669 ZH1105柴油機氣缸體三面粗鏜組合機床設計（夾具設計）

669 ZH1105柴油機氣缸體三面粗鏜組合機床設計（夾具設計）,zh1105,柴油機,缸體,三面粗鏜,組合,機床,設計,夾具 機械畢業(yè)設計-課題名: ZH1105柴油機氣缸體三面粗鏜組合機床設計（夾具設計）說明書.doc(31頁14000字)畢業(yè)設計-開題報告-孫道德-2007-04-01.doc畢業(yè)設計任務書－夾具設計-07.3.5.doc畢業(yè)設計申報表.doc畢業(yè)設計-實習報告-孫道德-2007-04-01.doc畢業(yè)設計-外文翻譯-孫道德-2007-04-01.doc說明書封面－孫道德2007.doc摘要-孫道德20070607.doc文獻A0(三圖一卡)工序圖.dwgA0(三圖一卡)機床尺寸聯(lián)系圖.dwgA0(三圖一卡)最新加工示意圖(備份)070612.dwgA1(三圖一卡)生產率計算卡2007.dwgA0夾具裝配圖.dwgA0右鏜模.dwgA0中間底座.dwgA3支柱.dwgA3左托架.dwgA4定位塊.dwgA4鏜套（右）.dwgA4壓塊.dwgZH1105柴油機氣缸體三面粗鏜組合機床總體及夾具設計摘 要：柴油機氣缸體是大批量生產的零件。為了提高生產效率，滿足被加工零件的精度要求，本課題設計了一臺用于ZH1105柴油機氣缸體三面粗鏜孔的組合機床。本文介紹了該組合機床總體設計和夾具設計的思路，全文共分 分。 是總體設計， 用 工位三面粗鏜孔組合機床， 的 具 用量 及 率 ， 計算 外 尺寸 ? ￠臺 ￡ ? 用 件，￥?定￡ 件的工§currency1'及工§“?，??機床總體設計。fifl是夾具設計， 被加工零件的全面分–， 用三面定位和?定鏜模?· ?套???夾?裝” 用?壓夾?機…， 夾?‰工件 ?夾具體為?架 `…， ′?的?ˉ，?夾具˙¨ ??· 的精度和?定ˉ。該組合機床?ˇ˙?—加工精度， ˙提高加工效率。 機床 合 ，夾?· ，精度 高，?用 § ，提高了工§效率， 了設計要求。：氣缸體?組合機床?粗鏜?夾具The design of the overall and jig of the modular machine-tool for drilling and boring in the body of ZH1105 dieselAbstract: The cylinder body of diesel is made for large mass production. In order to enhance the production efficiency and meet the precision requested of the components processed, the topic is produced for designing a combined machine-tool, which is used to roughly bore the holes of the ZH1105 diesel engine cylinder .The design was introduced of the overall and jig of the combined machine-tool and the topic consists of two parts. The first part is overall design, adopting the combined machine-tool with single location three faces drilling and roughly bore the holes, considering such factors as tool, cutting parameter, cutting force, cutting torque and cutting power, and so on. Thus common parts such as sliding table, the power box and so on, were choused by calculating spindle diameter, and the extend sizes , the link-pole model. Then the operating cycle and the distance were determined. Thus the overall design was completed. Finally, the technological drawing was figured out of the part which need to be manufactured, the general drawing of modular machine tool,and drawing of cutter display and the efficiency card of manufacture. The secondpart is the jig design, having analyzed the work piece, the location plan adopted three-face location; the guiding equipment used the fixed bore plate with replaceable bore bush; the clamp uses the hydraulic pressure device, it directly presses on the work piece，the jig-body utilize the frame structure, possess fine rigidity, causes the jig to maintain good long-term precision. Thiscombined machine-tool not only has guaranteed the drill hole precision efficiency. The laying out of the machine-tool is reasonable, the location of work piece is reliably, the accuracy is high, the operation is easy, enhanced the working efficiency, and meet with the design request well.Key words：The cylinder body; Modular machine tool; Rough bore the holes; Jig1? 12 組合機床總體設計 32.1 組合機床工a 的 定 32.1.1工a 面的分– 32.1.2加工工a的分–32.1.3 ?定機床??工a?的一?? 32.2 組合機床配” 的 32.2.1組合機床配” 32.2.2 機床配” 和`… 的一?o題 32.3?定 用量及 具 42.3.1 用量 42.3.2 計算 及 率62.3.3 具`… 102.4組合機床總體設計－－三圖一卡 102.4.1被加工零件工序圖 102.4.2 加工示意圖 112.4.3機床尺寸聯(lián)系圖132.4.4機床生產率計算卡 163 夾具設計 183.1夾具設計的 本要求和 183.1.1夾具設計的 本要求183.1.2夾具設計的 183.2定位 的?