顎式破碎機(jī)由于具有結(jié)構(gòu)簡單、工作可靠、制造容易、維修方便、價(jià)格低廉、適用性強(qiáng)等優(yōu)點(diǎn)，所以在各種工業(yè)上得到廣泛應(yīng)用，但其缺點(diǎn)也是致命的。非連續(xù)性破碎、破碎效率較低、破碎比較小、磨損快使用壽命短等問題致使顎式破碎機(jī)的使用局限性。因此設(shè)計(jì)一款適應(yīng)現(xiàn)代化需求的顎式破碎機(jī)具有重要的意義。
二、國內(nèi)外同類設(shè)計(jì)（或同類研究）的概況綜述
自1858年美國人布萊克（E.W.Black）設(shè)計(jì)制造出第一臺顎式破碎機(jī)以來，出現(xiàn)了許多類型的顎式破碎機(jī)，如上壓式（道濟(jì)型），單、雙肘板式（布萊克型），沖擊作用型及綜合擺動型等。目前工業(yè)上廣泛采用的是布萊克單、雙肘板式（簡擺式和復(fù)擺式）顎式破碎機(jī)。這兩種破碎機(jī)比較，前者優(yōu)點(diǎn)是動顎垂直行程較小，使襯板磨損輕，在工作中，連桿施以較小的而肘板能產(chǎn)生很大的推力，其缺點(diǎn)是結(jié)構(gòu)較復(fù)雜又比較重，比同規(guī)格的破碎機(jī)重20%-30%，其次他的動顎運(yùn)動軌跡不理想，其上部水平行程較小而下部水平行程較大，破碎腔中的物料分布是：上腔里物料大而下腔里物料小，大塊要求有較大的壓碎行程，而小塊則相反。
由于顎式破碎機(jī)具有結(jié)構(gòu)簡單、制造容易、工作可靠、維護(hù)方便，體積和高度較小等優(yōu)點(diǎn)。至今仍然被廣泛應(yīng)用于破碎堅(jiān)硬、中硬、軟質(zhì)礦石和各種物料，如各種礦石、溶劑、爐渣、建筑石料、大理石等。通常使用的顎式破碎機(jī)的破碎機(jī)為4-6，而小型顎式破碎機(jī)有時(shí)可達(dá)到10。大、中型破碎機(jī)的給料力度可達(dá)1000-2000mm，其產(chǎn)品粒度可達(dá)20-250mm，小型破碎機(jī)和新型細(xì)碎用顎式破碎機(jī)所得產(chǎn)品可以更細(xì)一些。顎式破碎機(jī)即可用于粗碎作業(yè)，也可用于中、細(xì)作業(yè)。特別是被用于井下破碎作業(yè)和中、小型移動式破碎裝置。
我國1950年由重型機(jī)器廠制出第一臺430×250顎式破碎機(jī)，至今已有數(shù)百家制造廠生產(chǎn)各種型號規(guī)格顎式破碎機(jī)。60、70年代機(jī)械工業(yè)部對50年代的生產(chǎn)技術(shù)資料和圖樣進(jìn)行了整頓，使產(chǎn)品性能有了大幅度改善。80年代，又開發(fā)了一些新型顎式破碎機(jī)，每小時(shí)破碎800噸物料的大型顎式破碎機(jī)的給料粒度已達(dá)1800毫米左右。
我國顎破產(chǎn)品的品種規(guī)格比國外差很多，且處理那里低。破碎機(jī)以進(jìn)料口的長度和寬度來標(biāo)定機(jī)器的規(guī)格，國內(nèi)制造商基本上按行業(yè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)制造約8種規(guī)格粗碎系列產(chǎn)品。國際上主要制造商的產(chǎn)品有更多的規(guī)格。例如：美卓集團(tuán)的諾德伯格公司，有C、VB和重型3個(gè)系列合計(jì)22種規(guī)格；特雷克斯集團(tuán)的錫達(dá)公司有28種規(guī)格；愛斯太克集團(tuán)的先鋒公司有15種規(guī)格。我國目前主要缺少的是大規(guī)格品種：以進(jìn)料口在750mmX1060mm以上為界。各制造商生產(chǎn)的大規(guī)格產(chǎn)品僅3-4種，而諾德伯格公司的C系列11種規(guī)格中大規(guī)格有9種，錫達(dá)公司也有9種。大規(guī)格品種齊全，使大型砂石場建設(shè)中合適的初破設(shè)備可以選擇。顎式破碎機(jī)的排礦口可以調(diào)整，不同排礦口對應(yīng)有不同的處理能力。因此，在比較處理能力時(shí)，應(yīng)確定排礦口尺寸相同。例如，諾德伯格公司的C100型復(fù)擺顎式破碎機(jī)，在閉邊排礦口設(shè)定（C、S、S）為125mm時(shí)，處理能力為265t/h，國內(nèi)相應(yīng)的PE750X1060型產(chǎn)品；處理能力為195t/h，約低25%。由此，在250X300t/h規(guī)模的砂石場生產(chǎn)線上，采用C100型作為初級破碎設(shè)備可以滿足使用要求，而PE750X1060型就勉為其難了。
國內(nèi)各廠家制造的顎式破碎機(jī)技術(shù)水平相差很懸殊，有少數(shù)廠家的此產(chǎn)品基本接近世界先進(jìn)水平，而大多數(shù)廠家的產(chǎn)品與世界先進(jìn)水平相比差距很大。
三、課題設(shè)計(jì)（或研究）的內(nèi)容
顎式破碎機(jī)工作原理：
電機(jī)驅(qū)動皮帶，通過皮帶輪帶動偏心軸旋轉(zhuǎn)。動顎與偏心軸相連，當(dāng)偏心軸旋轉(zhuǎn)時(shí)，動顎隨之上下往復(fù)運(yùn)動。當(dāng)動顎向上運(yùn)動時(shí)，肘板與動顎夾角變大，肘板推使動顎向前運(yùn)動而靠近定額，致使物料被擠壓碾碎。當(dāng)動顎向下運(yùn)動時(shí)，肘板與動顎夾角變小，通過拉桿與彈簧裝置，動顎離開定額，物料被排卸料出去。隨著偏心軸不斷旋轉(zhuǎn)，動顎作往復(fù)循環(huán)運(yùn)動，物料不斷被破碎排卸，而達(dá)到連續(xù)生產(chǎn)目的。
設(shè)計(jì)內(nèi)容：
1、調(diào)節(jié)裝置；
2、電機(jī)驅(qū)動裝置；
3、傳動件。
四、設(shè)計(jì)（或研究）方法
