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外文資料
China's machinery automation technology development road
Automation technology in this century has been extremely rapid development and impact of one of the great science and technology. Modern automation technology is a completely new kind of productivity, create social wealth is a direct one of the major means of human activities and the production of material plays a great role in promoting. Therefore, automation technology by the extensive attention of all countries in the world and more and more applications.
Machinery automation, mainly in machine manufacturing industry in the application of automation technology, to achieve the targets of processing for automated production, the optimal and effective automated production process, production inputs to accelerate the processing speed of transformation and mobility. Machinery automation technology and application development, technological transformation is the mechanical manufacturing industry, the primary means of technological progress and technological development, the main direction. Machinery automation technology standards, not only affect the development of the whole machinery industry, but also for national economic departments of the great technological progress has a direct impact on. Therefore, the development of China's machinery manufacturing automation technology, in line with the basic principles of socialism in our country, in line with China's laws governing the development of modern production. How the development of China's machinery automation technology, there are technical policy issues, should seek truth from facts, all from China's specific national condition, to fulfill all the basic work, taking China's machinery automation technology development.
1. Combination of China's national conditions, the development of modern machinery automation technology
Domestic and foreign industrial development history tells us that the realization of automated machinery is a junior to senior, from simple to complex, from imperfect to improve the process of development. When the operation of automatic machine controller, the mode of production to gradually transition from mechanization to mechanical control automation,digital control automation, computer-controlled automation. Only by establishing an automated factory, the production process can be completely automated, can improve the overall productivity, to automate the senior ideal stage.
2. with the actual production, focus on practical development of machinery automation technology.
Advanced manufacturing technology is the essence of all applications. The development of machinery automation technology, enterprises should be the production and technological development and the actual needs of specific conditions as a guide. Only the right products in line with the use of automated production, to receive a good social and economic benefits and cost-effective technology. China's development machinery automation technology, in combination with reality, focus on practical, that is a real benefit to the national economy.
3. Development of less investment and quick, low-cost automation technology
The development of low-cost automation technology, great potential, broad prospects for investment and quick to raise the degree of automation, can receive the economic multiplier effect for our country's development needs and national conditions.
Foreign low-cost development of machinery manufacturing automation technology experience is useful. China's machinery manufacturing enterprises have a great deal of common equipment, machinery automation in the development of modern technology, if the original equipment-based, rationally adjust the machine layout, add a small amount of CNC equipment, the introduction of CAD / CAM technology, give full play to computer Management of the advantages of automation and human creativity, together constitute a people-centred, as the guide to information automation, and establish autonomous unit of production systems for China's machinery manufacturing automation technology application development has provided a small investment, quick, effective , In line with China's national conditions of the machinery automation technology, new ways of development.
4. basis do a good job, pay attention to supporting the development of machinery automation technology
Modern automation technology in the manufacture of machinery is in control theory, under the guidance of the production logistics and the role of a comprehensive study, involving machinery technology, microelectronic technology, automatic control theory and computer technology. The development of machinery automation technology, must be the main concern electronics, computer technology, machine tool parts detection and automated loading, widely used procedures CNC machine tools, and the development of efficient and reliable automated production lines, used in the production of computer information systems and automation Control systems. The development of applications for machine automation technology, automation technology solid grasp of the basic work of the project and proceed from reality in the promotion and application of work, it is necessary to the development of host, but also supporting the development of components and automated control systems. Programmable logic controller, the microprocessor, various sensors, the new tool, control systems and system software, computers and other electronic machinery automation in the future will be the main technical basis.
To sum up, China's machinery manufacturing development of automation technology, not only to the high starting point, aimed at advanced world standards, including the international field has showed Fengmang some of the new technology, and must include flexible low-cost, quick Automation technology, adhere to and improve the integration of the universal principle of China's machinery automation technology to the healthy development of applications on high-speed, high-quality and cost-effective way. No one in China to complete the plant will probably not the main machinery manufacturing development model nor the machinery automation technology, the development of applications for urgent matter. This is China's machinery automation technology development.