定 193.2.1零件的工aˉ分– 193.2.2定位 的 —193.2.3 分– 203.2.4??裝” 223.3夾? 的?定 223.3.1夾?裝”的?定223.3.2夾? 的?定 243.3.3 油缸的 253.4夾具體的設計264` 27? 文獻2829301? 組合機床是? 加工 要，?大量 用 件為 ?，配??量?用 件組?的一 高效?用機床。組合機床 要用于 面加工和孔加工。 面加工 銑 面 車端面 刮 面?孔加工 鉆 擴 鉸 鏜孔?及倒角 槽 攻螺紋 。組合機床最適宜于加工各 大中 ?體類零件，如氣缸體 氣缸蓋 變速?體 零件。 ?，組合機床在汽車 拖拉機 儀器儀表 軍工及縫紉機 柴油機 紡織 航空 門，應用越來越普遍。組合機床 要適用于棱體類零件和雜體的孔面加工，生產效率高，研 周 短， 于設計 造和?用維修，配”靈活，且自￡化?度高，勞￡強度低。在將來，組合機床將?五 面發(fā)展：高速化 高精度化 復合化 高科技含量化?及'?化。同?，在自￡化 面，將會進一 提高 。組合機床的設計， ? 本 情況：fi一，是? 具體加工 象的具體情況進“?門設計，這是當?最普遍的做法。fi二，隨著組合機床在我國機械“業(yè)的廣泛?用，廣大工人總`自己生產和?用組合機床的經驗，發(fā)現(xiàn)組合機床?ˇ在fi組? 件 面 共ˉ，·設計? 用 件，而且一?“業(yè)在??一定工a范圍內組合機床是極fi相似的， ·˙設計為 用機床，這 機床稱為“?˙組合機床” 。這 組合機床就? 要每fl按具體加工 象進“?門設計和生產，而是·?設計? 用品 ，組織?批生產，然后按被加工的零件的具體 要，配?簡 的夾具及 具，即·組?加工一定 象的高效率設備。在組合機床設計 ?中，為了降低組合機床的 造?本，應盡·˙地?用 用件和標 件。 ?，我國設計 造的組合機床，fi 用 件和標 件約占 件總數(shù)的70～80%，fi它20～30%是?用零 件 。 近年來，各 用件和標 件都出臺了新的標 及標注 法，為了 ?后組合機床的維修， 組合機床的 用件和標 件配”，都 用了新標 。本畢業(yè)設計課題是ZH1105柴油機氣缸體三面鉆鏜孔組合機床的設計，來源于江￡集團江淮￡ 股份 ?公司。本組合機床 四人??，本人將進“總體及夾具設計。組合機床的設計 ? ? 研，總體設計，技 設計和工§設計?？傮w設計， 工a分– 定位 的 ￠臺 的 用量 具?“三圖一卡”，即加工工序圖，加工示意圖，機床聯(lián)系尺寸圖，生產率計算卡。技 設計就是? 總體設計 經?定的“三圖一卡”，設計 ? ?用 件 總圖?工§設計即 各 ?用 件的 工圖 ，各零 件明 表 。夾具設計是組合機床設計中的一 要組? 分，是按 一道工序的加工要求， 一? 造?的標 件和 件進“組裝而?的夾具，夾具 ?用 位? 要求自“設計和 造，適用于產品?定且批量 大的生產中。fi設計 ? 要 ： 機床總體設計 的 — 定位夾? 的 — 定位 分– 夾? 的計算 夾?缸的 用。本組合機床夾具 于?用夾具，fi定位裝” 夾?裝” 夾具體 ??裝”和fi它一? 件， 為自“設計 加工。在設計中，盡量 ?用標 件和 用件，來 短設計周 ， ?機床后 造的零件報 率，提高經 效 。設計，本組合機床˙滿足加工 求，?—加工精度，機床 ?，工§· ，`…簡 ，裝 ， 于維修 。各￡ 分 用了 器 ，?用 § 。提高了工§效率， 計˙ 設計要求。 文 獻 資 料專 業(yè) 機械設計制造及其自動化 學 生 姓 名 孫 道 德 班 級 BMZ 機制 031 學 號 0361440120 指 導 教 師 劉 必 榮 文 獻 資 料[1]曲明華.可分度組合式鏜床夾具的設計與使用[J].機械制造,1995,(8):32.[2]李紀明,許敬成.S195 柴油機機體三面精鏜孔組合機床[J].組合機床與自動化加工技術,1998,(11):9-15.[3]沈賢,尤旭雁.柴油機缸體氣缸孔止口粗加工組合機床[N].江南學院報,2000,(2):56-59.[4]雷濤.通用組合夾具的設計與實施[J].材料.工藝.設備,2003,(4):27-30.[5]林曉磊,宋若峰.專用夾具的設計方法[J].設計與制造,2004,(1):36-39.[6]花愛珍.夾具六點定位原理在產品設計自動化中的應用[N].河南職業(yè)技師范學院報,2004,(4):67-77.[7]周海寶.提高機床夾具精度的實用方法[J].機床與液壓,2000,(4):96-98.[8]張兵,李海國.一種精鏜孔可調夾具的設計與應用[J].制造技術機床,2002(4):32-34.[9]張素紅.車軸攻螺紋組合機床夾具的研制[J].組合機床與自動化加工技術,2000,(6);45-46.[10]王成虎.長槽孔加工組合機床[J].組合機床與自動化加工技術,2000.(12):39-40鹽城工學院本科生畢業(yè)設計說明書 2007ZH1105 柴油機氣缸體三面粗鏜組合機床總體及夾具設計摘 要：柴油機氣缸體是大批量生產的零件。為了提高生產效率，滿足被加工零件的精度要求，本課題設計了一臺用于 ZH1105 柴油機氣缸體三面粗鏜孔的組合機床。本文介紹了該組合機床總體設計和夾具設計的思路，全文共分兩個部分。首先是總體設計，采用單工位三面粗鏜孔組合機床，考慮的因素有刀具、切削用量、切削力、切削扭矩及切削功率等，通過計算選擇主軸直徑、外伸尺寸、接桿型號、滑臺、動力箱等通用部件，再確定動力部件的工作循環(huán)及工作行程，完成機床總體設計。其次是夾具設計，通過對被加工零件的全面分析，采用三面定位和固定鏜模板可換導套導向；夾緊裝置采用液壓夾緊機構，直接夾緊與工件上；夾具體為框架式結構，有良好的剛性，使夾具能長期保持可靠的精度和穩(wěn)定性。該組合機床不僅能保證加工精度，還能提高加工效率。整個機床布局合理，夾緊可靠，精度較高，使用操作方便，提高了工作效率，達到了設計要求。關鍵詞：氣缸體；組合機床；粗鏜；夾具鹽城工學院本科生畢業(yè)設計說明書 2007The design of the overall and jig of the modular machine-tool for drilling and boring in the body of ZH1105 dieselAbstract: The cylinder body of diesel is made for large mass production. In order to enhance the production efficiency and meet the precision requested of the components processed, the topic is produced for designing a combined machine-tool, which is used to roughly bore the holes of the ZH1105 diesel engine cylinder .The design was introduced of the overall and jig of the combined machine-tool and the topic consists of two parts. The first part is overall design, adopting the combined machine-tool with single location three faces drilling and roughly bore