高中英語復習 Unit 2 Poems課件 新人教版選修6.ppt

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Unit2,Poems,知識清單,1.____________n.翻譯;譯文2.____________vt.傳達;傳送3.____________v.交換;交流4.____________n.悲傷;悲痛;懊悔5.____________adj.含鹽的;咸的6.____________n.鉆石7.___________adj.無窮的;無止境的,salty,translation,convey,exchange,sorrow,(一)基本單詞,diamond,endless,8.___________n.獎學金;學問9.___________adv.最后;終于10.___________n.黑暗;漆黑,darkness,scholarship,eventually,11.appropriateadj._______________12.championshipn._______________13.librariann._______________14.pianistn._______________15.diploman._______________,適當?shù)?；正當?shù)?冠軍稱號,圖書館管理員,鋼琴家,文憑；證書,16.contradictoryadj.____________________17.flexibleadj.________________________18.concreteadj._______________19.foreveradv.______________20.transformv._______________________,轉化;轉換;改造;變換,引起矛盾的;好反駁的,靈活的;可彎曲的;柔順的,具體的,永遠,1._________n.終結;末端v.終結;終止________adj.無窮的;無止境的________n.電視、電影等的結局,結尾,ending,endless,(二)派生單詞,end,2.________adj.黑暗的;昏暗的__________v.使變黑暗;變黑__________n.黑暗;漆黑,darken,darkness,dark,3.___________vi.改革______________adj.可轉化的,transformation,transformative,transform,4.___________adj.適當?shù)?vt.撥(款),挪用____________adv.適當?shù)?相稱地_____________adj.不適當?shù)?不相稱的,appropriately,inappropriate,appropriate,1.輕松；不緊張；從容_______________2.受到……的歡迎_______________3.尤其,特別_______________4.由……構成_______________5.使……悲傷的是_______________6.用完_______________,takeiteasy,bepopularwith,inparticular,bemadeupof,toone’ssorrow,runoutof,(三)短語,7.把……轉化成___________________8.把……譯成___________________9.convey...to...___________________10.daybyday___________________11.tryout___________________12.letout___________________,transform...into...,translate...into...,向……表達,一天天,逐漸,試驗,試用,發(fā)出,放走,核心要點,conveyvt.運送;傳達;轉達,表達【教材原句】Otherstrytoconveycertainemotions.有些詩是為了傳達某種感情。【歸納】conveysth.tosb.傳達某事給某人conveysth.(from...)(to...)運送某物【拓展】conveyer/conveyorn.運送者;傳達者;傳送帶,(一)單詞,翻譯下列句子。1)言辭無法表達我內(nèi)心的喜悅。2)戴維向我父親表達了他的祝愿。3)這些貨物通常用直升飛機運送。,WordscannotconveyhowdelightedIwas.,Davidconveyedhisgoodwishestomyfather.,Thegoodsareusuallyconveyedbyhelicopter.,2.endlessadj.無窮的,無止境的,【派生】endlesslyadj.不斷地;無窮盡地endlessnessn.無窮,無限,3.branchn.枝條;支流;部門【教材原句】Afallenblossomisingbacktothebranch.落下的花朵回到了樹枝上。,【拓展】partybranch黨支部branchoffice分支機構;分局;分社branchpany分公司,4.transformv.轉換,改造,改變;改變,變換,轉化【教材原句】Neverlookingback,transformedintostone.化為石,不回頭。,【拓展】transform...into...把……變成……transformsb./sth.from...把某人/物從……中轉變transformationn.變化,轉變transformableadj.可變形的,可變化的transformern.變壓器,用transform的適當形式填空。1)Well,you’vecertainly____________thisplace—itlooksgreat!2)It’ssaidthattheshapeofsuchatoyis______________.3)Hisattitudetolifehasgonethrougha(n)_______________.,transformed,transformable,transformation,5.barevt.使赤裸;揭露;露出;透露adj.赤裸的,無遮蔽的,極少的n.