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塑料模具的編制和使用
M. B.鮑里索夫 華聯(lián)666.5:666.3.032
石膏模具被廣泛用于鑄造陶瓷行業(yè)所需的用具。除了具有一定的優(yōu)勢(shì)，由于它們工作表面下穿在體內(nèi)的水分和電解質(zhì)的行動(dòng)，所以還具有機(jī)械強(qiáng)度低，工作壽命短的好處。除此之外，在烘干機(jī)的溫度不能高于65度，高于此溫度石膏將被銷毀。
陶瓷產(chǎn)業(yè)開始安裝時(shí)，尋找替代石膏的必要性增加為半自動(dòng)成型和干燥加劇干燥條件機(jī)。我們的工廠1967年開始搜索替代石膏，并為此組織了一個(gè)研究小組，其中包含以下工人：AV Savel'eva，PS波利亞科夫，電訊管理局局長(zhǎng)Pashkova，弗吉尼亞州Kholkin，AV SarichevF. I. Lisov，和其他人。
該研究小組在國(guó)家陶瓷研究的數(shù)據(jù)指導(dǎo)研究所開始工作。但是，這并沒有回答一些工廠工作所產(chǎn)生的問題，例如：如何按模具設(shè)計(jì)和制造，以避免打擊在兩個(gè)平面的交點(diǎn)開裂面，一批每單位體積的模具，安排用什么熱處理，如何獲得均勻分布的孔隙，一般增加孔隙度，以及如何避免被人體堅(jiān)持等。
他們的研究結(jié)果之后，本集團(tuán)于1969年開始準(zhǔn)備開發(fā)PVC模具，并轉(zhuǎn)換其使用的工廠的生產(chǎn)線。
目前的時(shí)間有五板生產(chǎn)線，其中三個(gè)是在工廠淺200毫米板和兩個(gè)深200毫米板，以及七行杯。使用塑料生產(chǎn)模具的24000板和35-37,000杯每一天（24小時(shí)）。臨時(shí)的，每年可節(jié)省從所得只有一條生產(chǎn)線的引進(jìn)，為2500盧布。
世界杯生產(chǎn)的塑料模具的工作壽命達(dá)到4000個(gè)周期，仍然可以增加。板生產(chǎn)模具的生活仍然沒有得到確定。
他們的工廠于1969年舉辦了一個(gè)準(zhǔn)備模具部分（圖一）。原料是國(guó)內(nèi)的聚氯乙烯乳膠，L - 5級(jí)，或乳化聚氯乙烯，E級(jí)62。聚氯乙烯是氯乙烯聚合的產(chǎn)物。
（圖一）（圖二）
它是一個(gè)白色的細(xì)分散（沒有殘留于0056篩號(hào)）粉末，密度1.41克/厘米3。在溫度聚氯乙烯顆粒170-180℃和輕微的壓力下（具體壓力0.05公斤/厘米2）融化和凝聚。
在第一階段編制的模具是一個(gè)初步的振動(dòng)成型（上振動(dòng)表）確保統(tǒng)一的孔隙度。 振動(dòng)表執(zhí)行50振蕩幅度0.5/秒。 振動(dòng)成型是開展為15-20秒。
初步振動(dòng)成型是模具的過程中必不可少的一部分，因?yàn)?，在成型過程中，產(chǎn)生內(nèi)部應(yīng)力集中分子接觸點(diǎn)附近細(xì)顆粒的凝聚力。在燒結(jié)過程中，這種內(nèi)部的壓力是特別危險(xiǎn)的。它可以被刪除振動(dòng)，這幾乎完全打破了粒子之間的所有連接，并確保其均勻分布。
在這塊編制的塑料模具的基本設(shè)備是金屬?zèng)_壓模具（圖二）這是45級(jí)或圣3鋼。其內(nèi)部表面必須鍍鉻。
圖一、手壓；2）SNOL電加熱模具熱處理柜；3）內(nèi)閣
冷卻模具；4）表的組裝和拆除；5）站在準(zhǔn)備模具；6）存儲(chǔ)
站在塑料；7）電加熱干燥柜；8）完成的模具；9）表
塑料包裝；10）為測(cè)量出塑料表；11）振動(dòng)表。
圖二、按模。 A）組裝；B）拆除。