the holes, considering such factors as tool, cutting parameter, cutting force, cutting torque and cutting power, and so on. Thus common parts such as sliding table, the power box and so on, were choused by calculating spindle diameter, and the extend sizes , the link-pole model. Then the operating cycle and the distance were determined. Thus the overall design was completed. Finally, the technological drawing was figured out of the part which need to be manufactured, the general drawing of modular machine tool, and drawing of cutter display and the efficiency card of manufacture. The second part is the jig design, having analyzed the work piece, the location plan adopted three-face location; the guiding equipment used the fixed bore plate with replaceable bore bush; the clamp uses the hydraulic pressure device, it directly presses on the work piece，the jig-body utilize the frame structure, possess fine rigidity, causes the jig to maintain good long-term precision. This combined machine-tool not only has guaranteed the drill hole precision efficiency. The laying out of the machine-tool is reasonable, the location of work piece is reliably, the accuracy is high, the operation is easy, enhanced the working efficiency, and meet with the design request well.Key words：The cylinder body; Modular machine tool; Rough bore the holes; Jig 外 文 翻 譯專 業(yè) 機械設計制造及自動化 學 生 姓 名 孫 道 德 班 級 BMZ 機制 031 學 號 0361440120 指 導 教 師 劉 必 榮 1附 件 1:機 床 基 礎范云漲 著孫道德 譯摘　要: 在許多情況下初步加工成型的產品必須在尺寸和表面光潔度方面經過進一步的加工以滿足設計要求。為了滿足這么高要求的尺寸，去除少量的材料是必需的。機床通常用于執(zhí)行這樣的操作。 關鍵字：機床；車床機床介紹：機床加工作為產生形狀的一種方法是所有制造過程中最普遍使用的并且是最重要的方法。機床加工是一種成型的過程通過電機驅動，材料以切屑的形式被去除。大多數(shù)的機床加工是通過既支承工件又支承刀具的裝備來完成。盡管在某些場合，工件無支承情況下，使用移動式裝備來實現(xiàn)加工。小批量生產低費用。機床加工在制造過程中有兩個方面。對于鑄造、鍛造和壓力加工，每一個要生產的具體工件形狀，即使是一個零件，幾乎都要花費高額的加工費用。靠焊接來產生的結構形狀，在很大程度上取決于有效的原材料的形狀。一般來說，通過利用貴重設備而又無需特種加工條件下，幾乎可以從任何種類原材料開始，借助機床加工把原材料加工成任意所要求的結構形狀，只要外部尺寸足夠大，那都是可能的。因此對于生產一個零件，通常選擇機床加工甚至于當零件結構及要生產的批量大小上按理都適于用鑄造、鍛造或壓力加工來生產的。高的精度和良好表面光潔度。機械加工的第二方面用途是建立在高精度和可能的表面光潔度基礎上。許多零件，如果用別的其他方法來生產屬大批量生產的話，那么在機械加工中則是屬低公差且又能滿足要求的小批量生產了。另方面，許多零件靠較粗的生產加工工藝提供其一般表面形狀，而僅僅是在需要高精度的且選擇過的表面上才進行機械加工。例如內螺紋，除了機械加工之外，幾乎沒有別的加工方法能進行加工。再如已鍛工件上的小孔加工，也是在被鍛后進行機械加工才完成的。在美國材料切削業(yè)是一個很大的產業(yè)——費用每年超過 36×109美元，包括材料，勞動力，管理費，機床裝運費等所花的費用。由于 60％機械和工業(yè)工程以及技2術等級評定工作都跟機床加工工業(yè)有某些關系，或者通過買賣、設計或者機器車間中操作或在有關工業(yè)企業(yè)中加工，因此，對于工程專業(yè)學生來說，在他的學習計劃中集中一段時間去學習研究材料切削和機床是個明智的做法。機床為通過切削工具使工件成型以達到所需的尺寸提供了方法。機床通過其基礎構件的功能作用，以控制相互關系方式支持、夾緊工具和工件，現(xiàn)將基本結構部件列舉如下：a）床身，構架或機架。這是一個主要部件，該部件為主軸、拖板箱等提供一個基礎和連接中介，在負載作用下，它必須使變形和振動保持最小。b）拖板箱和導軌。機床部件（如拖板箱）的移動，通常是在精確的導軌面約束下靠直線運動來實現(xiàn)。c）主軸和軸承。角位移是圍繞一個旋轉軸線發(fā)生的，該軸線的位置必須在機床中極端精確的限度內保持恒定，而且是靠精密的主軸和軸承來提供保證。d）動力裝置。電動機是為機床所普遍采用的動力裝置。通過對各個電機的合適定位，使皮帶和齒輪傳動裝置減少到最少。e）傳動連桿機構。連桿機構是個通用術語，用來代表機械、液壓、氣動或電動機構的，這些機構與確定的角位移和線性位移相關聯(lián)。加工工藝主要有兩個組成部分：a）粗加工。粗加工，金屬切除率高，因而往往切削力也大，但所要求的尺寸精度低。b）精加工。精加工，金屬切除率低，因而往往切削力也小，但所要求的尺寸精度和表面光潔度高。由此可見，靜載荷和動載荷，例如由不平衡的砂輪引起的動載荷，在精加工中比粗加工中有著更為重要的意義。任何加工過程所獲得的精度通常將受到由于力的作用引起發(fā)生的變形量的影響。機床座架一般是用鑄鐵制造的，然而有些也可能用鑄鋼或中碳鋼來制造。選用鑄鐵是因為它便宜，剛性好，受壓強度高，并且有減弱機床操作中產生的振動的能力。為了避免床身鑄件碩大斷面，精心地設計筋條構架以便提供最大的抗彎曲和抗扭轉應力的能力。筋條的兩種基本類型是：箱型結構和片狀斜支撐式。箱型結構便于生產，箱壁上有孔口便于使型芯定位和取出。片狀斜支撐筋條有較大的抗扭剛度亦能使截面上的碎屑掉落。它常常用于車床床身。機床的拖板箱和導軌是支撐和引3導彼此相對運動的零部件，通常是改變刀具相對于工件的位置。運動一般以直線運動的方式，但也有時是轉動，例如對應于工件的螺紋上的螺旋角方向而使萬能螺紋磨床上的砂輪頭轉動一個角度。