最基本的要素【教材原句】TheformsIlikedbestconveyedtheirmeaningbyusingthebareminimumofwords.我最喜歡的形式就是言簡意賅。,【拓展】thebarebonesofthestory故事梗概withyourbarehands赤手空拳laysth.bare暴露,揭露thebarefacts不加渲染的事實真相bareyoursoultosb.(向某人)打開心扉,傾述衷腸,翻譯下列句子。1)Thewallswerebareexceptforaclock.2)Peterdidthebareminimumofworkbutstillpassedtheexam.3)Theroomwascoldandbare.,墻上除了一只掛鐘什么也沒有。,彼得只花了最少的工夫,卻仍然通過了考試。,這個房間很冷,而且空無一物。,6.exchangen.交換;交流;互換vt.交換【教材原句】Iftherehadnotbeenanexchangeprogramme,hewouldnothavefoundasponsortohelphimstudyabroad.如果以前沒有這個交換項目,他不會找到資助人贊助他去留學。,【歸納】作名詞,意為“交換;交流;交談;對話,兌換;匯兌”。常用短語：inexchange(for)(以……)交換作動詞,意為“調(diào)換;交換”。常用搭配:exchange…for/with…用……交換……,根據(jù)漢語意思補全下列句子。1)用我的舊電視機換這架照相機,你愿意嗎？WouldyoulikemyoldTV_____________thiscamera?2)我們就這件事情交換一下意見吧。Let’shavea(n)________________onthematter.,inexchangefor,exchangeofviews,3)我和你調(diào)一下座位好嗎?MayI____________________________?4)你可以在賓館把你的錢兌換成美元。Youcan____________________________________inthehotel.,exchangeseatswithyou,exchangeyourmoneyfor,dollars,7.sponsorn.贊助人；主辦者；倡議者e.g.Allthemajortheatresnowhavesponsors,especiallyforhigh-costproductions.I’mcollectingsponsorsfornextweek’scharityrun.Unlesshecanfindasponsorhe’llbeforcedtoretirefromathletics.,sponsorv.①贊助（活動、節(jié)目等）；②主辦，促成；③為慈善活動捐資；④資助（某人的培訓或教育）e.g.ThepetitionwassponsoredbyBritishAirways.TheUSissponsoringnegotiationsbetweenthetwosides.Evasaidshewasdoingaten-milewalkforcharityandaskedifI’dsponsorherfor$1amile.Shefoundapanytosponsorherthroughcollege.,8.blankn.空白adj.空白的；茫然的【教材原句】Fillintheblanksusingthecorrectformsoftheverbsinbrackets.【歸納】★blank作形容詞時，意為：①空白的；②空的，無圖畫的；③沒表情的，不理解的。如：Signyournameintheblankspacebelow.,Hewastiredofstaringatthefourblankwalls.Shestaredatmewithablankexpressiononherface.★blank作名詞時，意為：①空白處；②（記憶中的）空白，遺忘。如：PleaseputeitheracheckoranXintheblanks.I’mtryingtothinkofhisname,butmymind’sapleteblank.,9.loadn.負荷;裝載量;重擔v.裝載;使擔負;裝填;裝貨;裝料;裝彈藥【教材原句】Slowlytheoldmancarrieshisload.老人慢慢地挑起擔子。,【拓展】loadsof/aloadof大量,許多takealoadoffone’smind卸下心中重擔,如釋重負loadsth./sb.withsth.用……裝載……loadsth.into/ontosb./sth.把……裝入(到)……loaddown使負擔過重loadup裝載貨物overloadvt.使超載,使負荷過重,漢譯英。1)我們還有一大堆的問題要解決。2)給貨車裝貨花了他們一個小時。,Westillhaveloadsof/aloadofproblemstosolve.,Ittookthemanhourtoloadthevan.,1.takeiteasy輕松;不緊張;從容【教材原句】ifwehadn’ttakeniteasy…如果我們沒有放松警惕……【拓展】takesth.seriously重視某事,對某事嚴肅對待,(二)短語,take...forgranted認為……理所當然take...as...把……當作……take...for...把……誤認為……takeone’stime不慌不忙,不急于,慢慢來,2.runoutof用完(某物)runout(某物)用完,耗盡【教材原句】…ifwehadn’trunoutofenergy.……如果我們沒有筋疲力盡?！練w納】runoutof為及物動詞短語,主語一般為表示人的名詞或代詞。e.g.Weranoutofcoalandhadtoburnwood.runout為不及物動詞短語,其主語通常為表示時間、食物、金錢等的名詞。e.g.Oursupplyoffoodhasrunout.,用runout/runoutof的正確形式填空。