顎式破碎機(jī)的結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)方法主要基于設(shè)計(jì)及使用基本要求，在借鑒于類似機(jī)器設(shè)備的設(shè)計(jì)方法之上，完成對顎式破碎機(jī)各個(gè)主要部件的設(shè)計(jì)。主要包括機(jī)架、顎板和側(cè)護(hù)板、傳動件、調(diào)節(jié)裝置、飛輪等部件。保證其強(qiáng)度剛度及精度等的要求，且符合外表美觀、結(jié)構(gòu)簡單、工作可靠、制造容易、維修方便、適用性強(qiáng)等要求，以及能連續(xù)性破碎、較高的破碎效率、較大的破碎比范圍。
電器部分設(shè)計(jì)根據(jù)該顎式破碎機(jī)的使用范圍和物料的性質(zhì)等特點(diǎn)確定傳動比和轉(zhuǎn)速等來選定電機(jī)型號。
五、實(shí)施計(jì)劃
完成開題報(bào)告之后將全面開展破碎機(jī)結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)的工作，查閱資料了解機(jī)器構(gòu)造進(jìn)行設(shè)計(jì)說明，根據(jù)設(shè)計(jì)的說明書繪制圖紙，使用CAD電腦繪圖和部分手繪。全部完成最后接受導(dǎo)師的檢查，通過后準(zhǔn)備答辯。
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Numerical control technology and equipping development trend and countermeasure
Equip the engineering level, level of determining the whole national economy of the modernized degree and modernized degree of industry, numerical control technology is it develop new developing new high-tech industry and most advanced industry to equip (such as information technology and his industry, biotechnology and his industry, aviation, spaceflight, etc. national defense industry) last technology and getting more basic most equipment. Marx has ever said "the differences of different economic times do not lie in what is produced, and lie in how to produce, produce with some means of labor ". Manufacturing technology and equipping the most basic means of production are the mankind produced the activity, and numerical control technology is nowadays advanced manufacturing technology and equips the most central technology. Nowadays the manufacturing industry all around the world adopts numerical control technology extensively; in order to improve manufacturing capacity and level, improve the adaptive capacity and competitive power to the changeable market of the trends. In addition every industrially developed country in the world also classifies the technology and numerical control equipment of numerical control as the strategic materials of the country, not merely take the great measure to develop one's own numerical control technology and industry, and implement blockading and restrictive policy to our country in view of " high-grade, precision and advanced key technology of numerical control " and equipping. In a word, develop the advanced manufacturing technology taking numerical control technology as the core and already become every world developed country and accelerate economic development in a more cost-effective manner, important way to improve the overall national strength and national position.