拖板箱構件的基本的幾何結構形狀是平的、V 型槽形、燕尾槽形和圓柱形的。這些構件可根據(jù)用途，以各種方法分別使用或結合使用。導軌的特性如下：（a）運動精確。于此拖板是要按直線移動的，這直線必定是由兩個相互垂直的平面形成而且拖板必定不存在轉動。機床導軌的直線度公差是每米 0～0.02 毫米，在水平面上這個公差可以進行處理，以使得到凸形表面，這樣就抵消導軌下凹的作用。（b）調整手段。為了便于裝配、維護精度和在發(fā)生磨損后便于限制移動構件之間的“竄動” ，有時在拖板內裝入扁條，這扁條被叫做“鋃條” 。通常該鋃條用穿過長孔的沉頭螺釘支住，而用平頭螺釘調整好后用鎖緊螺母上緊。（c）潤滑。導軌可用以下兩種裝置進行潤滑：1）間歇潤滑，通過潤滑脂嘴或油嘴進行。這是一種適于運動速度低而不頻繁場合的方法。2）連續(xù)潤滑，例如通過計量閥和管道將潤滑油泵送到潤滑點。用這種方法引入兩表面間的油膜必定是很薄的，目的是避免使拖板“浮起” 。如果滑移表面似鏡面平滑，油就會被擠出而導致表面粘貼。因而在實踐上，拖板滑移表面是用凹面砂輪的刃進行磨削或進行刮研。兩種工藝都可產生微小的表面凹痕，它就成為存油凹陷，相配合的零件就不會處處因“浮起”而發(fā)生分離，這樣使拖板確定保持接觸導軌。（d）防護。為了維護導軌處于良好狀態(tài)，以下條件必須滿足：1）必須防止外面物質，如碎屑進入。具有某一形狀的導軌那是所期望的。在這種場合，是不可能進入雜物的，例如是倒 V形的導軌時，那就不可能保存碎屑雜物在導軌上。2）必須保存潤滑油。在垂直或傾斜的導軌面上使用的油要有粘性，那很重要。為了這種使用目的已經專門研制出多種有用的潤滑油。油的粘性也要保護，以免被切削液沖毀。3）必須用防護罩來防止意外的破壞。車床：一臺機床有三個主要功能：（1）牢固地支持工件或者刀架和刀具；（2）在工4件和刀具之間提供相對運動；（3）提供一定的走刀和切削速度范圍。以去除切屑形式來加工金屬的機床一般被分為四大類：使用單點刀具切削的機床；使用多點刀具切削的機床；使用隨機點刀具切削的機床（磨削）和考慮用于特殊場合的機床。機床本質上使用單點刀具切削包括：（1）普通車床；（2）塔式車床；（3）仿形車床；（4）單軸自動車床；（5）多軸自動車床；（6）牛頭刨床和龍門刨床；（7）鏜床。使用多點刀具切削的機床包括：（1）鉆床；（2）銑床；（3）拉床；（4）鋸床；（5）齒輪切割機床。使用隨機點刀具切削的機床包括：（1）外圓磨床；（2）無心磨床；（3）平面磨床。普通車床是基本的旋削機床，從這點出發(fā)，已經研制出其他旋削機床。驅動電機裝在床身基礎上并通過齒輪、皮帶相結合來驅動主軸，以提供每分鐘 25到 1500轉的轉速。主軸是一根堅固的空心軸，裝在重型軸承之間，其前端用來安裝驅動盤（花盤） ，以便把確定的運動傳到工件。該驅動盤可借助螺紋、凸輪鎖緊機構或借助一個螺紋墊圈和鍵固定在主軸上。車床的床身是鑄鐵件，它提供精確的磨削的滑動表面（導軌） ，其上放有拖板。該車床拖板是 H型的鑄件，而刀具就安裝在拖板上的刀架上。溜板箱裝在拖板前面，并裝有移動刀具的齒輪機構，而拖板順著導軌或橫過導軌以提供所希望的刀具的運動。拖板上面的小刀架能使刀夾回轉所要求的任意角度。為使刀具作線性運動，在小刀架上裝有手輪和絲桿。以手輪和使小刀架垂直于車床導軌移動的絲桿來提供橫向進給。溜板箱中的齒輪系可為拖板沿著導軌和橫跨導軌提供動力進給。進給箱齒輪將運動傳給拖板并控制刀具相對于工件的運動速度。典型的車床進給范圍是主軸每轉從 0.002到 0.160英寸，大約有 50級轉速。由于進給箱的移動運動是由主軸齒輪驅動的，因此進給量直接與主軸速度有關。進給箱齒輪傳動機構也用于加工螺紋并能加工每英寸 4到 224扣螺紋。進給箱和車床溜板箱之間的連結軸是光桿和絲桿。許多車床制造商把這兩桿結合成一桿，實際上那就以精確的開支減少機器的費用。進給桿（光桿）用于提供刀具的運動，它對于精確的工件和好的表面光潔度是很重要的。螺紋導桿（絲桿）用于提供精確的（螺紋）導程，這對于螺紋切削是必需的。光桿是通過摩擦離合器來驅動的，那樣在刀具切削超載情況下能夠打滑保護。這一安全裝置不能裝在絲桿上，5因為螺紋加工是不允許打滑的。由于螺紋全深很難一次走刀加工完成，因此裝設一螺紋指示盤作為下幾次走刀加工時重新對刀用。車床裝有尾座，它具有一精確的軸，該軸有一錐孔，以便安裝鉆頭、鉆夾、鉸刀和車床頂針。尾座可以沿著車床導軌移動以適應工件的不同長度以及加工錐體或錐形表面。轉塔車床基本上是具有某種附加特性的普通車床，提供作為半自動加工和減少人工操作誤差的機會。轉塔車床的拖板設有 T形槽以便在車床導軌兩端安裝夾刀裝置，當轉塔轉入到合適位置時，要正確地裝設刀具以便進行切削。拖板也裝設有自動停機裝置以便控制刀具行程和提供良好的切削的再生產。轉塔車床的尾座是六角形結構，在六角頭中可以裝六把刀具。雖然裝刀和加工準備要花大量時間，但轉塔車床一次裝刀以后無需熟練工人就可以連續(xù)地重復地操作加工，直到刀具變鈍并需更換為止。這樣轉塔車床僅就生產工作在經濟上是可行的、合理的，于此，根據(jù)所制造零件的數(shù)量，為加工準備需要花一定數(shù)量的時間那是合理的，無可非議的。單軸自動車床使用一個立式轉塔和兩個橫向溜板。工件通過機床主軸孔被送入卡盤，而刀具是靠凸輪來自動操作控制。多軸自動車床裝有四、五、六或八根主軸并且在每根主軸中裝一個工件。各主軸圍繞著一根中心軸來轉換位置。以主刀具溜板去接近各主軸。每根軸位上都裝有一側向可以獨立操作的刀具滑板。由于各刀具滑板都是靠凸輪操作的，因此加工準備可能花幾天時間，因而至少需要 5000 件的批量生產，它的使用才是合理的。這種機床的主要優(yōu)點就是所有的刀具同時工作，并且一個工人可以看管幾部機床。對于相對簡單的零件而言，多軸自動車床可以以每五秒鐘一件的速度生產加工出成品來。6附 件 2:Fundamentals of Machine ToolsAbstract: In many cases products from the forming processes must undergo further refinements in size and surface finish to meet their design specifications. To meet such precise tolerances the removal of small amounts of material is needed. Usually machine tools are used for such operation.Key words: machine tools; LathesIntroduction of MachiningMachining as a shape-producing method is the most universally used and the most important of all manufacturing processes. Machining is a shape-producing process in which a power-driven device causes material to be removed in chip form. Most machining is done with equipment that supports both the work piece and cutting tool although in some cases portable equipment is used with unsupported