1)We’djustreachedthemotorwaywhenthepetrol________.2)Thecar___________gasthreemilesfromthetown,sowehadtowalk.3)Tonydecideditwouldbebesttogohomebeforehe___________money.,ranout,ranoutof,ranoutof,2.bemadeupof由……組成或構成【教材原句】Anothersimpleformofpoemthatstudentscaneasilywriteisthecinquain,apoemmadeupoffiveline.另外一種學生容易寫的簡體詩是由五行組成的,叫做五行詩。,【辨析】bemadeupof同義短語為consistof(無被動語態(tài),不用于進行時),這兩個短語的主語通常為整體。makeup意為“組成,構成”,其主語通常為組成整體的各個部分。,用以上短語的適當形式填空。1)Theaudienceatyesterday’smeeting__________________________twelveleadersfromsomebigpanies.2)Women________56%ofthestudentnumbersintheuniversity.,wasmadeupof/consistedof,makeup,3.inparticular特別;尤其;格外(=particularly/especially)【教材原句】DidyouknowthatEnglishspeakersalsoenjoyotherformsofAsianpoetry---TangpoemsfromChinainparticular?你知道嗎?說英語的人也喜歡其他類型的亞洲詩,尤其是中國的唐詩。【歸納】particularadj.特指的,特別的;講究,挑剔beparticularabout對……挑剔/講究,【拓展】常見的含in的短語還有：intheory理論上,從理論上來說inpractice實際上,在實踐中inadvance提前inmon共同的indanger處于危險中ingeneral一般來說inharmony和諧inpublic公開地intotal總共,4.tryout測試;試驗【教材原句】IthinkI’lltryouthiswaytoosometime.我想我下次也會試試他的方法?！就卣埂縯ryfor設法爭取(得到)tryon試穿(衣服)tryone’sbest盡力,竭盡全能tryone’sfortune/luck碰運氣trytodosth.盡力/努力去做某事,從A、B、C、D四個選項中,選出可以填入空白處的最佳選項。1)—Iheardtheyfailedagain.—Yeah,buttheyaretrying_____anewmethod.A.forB.onC.outD.at2)Severalpairsofshoesweretried_____,butnoneofthemweresatisfactory.A.onB.byC.inD.for,C,A,5.letout發(fā)出(叫聲)；放走；加寬,放長(衣服)；泄露；出租【教材原句】Slowlytheblackbirdletsoutacry.慢慢地烏鴉發(fā)出叫聲?！就卣埂縧eton泄露;假裝letgo放開;釋放;發(fā)射letup停止;放松;減少,翻譯下列句子。1)Jackaccidentallyletoutthathehadn’tbeenhomeforthreeweeks.2)Theboyletoutacryofpain.3)Thedoctorislettingheroutofhospitalnextweek.,杰克無意中泄露他已經(jīng)三個星期沒有回家了。,那個男孩大聲喊痛。,醫(yī)生打算下周讓她出院。,(三)句式,reason的意思是“原因,理由”。后接定語從句時,常由why,that和which引導;后接同位語從句時,要用that引導,是對reason的內(nèi)容進行說明或解釋,要注意它們所用的場合。它也常構成“Thereasonwhy...isthat...”句式。如：,Therearevariousreasonswhypeoplewritepoetry.人們寫詩有著各種各樣的理由。,①Thereasonwhyhewasabsentfromthepartywasthathewasstuckinthetrafficjam.他沒有參加宴會的原因是他被交通阻塞所困。(why在定語從句中作狀語;that引導表語從句)。②Thereasonthat/whichhehasgivensoundsreasonable.他給出的理由聽起來合情合理。(that和which在定語從句中作given的賓語),③Whydon’tyoubelievethereasonthatmycarwasbroken?你為什么不相信我的汽車壞了的理由呢？(that引導同位語從句,說明reason的內(nèi)容,that不在從句中作成分),虛擬語氣(二),虛擬語氣在if條件從句中表示過去情況的用法表示與過去事實相反時,從句的謂語用過去完成時had+過去分詞,主句的謂語用would/should/could/might+have+過去分詞。,(四)語法,e.g.IfthefilmhadwonanOscar,itwould/should/could/mighthavebeefamousrightaway.IfErichadgonetocollege,hewould/should/could/mighthavebeeanengineer.,虛擬語氣在其它從句中的用法：1.在wouldrather后的賓語從句中,謂語常用一般過去時表示現(xiàn)在或?qū)淼那闆r,用過去完成時表示過去的情況。e.g.IwouldratherJamescalledmetoday.IwouldratherMichaelvisitedusthisSunday.IwouldratherMr.Blackhadtoldmethetruthyesterday.,2.在表示命令、要求、建議等的名詞性從句中,謂語用should+動詞原形或只用動詞原形。