中文翻譯：
中國的機械自動化技術(shù)發(fā)展之路
自動化技術(shù)是本世紀以來發(fā)展極迅速和影響極大的科學技術(shù)之一?，F(xiàn)代自動化技術(shù)是一種完全新型的生產(chǎn)力，是直接創(chuàng)造社會財富的主要手段之一，對人類的生產(chǎn)活動和物質(zhì)文明起著極大的推動作用。因此，自動化技術(shù)受到世界各國的廣泛重視和越來越多的應(yīng)用。
機械自動化，主要指在機械制造業(yè)中應(yīng)用自動化技術(shù)，實現(xiàn)加工對象的連續(xù)自動生產(chǎn)，實現(xiàn)優(yōu)化有效的自動生產(chǎn)過程，加快生產(chǎn)投入物的加工變換和流動速度。機械自動化技術(shù)的應(yīng)用與發(fā)展，是機械制造業(yè)技術(shù)改造、技術(shù)進步的主要手段和技術(shù)發(fā)展的主要方向。機械自動化的技術(shù)水準，不僅影響整個機械制造業(yè)的發(fā)展，而且對國民經(jīng)濟各部門的技術(shù)進步有很大的直接影響。因此，發(fā)展我國的機械制造業(yè)自動化技術(shù)，符合我國社會主義的基本原則，符合我國現(xiàn)代生產(chǎn)的發(fā)展規(guī)律。
如何發(fā)展我國的機械自動化技術(shù)，這里有個技術(shù)政策問題，應(yīng)實事求是，一切從我國的具體國情出發(fā)，做好各項基礎(chǔ)工作，走中國的機械自動化技術(shù)發(fā)展之路。
1.結(jié)合我國國情，發(fā)展現(xiàn)代機械自動化技術(shù)
國內(nèi)外的工業(yè)發(fā)展史告訴我們，實現(xiàn)機械自動化是一個由低級到高級、由簡單到復(fù)雜、由不完善到完善的發(fā)展過程。當機器的操作采用自動控制器后，生產(chǎn)方式才從機械化逐步過渡到機械控制（傳統(tǒng)）自動化、數(shù)字控制自動化、計算機控制自動化。只有建立了自動化工廠后，生產(chǎn)過程才能全盤自動化，才能使生產(chǎn)率全面提高，達到自動化的高級理想階段。
2.結(jié)合生產(chǎn)實際，注重實用發(fā)展機械自動化技術(shù)
先進制造技術(shù)的全部真諦在于應(yīng)用。發(fā)展機械自動化技術(shù)，應(yīng)以企業(yè)的生產(chǎn)和技術(shù)發(fā)展的實際需要及具體條件為導(dǎo)向。只有對合適的產(chǎn)品采用與之相適應(yīng)的自動化方式進行生產(chǎn)，才能收到良好的技術(shù)經(jīng)濟效益和社會經(jīng)濟效益。我國發(fā)展機械自動化技術(shù)，應(yīng)結(jié)合實際，注重實用，即對國民經(jīng)濟產(chǎn)生實際效益。
3.發(fā)展投資少、見效快的低成本自動化技術(shù)
發(fā)展低成本自動化技術(shù)，潛力大，前景廣，投資省，見效快，提高自動化程度，可以收到事半功倍的經(jīng)濟效果，適合我國現(xiàn)階段的發(fā)展需要和國情。
借鑒國外發(fā)展機械制造業(yè)低成本自動化技術(shù)的經(jīng)驗是有益的。我國機械制造業(yè)各企業(yè)有大量的通用設(shè)備，在發(fā)展現(xiàn)代機械自動化技術(shù)時，若以原有的設(shè)備為主，合理調(diào)整機床布局，添加少量的數(shù)控設(shè)備，引入CAD／CAM技術(shù)，充分發(fā)揮計算機自動化管理的優(yōu)勢和人的創(chuàng)造性，共同構(gòu)成一個以人為中心、以信息自動化為先導(dǎo)、樹立自主的單元化生產(chǎn)系統(tǒng)，為我國機械制造業(yè)自動化技術(shù)發(fā)展應(yīng)用提供了一條投資少、見效快、效益高、符合我國國情的機械自動化技術(shù)發(fā)展應(yīng)用新途徑。
4.抓好基礎(chǔ)，注重配套發(fā)展機械自動化技術(shù)
現(xiàn)代自動化技術(shù)在機械制造中的應(yīng)用就是在控制理論的指導(dǎo)下，對生產(chǎn)的物流和人的作用進行綜合的研究，涉及到機械技術(shù)、微電子技術(shù)、自動控制理論和計算機技術(shù)等。發(fā)展機械自動化技術(shù)，必須主要地關(guān)注電子學、電子計算機技術(shù)、零件檢測和機床裝料自動化，廣泛采用程序數(shù)控機床，以及研制高效的和可靠的自動化生產(chǎn)線、計算機應(yīng)用于生產(chǎn)的信息系統(tǒng)和自動化控制系統(tǒng)等。發(fā)展應(yīng)用機械自動化技術(shù)，要扎扎實實地抓好自動化技術(shù)應(yīng)用項目的基礎(chǔ)工作和從實際出發(fā)的推廣應(yīng)用工作，既要發(fā)展主機，也要配套發(fā)展自動化元件及控制系統(tǒng)?？删幊炭刂破鳌⑽⑻幚頇C、各種傳感器、新型刀具、控制系統(tǒng)及系統(tǒng)軟件、電子計算機等將是今后機械自動化的主要技術(shù)基礎(chǔ)。
綜上所述，我國機械制造業(yè)發(fā)展應(yīng)用自動化技術(shù)，不但要起點高，瞄準世界先進水準，包括國際領(lǐng)域內(nèi)已展露鋒芒的某些新技術(shù)，而且必須包括各種靈活的低成本、見效快的自動化技術(shù)，堅持提高與普及相結(jié)合的方針，我國的機械自動化技術(shù)發(fā)展應(yīng)用才能健康地走上高速度、高質(zhì)量和高效益之路。在我國完成無人化的工廠將恐怕不是機械制造業(yè)的主要發(fā)展模式，也不是機械自動化技術(shù)發(fā)展應(yīng)用當務(wù)之急的事。這就是中國的機械自動化技術(shù)發(fā)展之路。