workpiece.Low setup cost for small Quantities. Machining has two applications in manufacturing. For casting, forging, and press working, each specific shape to be produced, even one part, nearly always has a high tooling cost. The shapes that may he produced by welding depend to a large degree on the shapes of raw material that are available. By making use of generally high cost equipment but without special tooling, it is possible, by machining; to start with nearly any form of raw material, so tong as 7the exterior dimensions are great enough, and produce any desired shape from any material. Therefore .machining is usually the preferred method for producing one or a few parts, even when the design of the part would logically lead to casting, forging or press working if a high quantity were to be produced.Close accuracies, good finishes. The second application for machining is based on the high accuracies and surface finishes possible. Many of the parts machined in low quantities would be produced with lower but acceptable tolerances if produced in high quantities by some other process. On the other hand, many parts are given their general shapes by some high quantity deformation process and machined only on selected surfaces where high accuracies are needed. Internal threads, for example, are seldom produced by any means other than machining and small holes in press worked parts may be completed.In the United States material removal is a big business—in excess of $ 36 X 109 per year, including material, labor, overhead, and machine tool shipments, is spent. Since 60 percent of the mechanical and industrial engineering and technology graduates have something connection with the machining industry either through sale, design, or operation of machine shops, or working in related industry it is wise for an engineering student to devote some time in his curriculum to studying material removal and machine tools.A machine tool provides the means for cutting tools to shape a workpiece to required dimensions; the machine supports the tool and the workpiece in a controlled relationship through the functioning of its basic members, which are as follows:(a) Bed, Structure or Frame. This is the main member, which provides a basis for, and a connection between, the spindles and slides; the distortion and vibration under load must be kept to a minimum.(b) Slides and Slideways. The translation of a machine element (e.g. 8the slide) is normally achieved by straight-line motion under the constraint of accurate guiding surfaces (the slideway).(c) Spindles and Bearings. Angular displacements take place about an axis of rotation; the position of this axis must be constant within extremely fine limits in machine tools, and is ensured by the provision of precision spindles and bearings.(d) Power Unit. The electric motor is the universally adopted power unit for machine tools. By suitably positioning individual motors, belt and gear transmissions are reduced to a minimum.(e) Transmission Linkage. Linkage is the general term used to denote the mechanical, hydraulic, pneumatic or electric mechanisms, which connect angular and linear displacements in defined relationship.There are two broad divisions of machining operations：(a) Roughing, for which the metal removal rate, and consequently the cutting force, is high, but the required dimensional accuracy relatively low.