e.g.Mr.Brownorderedthatwe(should)setoffatonce.Itisrequestedthatanagreement(should)bereachedbetweenthetwosides.Thedoctor’ssuggestionisthatmymother(should)stayinbedforanotherthreedays.,3.asif,asthough引導的狀語從句中,謂語用一般過去時表示現(xiàn)在的情況,用過去完成時表示過去的情況。e.g.TheoldwomanlovedTonyasif/thoughhewereherson.BobtalksaboutFranceasif/thoughhehadbeentherehimself.,4.在It’s(high)time(that)...句型中,從句謂語要用虛擬語氣(多用一般過去時)。e.g.It’stimethatweweretaughtalesson.It’shightimethatyoumadeupyourmind.,【拓展】特殊的虛擬條件句1.錯綜時間條件句：條件句主句謂語和從句謂語表示的動作在時間上并不一致。如：IfMonicahadstudiedhardatthattime,shewouldbeacollegestudentnow.IfIwereyou,Iwouldhavegonetothecinemayesterday.,2.含蓄條件句：虛擬的條件有時可以不用條件從句來表示,而是通過某些詞或短語來表達。常用來表示含蓄虛擬條件的詞或短語有or,without,butfor(要不是)等。如：Withoutthemessage,Frankwouldnothavefoundthelostputer.Butforyourhelpyesterday,Icouldn’thavesolvedtheproblem.,用括號內(nèi)動詞的正確形式填空。1.I_____________________________________(crash)thecarbutforyourwarning.2.IdemandthatJohn________(go)thereatonce.3.Itshightimewe________(stop)treatinghimlikeachild.4.IfonlyI_____(know)herphonenumber!ThenIcouldcallherrightnow.5.Tomsayshe’singtoseemetomorrow.I’dratherhe________(e)today.,shouldgo,stopped,would/should/might/couldhavecrashed,knew,came,6.Whatdoyouthinkofthesuggestionthathouses__________(be)builtonthissite?7.WhatIdidwasrightandifI________(do)anythingless,themachinewouldn’tbeworkingnow.8.Ihavetogotothepostofficeinthisheavyrain.Ifonlyhe________________(remember)tosendthatletteryesterday!,(should)be,haddone,hadremembered,如何寫詩歌評論,【寫作任務】HopeistheThingwithFeathers是19世紀美國著名詩人艾米莉狄金森（EmilyDickinson）的一首短詩。請閱讀該詩并寫一篇英語短文評價該詩，在英語課上與其他同學交流。注意：詞數(shù)100左右。,(五)寫作,HopeistheThingwithFeathers“Hope”isthethingwithfeathers–Thatperchesinthesoul–Andsingsthetunewithoutthewords–Andneverstops–atall–Andsweetest–intheGale–isheard–Andsoremustbethestorm–ThatcouldabashthelittleBirdThatkeptsomanywarm–Ivehearditinthechillestland–AndonthestrangestSea–Yet–never–inExtremity,Itaskedacrumb–ofme.,Notes:perch棲息gale狂風abash使不安chilly寒冷的extremity絕境crumb一絲一毫____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________,【寫作指導】本寫作任務要求寫一篇詩歌評論。詩歌評論文章一般采用以下步驟進行寫作：首先，對該詩進行總體介紹，包括該詩的作者、主要內(nèi)容、主題思想，甚至可以包括寫作的時間或時代特點，以使人對該詩有一個更全面的理解。其次，描述自己從詩中所體會到的意境。意境是一種耐人尋味的藝術境界，由詩人要表達的思想感情與詩中所描繪的場景有機融合而成。詩人通過對詩中某一情景的描繪抒發(fā)自己的情感。最后，表達自己對該詩的感想。,【常用表達】Thisisapoemwrittenby...Althoughthepoemisveryshort,itshowsus...Asisdescribedinthepoem,...Ilikethepoembecauseitisvery...Inthepoem,wecansee...Fromthepoem,wecanlearnthat...Thepoemremindsmeof...Thepoetletsthereadersimagineavividpictureof...Itseemsasif...,【參考范文】ThepoemiswrittenbyEmilyDickinson,afamousAmericanpoetofthe19thcentury.Althoughthepoemisshort,itshowsusthathopeisstrongandkeepsusgoing.Dickinsonusesanimagefromnature“abird”tomaketheabstractconcept“hope”moreconcrete.Fromthepoem,wecanlearnthat,likeasmallbirdthatsingsbeforestrongwindandpowerfulstorm,hopestaysalivewithinusdespiteallofourtroubles,,andneverasksforanythingfromus—itisjusttheretohelpus.Afterreadingthispoem,Ihaveadeeperunderstandingofthepowerofhopeandtheinfluenceonus.,高考鏈接,1.