如圖扁平制品（板）塑料模具填補(bǔ)按模的過程（圖三）。
L-5粉末，以前在ll0℃在干燥柜干燥，然后篩選通過第05號(hào)篩，收費(fèi)是按模矩陣，并用專用工具夷為平地。 膠量取決于模具的類型（卷）。為淺200毫米板，它是600克，深200毫米板660克，碗碟400克，并為杯500-515克。按模具打孔，然后插入在這樣一種方式，它根據(jù)其自身的重量進(jìn)入，直到它與塑料接觸矩陣。要檢查裝配在這一點(diǎn)上的正確性，沖床旋轉(zhuǎn)矩陣。
組裝沖壓模具放在震動(dòng)表壓縮為15-20秒。壓縮之后，矩陣法蘭和打孔法蘭之間的差距應(yīng)該是8-10。
頂部，從而給了0.05公斤/厘米2的壓力。監(jiān)測(cè)溫度，溫度計(jì)插入因此，它觸及沖床中心。一個(gè)少量的塑料堆打孔法蘭，其顏色的變化，是用來評(píng)估模具的準(zhǔn)備。加熱過程持續(xù)2-3小時(shí)，在其完成的按模的溫度是170-175度。
熱過程完成后，溫度計(jì)被刪除并采取按模內(nèi)閣，并放置到通風(fēng)降溫的內(nèi)閣。按模，然后拆除使用一個(gè)提取螺絲。準(zhǔn)備的塑料模具被刪除，修剪邊緣光滑，經(jīng)檢查后已準(zhǔn)備就緒。
中空制品（杯）模具準(zhǔn)備根據(jù)以下的時(shí)間表。正確的聚氯乙烯塑料的金額投入矩陣（圖四），并穩(wěn)定下來。兩個(gè)22-24毫米厚的間隔被放置在法蘭矩陣1，矩陣2降低到使法蘭盤上休息的間隔。然后放進(jìn)沖3環(huán)，使法蘭與水平法蘭盤。
組裝沖壓模具，然后上交上震動(dòng)表法蘭下降，與打孔法蘭站在一個(gè)50 × 50毫米塊。然后墊片。從法蘭盤上取下，矩陣的底部放置8-10公斤的重量，定位，其中心軸沖壓模具。振動(dòng)器是打開背后的法蘭環(huán)塑料振搗15-20秒。在振動(dòng)矩陣和沖壓法蘭之間的間隙應(yīng)約5-7打孔法蘭和環(huán)約在10毫米之間。按模具，然后上交，和5-6毫米打孔法蘭奠定了厚厚的包裝，然后重量放在這給壓力的0.05公斤/厘米2的熱處理過程。
按模具的重量，放在一個(gè)粘土基地6-8厘米，在電干燥柜厚根據(jù)的1.5-2 h（圖5）的溫度加熱過程進(jìn)行了180-185℃水銀溫度計(jì)監(jiān)測(cè)溫度。在熱處理結(jié)束負(fù)載被刪除，記者將電柜壓在手上按直到環(huán)和沖壓模法蘭矩陣法蘭接觸。 10分鐘后保留下的新聞按模拆除，放置在通風(fēng)內(nèi)閣降溫至40-45℃按模被拆除和準(zhǔn)備的塑料模具中提取，修整后投入使用。
（圖3) （圖4）
（圖5）
圖3、1）停止墊圈；2）環(huán)；3）沖床；4）模具；5）聚氯乙烯。
圖4、 1）矩陣；2）環(huán)；3）沖床；4）螺釘；5）模具。
圖5、加工塑料模具的熱處理圖。
直徑為200毫米的鋼板。
在這些聚氯乙烯模具的準(zhǔn)備和他們?cè)诠S使用的經(jīng)驗(yàn)表明，從上述的準(zhǔn)備計(jì)劃的偏差，導(dǎo)致各種故障在外觀這表明，在與他們形成制品的過程中的模具顯示下按，材料的孔隙率空心模具的肩膀上，下環(huán)上的空心模具的干裂縫。
恒定控制調(diào)溫的干燥柜內(nèi)閣確保一個(gè)統(tǒng)一的期間的沖壓件的熱處理室的溫度，并確保均勻加熱對(duì)于所有的塑料厚度。由此產(chǎn)生的燒結(jié)均勻，防止模具生產(chǎn)與塑料之間的邊緣和中心熱膨脹系數(shù)不同。這大大降低模具的工作表面在使用過程中發(fā)生裂縫，并增加其工作生活。