JIGS AND FIXTURES
INTRLDUCTION
It has already been stated that the workpiece must be located relative to the cutting tool , and be secured in that position .After the workpiece has been markec out ,it is still necessary to position it with respect to the machine morement,and to clamp it in that positon before machining is started.
When several identical sorkpieces are to prlduced the need to mark out each part is eliminatde by the use of jigs and fixtures,but if a casting or forging is involved ,a trial oorkpiece is markec out ,to ensure that the workpiece can be produced from it ,and to ensure that ribs, cores, etc. have not become misplaced.
Jigs amd fixtures are alike in that they both incorporate devices to ensure that the workpiece is correctly bocated amd clamped, but they differ in that jigs incorpoorate means of tool guiding during the actual cutting operationj, and fixture do not . In practice, the only cutting tools that can be guided while actually cutting are drills, reamers, and similar cutters; and to figs are associated with drilling operations, and fixtures with all other operations. Fixtures may incorporate means of setting the cutting tools relative to the location system.
The advantage of jigs and fixtures can be summarized as follows:
1) marking out and other measuring and setting out methods are eliminated;
2) unskilled worked may proceed confidently and quickly in the knowledge that the workpiece can be positionde correctly, and the tools guided or set;
3) The assembly of parts is facilitated,since all components will be identical within small limits , and ‘reying’and filling of work is eliminated;
4) the parts will be intrechangeable ,and if the product is sold over a wide area, the problem of spare parts will be simplified;
Bolt holes often have 1.5mm of even 3.0mm clearance for the bolt , and the reader may doubt the necessity of making precision jigs for such work. It must be rememgered that the jigs, once made, will be used on many components, and the estra cost of an accurately made jig is spread orer a large output, Furthermore,it is surprising how small errors accumulate in s mechanism during its assembly, When a clearance is specified, it is beteer to ensure its observance, rather than to allow careless marking our and machining to encroach upon it.