(2014福建改編)______(be)therenomoderntelemunications,wewouldhavetowaitforweekstogetnewsfromaroundtheworld.答案：Were考查虛擬語氣的倒裝。根據(jù)主句中的wouldhavetowait可知,空格處應表示對現(xiàn)在情況的假設,故從句用一般過去時；另外,當if從句中含有be動詞were及助動詞had時,可以把主語和if省略,同時把were或had提前,構成倒裝句。句意：如果沒有現(xiàn)代化的電信設施的話,我們將不得不等候好幾周的時間來獲得來自世界各地的消息。,2.(2016年北京卷)34.Whydidn’tyoutellmeaboutyourtroublelastweek?Ifyou___me,Icouldhavehelped.A.toldB.hadtoldC.weretotellD.wouldtell【解析】句義：---為什么你上周不告訴我你的煩惱？如果你告訴我，我本能夠幫助你的。本題考查虛擬語氣。根據(jù)第一句lastweek和主句couldhavehelped判斷與過去事實相反，故選B。,B,3.（2016年天津卷）15.Iwaswearingaseatbelt.IfIhadn’tbeenwearingone,I____.A.wereinjuredB.wouldbeinjuredC.hadbeeninjuredD.wouldhavebeeninjured【解析】句義：我那時正系著安全帶，如果我那時沒系的話，我就會受傷了。本題考查if條件句中的虛擬語氣，根據(jù)第一句waswearing和if條件句中的hadbeenwearing可判斷與過去事實相反，故選D。,D,4.（2016年江蘇卷）27.Ifit____forhisinvitationtheotherday,Ishouldnotbeherenow.A.hadnotbeenB.shouldnotbeC.werenottobeD.shouldnothavebeen【解析】句義：要不是因為他那天的邀請，我現(xiàn)在也不會在這兒。本題考查if條件句中的虛擬語氣，根據(jù)if條件句中的時間狀語theotherday可判斷與過去事實相反，故選A。,A,5.（2016年浙江卷）15.Hadthegovernmentsandscientistsnotworkedtogether,AIDS-relateddeaths_______sincetheirhighestin2005.A.hadnotfallenB.wouldnotfallC.didnotfallD.wouldnothavefallen【解析】句義：如果沒有政府和科學家們的團結合作的話，與艾滋病相關的死亡就不會從2005年的最高點下降。本題考查省略if的條件句的虛擬語氣，根據(jù)第一句had...notworkedtogether可判斷與過去事實相反，故選D。,D,6.(2010山東改編)Mothersholdingjobsoutsidethehomeshouldhave______(flexibility)schedulestomakeiteasiertocarefortheirchildren.答案：flexible句意：在外有工作的母親們應該將時間安排得靈活一些,以便照顧孩子時容易些。flexible“靈活的”,符合句意。,7.(2010湖北改編)Itisillegalforapublicofficialtoaskpeopleforgiftsormoney_______exchange_______favorstothem.答案：in;for句意：公務員為人們做了好事作為交換向人們要禮物或金錢是違法的。inexchangefor意為“交換”。,8.(2012重慶改編)Foodsuppliesinthefloodstrickenareaarerunning_______.Wemustactimmediatelybeforethere’snoneleft.答案：out考查動詞短語。句意：洪澇災區(qū)的糧食供應快用完了。在用完之前,我們必須立即采取行動。runout是不及物動詞短語。,鞏固練習,I.用括號內(nèi)單詞的正確形式填空。1.Shehasheldtheworldchess____________(champion)forthepastthreeyears.2.HeseemstothinkthatIhavea(n)________(end)supplyofmoney.3.Shewentfurtherintotheroom,drawnbythe________(warm)ofthefire.4.Givemeaglassofwaterbecausethesoup’salittle_____(salt).5.I’mnotajudgebutIthoughtthatthethird________(piano)wasthebestplayer.,warmth,endless,salty,championship,pianist,II.用適當?shù)慕樵~或副詞填空。1.Theywillhavetoeoutoftheplacewhentheyrunout____foodandwater.2.Whenshesawhim,shelet___acryofterror.3.Iusedtostay___latewithmymomandwatchmovies.4.Thenewkindofenginesmustbetried____beforetheyaresold.,of,out,up,out,5.I’veofferedtopaintthekitcheninexchange________aweek’sacmodation.6.Ijustseemtodothesamethingsweek________weekout.,for,in,III.