Numerical control technology is the technology controlled to mechanical movement and working course with digital information, integrated products of electro mechanics that the numerical control equipment is the new technology represented by numerical control technology forms to the manufacture industry of the tradition and infiltration of the new developing manufacturing industry, namely the so-called digitization is equipped, its technological range covers a lot of fields: (1)Mechanical manufacturing technology; (2)Information processing, processing, transmission technology; (3)Automatic control technology; (4)Servo drive technology; (5)Technology of the sensor; (6)Software engineering ,etc..
Development trend of a numerical control technology
The application of numerical control technology has not only brought the revolutionary change to manufacturing industry of the tradition, make the manufacturing industry become the industrialized symbol , and with the constant development of numerical control technology and enlargement of the application, the development of some important trades (IT , automobile , light industry , medical treatment ,etc. ) to the national economy and the people's livelihood of his plays a more and more important role, because the digitization that these trades needed to equip has already been the main trend of modern development. Numerical control technology in the world at present and equipping the development trend to see, there is the following several respect [1- ] in its main research focus.
1 A high-speed, high finish machining technology and new trend equipped
The efficiency, quality are subjavanufacturing technology. High-speed, high finish machining technology can raise the efficiency greatly, improve the quality and grade of the products, shorten production cycle and improve the market competitive power. Japan carries the technological research association first to classify it as one of the 5 great modern manufacturing technologies for this, learn (CIRP) to confirm it as the centre in the 21st century and study one of the directions in international production engineering.
In the field of car industry, produce one second when beat such as production of 300,000 / vehicle per year, and many variety process it is car that equip key problem that must be solved one of; In the fields of aviation and aerospace industry, spare parts of its processing are mostly the thin wall and thin muscle, rigidity is very bad, the material is aluminum or aluminum alloy, only in a situation that cut the speed and cut strength very small high, could process these muscles, walls. Adopt large-scale whole aluminum alloy method that blank " pay empty " make the wing recently, such large-scale parts as the fuselage ,etc. come to substitute a lot of parts to assemble through numerous rivet , screw and other connection way, make the intensity , rigidity and dependability of the component improved. All these, to processing and equipping the demand which has proposed high-speed, high precise and high flexibility.
According to EMO2001 exhibition situation, high-speed machining center is it give speed can reach 80m/min is even high , air transport competent speed can up to 100m/min to be about to enter. A lot of automobile factories in the world at present, including Shanghai General Motors Corporation of our country, have already adopted and substituted and made the lathe up with the production line part that the high-speed machining center makes up. HyperMach lathe of U.S.A. CINCINNATI Company enters to nearly biggest 60m/min of speed, it is 100m/min to be fast, the acceleration reaches 2g, the rotational speed of the main shaft has already reached 60 000r/min. Processing a thin wall of plane parts, spend 30min only, and same part general at a high speed milling machine process and take 3h, the ordinary milling machine is being processed to need 8h; The speed and acceleration of main shaft of dual main shaft lathes of Germany DMG Company are up to 120000r/mm and 1g.
In machining accuracy, the past 10 years, ordinary progression accuse of machining accuracy of lathe bring 5μm up to from 10μm already, accurate grades of machining center from 3～5μm, rise to 1～1.5μm, and ultra precision machining accuracy is it enter nanometer grade to begin already (0.01μm).
In dependability, MTBF value of the foreign numerical control device has already reached above 6 000h, MTBF value of the servo system reaches above 30000h, demonstrate very high dependability .
In order to realize high-speed, high finish machining, if the part of function related to it is electric main shaft, straight line electrical machinery get fast development, the application is expanded further.
1.2 Link and process and compound to process the fast development of the lathe in 5 axes
Adopt 5 axles to link the processing of the three-dimensional curved surface part, can cut with the best geometry form of the cutter , not only highly polished, but also efficiency improves by a large margin . It is generally acknowledged, the efficiency of an 5 axle gear beds can equal 2 3 axle gear beds, is it wait for to use the cubic nitrogen boron the milling cutter of ultra hard material is milled and pared at a high speed while quenching the hard steel part, 5 axles link and process 3 constant axles to link and process and give play to higher benefit. Because such reasons as complicated that 5 axles link the numerical control system , host computer structure that but go over, it is several times higher that its price links the numerical control lathe than 3 axles , in addition the technological degree of difficulty of programming is relatively great, have restricted the development of 5 axle gear beds.