1) The location of workpeece.Fig,10.1 represents a body that is completely freeing space, in this condition it has six degrees of freedon. Consider these freedons with respect to the three mutually perpendicular axes XX, YY, and ZZ. The body can move along any of these axes; it therefore has three freedoms of translation. It can also rotate about any of the three axes; it bherefore has three freedoms of rotation. The total number of freedoms is six. When work is located, as many of these freedoms as possible must be eliminated ,to ensure that the operation is performed with the required accuracy. Accuracy is ensured by machining suitable location features as early as possible, and using them for all location unless other considerations mean that other location features must be used. If it is necessary, the new location features must be machined as a result of lication from the former location features.
2) The clampoing of the workpiece, The clamping system must be such that the workpiece is held against the cutting forces, and the clamping forces must not be so great as to cause the workpiece to become distorted or damaged. The workpiece must be supported beneath the point of clamping, to ensure that the forces are taken by the main frame of the fig or fixture, and on to the machine table andbed. When jigs and fixtures are designed, the claming system is designed to ensure that the correct clamping force is applied, and that the clamps can be oprated quickly but with asfety.
DEFINTION OF A DRILL JIG
A drill jig is a device for ensuring that a hole to be drilled, tapped, or reamed in a workpiece will be machined in the proper place, Basically it consists of clamping device to hold the part in position under hardened-steel bushings through which the drill passes during the drilling operation、The drill is guided by the bushings. If the workpiece is held by the jig, and the jig is arranged so that the workpiece can be quickly inserted and as quickly removed after the machining ooperation is performed.
Jigs make it possible to drill, ream, and tap holes at much greater speeds and with greater accuracy than when the boles are produced by conventional hand methods. Another advantage is that skilled workers are not required when jigs are used. Responsibility for the accturacy of hole location is taken from the operator and given to the jig The term jig should be used only for devices employed while drilling, reaming, tapping holes, It is not fastened to machine on which it is used and my be moved around on the table of the drilling machine to bring each bushing directly under the drill. Jigs physically limit and control the path of the cutting tool.
If the operation includes machining operations like millling, planning, shaping, turning, etc.the term fixture should be used, A fixture holds the work during machining operations but dses not contain special arrangements for guiding the cutting tool, as drill figs do.
TYPICAL JIGS AND FIXTRRES
Typical drill jig, Figure 10.2 illustrates a drilling jig for drilling jig for drilling four holes in the flange of a workpiece that has been completed escept for the four holes. The workpiece has an accurately machined bore, and is located form the bore and the end face, from a cylindrical post. There is no need to control the rotational position bout the axis of the bore, because up to the tine when the holes are drilled, it is symmetrical about that axis The four bushes used to control the drill are held in the drill plate, which, with the hand nut, is used to clamp the workpiece against the base of the fixture, Typical milling fixture, figure 10.3 illustrates a simple milling fixture for milling the slot in the otherwise completed workpiece shown, The workpiece is located from two lf the four hole in its base, and from the underside of the base, The workpiece is clamped in position, and cutter is located against the setting block, which provides setting or cutter position and depth of cut. The fixture must be positioned relative to the machine table, this is done by engaging the two tenons at be bottom of the foxture in the slot in the machine table. The fixture is secured to the machine table with T---bolts. Also engaging in the slots in the table.