選用方框內(nèi)合適的單詞填空（每個單詞限用一次）。1.Myscheduleisquite________—Icouldarrangetomeetwithyouanydaynextweek.2.Nothingmoreisknownapartfromthe______statementissuedtothepress.3.We’vegotageneralideaofwhatwewant,butnothing________atthemoment.,concrete,contradictory,flexible,bare,appropriate,forever,flexible,bare,concrete,4.IlikethehousebutIdon’timagineI’lllivethere________.5.Ikeepgetting____________advice—somepeopletellmetokeepitwarmandsometellmetoputiceonit.6.Nowthattheproblemhasbeenidentified,____________actioncanbetaken.,concrete,contradictory,flexible,bare,appropriate,forever,forever,contradictory,appropriate,IV.用括號內(nèi)動詞的正確形式填空。1.IfI____________(study)harder,Iwouldhavegottenahigherscoreonthetest.2.Tomplayedterriblytoday.Mygrandmother______________________________________(score)ifshe________(be)inthatposition.,hadstudied,would/could/should/mighthavescored,hadbeen,3.—Ourcampingholiday____________________________________(be)allrightifithadn’trainedallthetime.—Ifwe________(go)twoweeksearlier,we_________________________________(have)betterweather.4.IfI________(pay)myelectricitybilllastmonth,Iwouldn’tbesittinginthedarknow.,would/could/should/mighthavebeen,hadgone,would/could/should/mighthavehad,hadpaid,5.Ifyouhadn’tleftallthesedirtydishes,theplace_________________________(look)abittidiernow.6.Trevorisn’tapracticalperson.Ifhewerepractical,he_________________________________(put)thoseshelvesupabitquicker.Ittookhimages.,would/could/should/mightlook,would/could/should/mighthaveput,V.閱讀下面材料，在空白處填入適當?shù)膬?nèi)容（1個單詞）或括號內(nèi)單詞的正確形式。FamoustwentiethcenturyChinesepoet1.___writerXuZhimoatfirststudiedeconomics,politicsandhistory,2.________(earn)anMAinPoliticalSciencefromColumbiaUniversity,NewYork.EventuallytiredofNewYorkhowever,hemovedtoKing’sCollege,CambridgeintheUK,3.______hisoutlookonlifewastransformedbytheliteraryenvironmentthere,and,earning,where,and4.__particularbyhisnewfoundloveoftheromanticpoetryofKeatsandShelley.HavingreturnedtoChinain1922,hebecamealeadingfigureinChina’smodernpoetrymovement,formingaliterarysociety5.____(make)upofChinesepoetsandwriterscalledCrescentMoonin1923.Hediedinaplanecrashin1931attheageof34.Hepublishedseveralcollectionsofpoemsinhislifetime,6.______(main)aboutloveandfilledwithdescriptionsof7.________(beauty)scenery.,in,made,mainly,beautiful,Amemorialstonewith8.____firstandlastlineofFarewellCambridge,9.__________(place)onScholar’sPiecein2008.ItliesnexttothebridgethatlinksScholar’sPiecetotherestofthecollegeandhasbeepopularwithvisitingChinesestudentsandtourists.AcollectionofXu’spoemswith10.___________(translate)wasalsopublishedinCambridgein2012.,the,wasplaced,translations,