At present because of electric appearance of main shaft, is it realizes 5 axle complex main shaft hair structure processed to link greatly simplify to make, it makes degree of difficulty and reducing by a large margin of the cost and the price disparity of the numerical control system shrinks. So promoted 5 axle gear beds of head of complex main shaft and compound to process the development of the lathe (process the lathe including 5).
At EMO2001 exhibition, new Japanese 5 of worker machine process lathe adopt complex main shaft hair, can realize the processing of 4 vertical planes and processing of the wanton angle, make 5 times process and 5 axles are processed and can be realized on the same lathe, can also realize the inclined plane and pour the processing of the hole of awls. Germany DMG Company exhibits the DMUVoution series machining center, but put and insert and put processing and 5 axles 5 times to link and process in once, can be controlled by CNC system or CAD/CAM is controlled directly or indirectly.
1.3 Become the main trend of systematic development of contemporary numerical control intelligently, openly, networked.
The numerical control equipment in the 21st century will be sure the intelligent system, the intelligent content includes all respects in the numerical control system: It is intelligent in order to pursue the efficiency of processing and process quality, control such as the self-adaptation of the processing course, the craft parameter is produced automatically; Join the convenient one in order to improve the performance of urging and use intelligently, if feed forward control , adaptive operation , electrical machinery of parameter , discern load select models , since exactly makes etc. automatically; The ones that simplified programming , simplified operating aspect are intelligent, for instance intelligent automatic programming , intelligent man-machine interface ,etc.; There are content of intelligence diagnose , intelligent monitoring , diagnosis convenient to be systematic and maintaining ,etc..
Produce the existing problem for the industrialization of solving the traditional numerical control system sealing and numerical control application software. A lot of countries carry on research to the open numerical control system at present, such as NGC of U.S.A. (The Next Generation Work-Station/Machine Control), OSACA of European Community (Open System Architecture for Control within Automation Systems), OSEC (Open System Environment for Controller) of Japan, ONC (Open Numerical Control System) of China, etc... The numerical control system melts to become the future way of the numerical control system open. The so-called open numerical control system is the development of the numerical control system can be on unified operation platform, face the lathe producer and end user, through changing, increasing or cutting out the structure target(numerical control function), form the serration, and can use users specially conveniently and the technical know-how is integrated in the control system, realize the open numerical control system of different variety , different grade fast, form leading brand products with distinct distinction. System structure norm of the open numerical control system at present, communication norm, disposing norm, operation platform, numerical control systematic function storehouse and numerical control systematic function software development, etc. are the core of present research.
The networked numerical control equipment is a new light spot of the fair of the internationally famous lathe in the past two years. Meeting production line , manufacture system , demand for the information integration of manufacturing company networked greatly of numerical control equipment, realize new manufacture mode such as quick make , fictitious enterprise , basic Entrance that the whole world make too. Some domestic and international famous numerical control lathes and systematic manufacturing companies of numerical control have all introduced relevant new concepts and protons of a machine in the past two years, if in EMO2001 exhibition, " Cyber Production Center " that the company exhibits of mountain rugged campstool gram in Japan (Mazak) (intellectual central production control unit, abbreviated as CPC); The lathe company of Japanese big Wei (Okuma ) exhibits " IT plaza " (the information technology square , is abbreviated as IT square ); Open Manufacturing Environment that the company exhibits of German Siemens (Siemens ) (open the manufacturing environment, abbreviated as OME),etc., have reflected numerical control machine tooling to the development trend of networked direction.
1.4 Pay attention to the new technical standard, normal setting-up
1.4.1 Design the norm of developing about the numerical control system
As noted previously, there are better common ability, flexibility, adaptability, expanding in the open numerical control system, such countries as U.S.A. ,European Community and Japan ,etc. implement the strategic development plan one after another , carry on the research and formulation of the systematic norm (OMAC , OSACA , OSEC ) of numerical control of the open system structure, 3 biggest economies in the world have carried on the formulation that nearly the same science planned and standardized in a short time, have indicated a new arrival of period of change of numerical control technology. Our country started the research and formulation of standardizing the frame of ONC numerical control system of China too in 2000.