中文翻譯：
鉆模與夾具
介紹
工件必須位于相對于刀具安全的位置上。然后在工件上必須劃線，移動到需要加工的位置上，并且在加工前夾緊在這個位置。
當許多特殊的工件進行加工前，需要通過鉆模和夾具對每部分進行劃線，但如果是鑄件，為了保證工件能被加工出來，必須對工件做出劃線，以保證加強肋、型芯不發(fā)生變形或錯位。
鉆模和夾具要結(jié)合起來才能保證工件正確的定位和夾緊。鉆模是意味著加工過程中刀軌不同，夾具就不是這樣。在實際中，只是刀具是鉆頭，絞刀和類似刀具才能進行導(dǎo)向。因此，鉆模用于鉆加工，夾具用于所有其它加工操作中。夾具用于刀具裝置相對于定位的結(jié)合。
鉆模和夾具的優(yōu)點能分成以下幾方面：
1） 減少和消除了一些測量和安裝的工序。
2） 非專業(yè)人員也可以準確快速的掌握刀具安裝。
3） 裝配部分的工件更加方便，所有工件也很少拆裝。
4） 零件將實現(xiàn)互換，如果工件是固定在一個領(lǐng)域的話，零件將實現(xiàn)單一化。
螺栓孔經(jīng)常有1.5mm到3mm的均勻螺距，讀者可能會懷疑用鉆模加工它的精確性。必須記住鉆模是一次制造而成，用于許多元件精確制造鉆模的費用是額外大的，此外，令人驚奇的是小小的錯誤聚焦在它裝配的時候。粗心的劃線和機器碰它。
1） 工件位置。表明了物體在空間的自由度，有三個自由度分別是XX、YY、ZZ物體能夠沿著這些軸進行軸向移動；還有三個自由度是角度方向的。它們可以繞坐標軸轉(zhuǎn)動。自由度的個數(shù)是六個。當工作固定后，它的自由度可能被消除，以保證工件正確操作的需要。要盡可能的利用夾具保證工件的加工位置。將它應(yīng)用到所有加工位置，除非用到其它夾具來保證加工位置時才換它。如果有必要的話，新的位置夾具，必須被加工到以前的加工位置才行。
2） 工件夾緊。夾緊裝置必須能夠抵抗切削力，夾緊力必須大于工件變形力或破壞力。夾緊點必須在工件下面，以保證這個力被鉆?；驃A具體框架在機床上所能承受。當鉆模和夾具被設(shè)計時，夾緊裝置被設(shè)計或能夠準確提供夾緊力并且夾緊裝置能夠快速安全地操作。
鉆模的定義
鉆模是一個能夠保證孔在工件被鉆、擴、鉸的裝置。在夾具裝置夾緊工件的位置，在鉆模中位于淬火鋼軸承的下面。如果工件結(jié)構(gòu)相似，鉆?？赡鼙粖A緊在工件上。在大多數(shù)情況下，工件通過鉆模夾緊，利用鉆模是為了在加工過程中，實現(xiàn)工件被快速插入和快速移開。
鉆?？赡苁菫榱俗羁焖俣葘崿F(xiàn)鉆、擴、鉸孔，并且實現(xiàn)比人工加工孔更準確。另一個優(yōu)點是在使用鉆模不使工人造成傷害?？锥ㄎ坏臏蚀_。不靠操作者保證，而是靠鉆模來保證鉆模應(yīng)該被 只是用來鉆、擴、鉸孔。它如果在機器上不能固定的話，可能會繞著鉆床移動而直接帶動鉆頭下面的鉆模套。鉆模直接限制和控制刀具的路徑。
如果加工中包括銑、成型加工、車等操作的話。應(yīng)該使用夾具。夾具在加工過程中不包括特殊導(dǎo)向校正的話，用鉆模也行。
典型的鉆模和夾具
典型的鉆模中，在一個已加工表面中加工四個孔。在這個工件上有一個準確的加工中心孔，并且位于中心孔和最終表面。沒有必要去控制圍繞孔腔軸線的圓周位置。因為直到各孔被加工時，它都是相對于該軸心對稱的。這四個襯套被用于控制鉆模被 夾緊在鉆模盤，用手動螺母去夾緊工件，使其緊貼在夾具上。
典型的夾具是一個簡單的在工件表面加工槽的銑操作。工作被固定在基面下四個孔中的兩個。工件被夾緊在這個位置上，刀具被緊貼在刀具安裝或刀具定位切削嘗試的安裝塊上。夾具必須相對于機器的工件定位，這是通過把夾具底部的兩個楔頭做入機器工作臺上開槽來達到的。夾具對于T型螺栓加工中民槽來說是安全的。