(b) Finishing, for which the metal removal rate, and consequently the cutting force, is low, but the required dimensional accuracy relatively high.It follows that static loads and dynamic loads, such as result from an unbalanced grindingwheel, are more significant in finishing operations than in roughing operations. The degree of precision achieved in anymachining process will usually be influenced by the magnitude of the deflections, which occur as a result of the force acting.Machine tool frames are generally made in cast iron, although some may be steel casting or mild-steel fabrications. Cast iron is chosen because of its cheapness, rigidity,compressive strength and capacity for damping the vibrations set-up in machine operations.To avoid massive sections in castings, carefully designed systems of ribbing are used to offer the maximum restance to bending and torsional stresses. Two basic 9types of ribbing are box and diagonal. The box formation is convenient to produce, a apertures in walls permitting the positioning and extraction of cores. Diagonal ribbing provides grater torsional stiffness and yet permits.swarf to fall between the sections; it is frequently used for lathe beds.The slides and slideways of a machine tool locate and guide members which more relative to eachother, usually changing the position of the tool relative to the workpiece. The movement generally takes the form of translation in a straight line, but is sometimes angular rotation e.g, tilting the wheel-head of a universal thread-grinding machine to an angle corresponding with the helix angle of the workpiece thread. The basic geometric elements of slides are flat, vee,dovetail and cylinder. These elements may be used separately or combined in various according to the applications Features of slidewys are as follows:(a) Accuracy of Movement. Where a slide is to be displaced in a straight line, this line must lie in two mutually perpendicular planes and there must be no slide rotation. The general tolerance for straightness of machine tool slideways is 0~0.02mm per 1000mm; on horizontal surfaces this tolerance may be disposed so that a convex surface results, thus countering the sffsct of “sag” of the slideway.(b) Means of Adjustment. To facilitate assembly, maintain accuracy and eliminate “play” between sliding members after wear has taken place, a strip is sometimes inserted in the slides. This is called a gibstrip. Usually, the gib is retained by socket-head screws passing through elongated slots; and is adjusted by grud-screws secured by lock nuts.(c) Lubrication. Slideways may be lubricated by either of the following systems:1) Intermittently though grease or oil nipples, a method suitable where morements are infrequent and speed low.2) Continuously, e.g. by pumping though a metering valve and pipe-work 10to the point of application; the film of oil introduced between surfaces by these means must be extremely thin to avoid the slid “floating”. If sliding surfaces were optically flat oil would be squeezed out, resulting in the surfaces sticking. Hence in practice slide surfaces are either ground using the edge of a cup wheel, or scraped.Both processes produce minute surface depressions, which retain “pocket” of oil, and complete separation of the parts may not occur at all points; positive location of the slides is thus retained.