1.4.2 about the numerical control standard
The numerical control standard is a kind of trend of information-based development of manufacturing industry. Information exchange among 50 years after numerical control technology was born was all because of ISO6983 standard, namely adopt G, M code describes how processes, its essential characteristic faces the processing course, obviously, he can't meet high-speed development of modern numerical control technology's needs more and more already. For this reason, studying and making a kind of new CNC system standard ISO14649 (STEP-NC) in the world, its purpose is to offer a kind of neutral mechanism not depending on the concrete system, can describe the unified data model in cycle of whole life of the products, thus realize the whole manufacture process, standardization of and even each industrial field product information.
The appearance of STEP-NC may be a revolution of the technological field of the numerical control, on the development and even the whole manufacturing industry of numerical control technology, will exert a far-reaching influence. First of all, STEP-NC puts forward a kind of brand-new manufacture idea, in the traditional manufacture idea, NC processes the procedures to all concentrate on individual computer. Under the new standard, NC procedure can be dispersed on Internet; this is exactly a direction of open, networked development of numerical control technology. Secondly, STEP-NC numerical control system can also reduce and process the drawing (about 75%), process the procedure to work out the time (about 35%) and process the time (about 50%) greatly.
At present, American-European countries pay much attention to the research of STEP-NC, Europe initiates IMS plan (1999.1.1-2001.12.3) of STEP-NC. 20 CAD/CAM/CAPP/CNC users, manufacturers and academic organizations from Europe and Japan participated in this plan. STEP Tools Company of U.S.A. is a developer of the data interchange software of manufacturing industry in the global range, he has already developed the super model (Super Model ) which accuses of information exchange of machine tooling by counting, its goal is to describe all processing courses with the unified norm. Such new data interchange form has already been verified in allocating the SIEMENS, FIDIA and European OSACA-NC numerical control at present.
2 pairs of basic estimations of technology and industry development of numerical control of our country
The technology of numerical control of our country started in 1958, the development course in the past 50 years can roughly be divided into 3 stages: The first stage is from 1958 to 1979, namely closed developing stage. In this stages, because technology of foreign countries blockade and basic restriction of terms of our country, the development of numerical control technology is comparatively slow. During "Sixth Five-Year Plan Period" , " the Seventh Five-Year Plan Period” of the country in second stage and earlier stage in " the Eighth Five-Year Plan Period ", namely introduce technology, digest and assimilate, the stage of establishing the system of production domesticization arising tentatively. At this stage , because of reform and opening-up and national attention , and study the improvement of the development environment and international environment, research , development and all making considerable progress in production domesticization of the products of the technology of numerical control of our country. The third stage is during the "Ninth Five-Year Plan Period" on the later stage in "the Eighth Five-Year Plan Period" of the country, namely implement the research of industrialization, and enter market competition stage. At this stage, it made substantive progress in industrialization of the domestic numerical control equipment of our country. In latter stage for "the Ninth Five-Year Plan ", the domestic occupation rate of market of the domestic numerical control lathe is up to 50%, it is up to 10% too to mix the domestic numerical control system (popular).
Make a general survey of the development course in the past 50 years of technology of numerical control of our country, especially through tackling key problems of 4 Five-Year Plans, all in all has made following achievements.
a. Have established the foundation of the technical development of numerical control, has mastered modern numerical control technology basically. Our country has already, the numerical control host computer, basic technology of special plane and fittings grasped and driven from the numerical control system and survey basically now, among them most technology have already possessed and commercialized the foundation developed, some technology has already, industrialization commercialized.
b. Have formed the industrial base of numerical control tentatively. In tackling key problems the foundation that the achievement and some technology commercialize, set up the systematic factories of numerical control with production capacity in batches such as numerical control in Central China, numerical control of the spaceflight etc... Electrical machinery plant of Lanzhou, such factory and the first machine tool plant of Beijing , the first machine tool plant of Jinan ,etc. several numerical control host computer factories of a batch of servo systems and servo electrical machineries as the numerical control in Central China, etc.. These factories have formed the numerical control industrial base of our country basically.
c. Have set up a numerical control research, development, managerial talent's basic team.
Though has made considerable progress in research and development and industrialization of numerical control technology, but we will realize soberly, the research and development of the technology of advanced numerical control of our country, especially there is greater disparity in current situation and current demand of our country of engineering level in industrialization. Though very fast from watching the development of our country vertically, have disparity horizontally more than (compare foreign countries with) not merely engineering level, there is disparity too in development speed in some aspects, namely the engineering level disparity between some high-grade , precision and advanced numerical control equipment has the tendency to expand . Watch from world, estimate roughly as follows about the engineering level of numerical control of our country and industrialization level.
a. On the engine