(d) Protection. To maintain slideways in good order, the following conditions must be met:1) Ingress of foreign matter, e.g. swarf, must be prevented when this is no possible, it is desirable to have a form of slideway, which does not retain swarf, e.g. the inverted vee.2)Lubricating oil must be retained. The adhesive property of oil for use on vertical or inclined slide surface is important; oils are available which have been specially developed for this purpose. The adhesiveness of oil also prevents it being washed away by cutting fluids.3) Accidental damage must be prevented by protective guardchined following the press working operations.LathesA machine tool performs three major functions: (1) it rigidly supports the workpiece or its holder and the cutting tool; (2) it provides relative motion between the workpiece and the cutting tool; (3) it provides a range of feeds and speeds. Machines used to remove metal in the form of chips are classified in four general groups : those using single-point tools, those using multipoint tools, those using randompoint tools, and those that are considered special.Machines using basically the single-point cutting tools include: (1) engine lathes, (2) turret lathes, (3) tracing and duplicating lathes, (4) single-spindle automatic lathes, (5) multi-spindle automatic lathes, (6) 11shapers and planers, (7) boring machines.Machines using multipoint cutting tools include: (1) drilling machines, (2) milling machines, (3) broaching machines, (4) sawing machines, (5) boring machines.Machines using random-point cutting tools include: (1) cylindrical grinder, (2) milling machines, (3) surface grinders. Special metal removal methods include: (1) chemical milling, (2) electrical discharge machining, (3) ultrasonic machining.The lathe removes material by rotating the workpiece against a cutter to produce external or internal cylindrical or conical surfaces. Ti is also commonly used for the production of flat surfaces by facing, in which the workpiece is rotated whiled the cutting tool is moved perpendicularly to the axis of rotation.The engine lathe is the basic turning machine from which other turning machines have been developed. The drive motor is located in the base and drives the spindle through a combination of belts and gears, which provides the spindle speeds, with the forward end used for mounting a drive plate to impart positive motion to the workpiece. The drive plate may be fastened to be the spindle by threads, by a cam lock mechanism, or by a threaded collar and key.The lathe bed is cast iron and provides accurately ground sliding surfaces on which the carriage rides. The lathe carriage is a H-shaped casting on which the cutting tool is mounted in a tool holder. The apron hangs from the front of the carriage and contains the driving gears that move the tool and carriage along or across the way to provide the desired tool motion.A compound rest, located above the carriage provided for rotation of the tool holder through any desired angle. A hand wheel and feed screw are provided on the compound rest for linear motions of the tool. The cross feed is provided with a hand wheel and feed screw for moving the 12compound rest perpendicular to the lathe way. A gear train in the apron provides power feed for the carriage both along and across the way. The feed box contains gears to impart motion to the carriage and control the rate at which the tool moves relative to the workpiece. On a typical lathe feeds range from 0.002 to 0.160 in. per revolution of the spindle, in about 50 steps. Since the transmission in the feed box is driven from the spindle gears, the feeds are directly related to the spindle speed. The feed box gearing is also used in thread cutting and provides from 4 to 224 threads threads per in.The turret lathe is basically an engine lathe with certain additional features to provide for semiautomatic operation and to reduce the opportunity for human error. The carriage of the turret lathe is provided with T-slots for mounting a tool-holding device on both sides of the lathe ways with tools properly set for cutting when rotated into position. The carriage is also equipped with automatic stops that control the tool travel and provide good reproduction of cuts. The tailstock of the turret lathe is of hexagonal design, in which six tools can be mounted. Although a large amount of time is consumed in setting up the tools and stops for operation, the turret lathe, once set, can continue to duplicate operations with a minimum of operator skill until the tools become dulled and need replacing. Thus, the turret lathe is economically feasible only for production work, where the amount of time necessary to prepare the machine for operation is justifiable in terms of the number of part to be made.The single-spindle automatic lathe uses a vertical turret as well as two cross slides.The work is fed through the machine spindle into the chuck,and the tools are operated automatically by cams.The multispindle automatic lathe is provided with four, five, six, or eight spindles, with one workpiece mounted in each spindles. Each spindle position is provided with a side tool-slide operated independently. Since 13all of the slides are operated by cams, the preparation of this machine may take several days, and a production run of at least 5000 parts is needed to justify its use. The principal advantage of this machine is that all tools work simultaneously, and one operator can handle several machines. For relatively simple parts, multispindle automatic lathes can turn out finished products at the rate of 1 every 5 sec.References：[1] Valliere D.Computer Aided Designing Manufacturing. Prentic Hall, 1990[2] Goetsch D L.Midern Manufacturing Process. Delmar Publishers Inc, 1991[3] Goetsch D L.Advanced Manufacturing Technology. Delmar Publishers Inc, 1990[4] Amstead B H.Manufacturing Processes, 1987[5] Metalforming Digest. ASM international, 1993[6] Edwards Tr K S, McKee R B.Fundamentals of Mechanical Component Design. McGrawHill, 1991[7] Chemov N.Machine Tools. Mir Publishers, 1984[8] Wakil Sherif D E1. Processes and Design for Manufacturing. Prentice Hall, 1989