積累使用的模具工廠經(jīng)驗(yàn)已經(jīng)表明，它是必要的支付注意：半自動(dòng)機(jī)底座下的模具持有人仔細(xì)調(diào)整;選擇成型的時(shí)間表;避免與身體接觸的時(shí)刻的輥突然降低;選擇正確的成型輥的速度（300-550 轉(zhuǎn)杯和板250-275轉(zhuǎn)）和模具持有人（750-800 轉(zhuǎn)杯和板300-500轉(zhuǎn)）為了避免生產(chǎn)廢“嗡嗡聲”和“呼呼聲”。如果不遵守這些要求，也可導(dǎo)致模具的損壞（崩過肩，并挖掘出與中空制品的底部）。
生產(chǎn)的模具，不同的顏色從玫瑰到深褐色，根據(jù)工期在不斷的壓力和電柜最后溫度的熱處理。深褐色的具有低孔隙度，并在實(shí)踐中不能使用。彩色的上升有足夠的工作性質(zhì)，但其機(jī)械強(qiáng)度低，大大降低了他們的工作生活。
獲得均勻分布的毛孔孔隙率31-35％的正常工作，并在同一同時(shí)保留必要的機(jī)械強(qiáng)度，在生產(chǎn)中最棘手的問題之一是模具。如果被迫熱處理，這迅速導(dǎo)致表面地殼的外觀原料在模具內(nèi)部。為了加快熱量，如果最終溫度升高高于210℃治療，這導(dǎo)致了塑料的分解與摧毀了表面的氣體演變模具。經(jīng)廣泛調(diào)查后，按模塑料的最佳加熱時(shí)間表，這給模具所需的質(zhì)量，如圖五。
在編制和使用的模具，塑料的正確金額的經(jīng)驗(yàn)，每單位體積模具被確定為0.9克/厘米3。這使其他因素保持不變，保持為不斷密度模具。
模具驗(yàn)收的技術(shù)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，建立了工廠。他們必須有一個(gè)順利密集的工作表面和均勻的色彩匹配既定的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。尺寸變化不得超過正負(fù)0.05％。模具必須有沒有變形。他們的孔隙率必須在31-35％之間。其吸水率決定在工廠開發(fā)出一種方法。
在這些模具制品的表面要求沒有進(jìn)一步的治療，這是一個(gè)商業(yè)優(yōu)勢(shì)。石膏的工廠消費(fèi)減少了每年500萬噸。勞動(dòng)力需求重型裝載/卸載工作是減少，勞動(dòng)者的工作/模塑解除，交通是釋放。
廠隊(duì)將繼續(xù)引進(jìn)更進(jìn)步的方法準(zhǔn)備工作加快增加輸出給每按模模具的熱處理工藝，塑料模具，并要提高其機(jī)械強(qiáng)度，同時(shí)保持高孔隙度。
參考文獻(xiàn)
1、S．M. Tsenter et al，Steklo i Keram，第1號(hào)（1969年）。
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畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)外文資料翻譯
系 別： 機(jī)電信息系
專 業(yè)： 機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)制造及其自動(dòng)化
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附 件： 1. 原文； 2. 譯文
2013年03月
The introdution of the Injection Mold
1. Mold basic knowledge
1.1 Introduction
There is a close relationship with all kinds of mold,which are refered to our daily production, and life in the use of the various tools and products, the large base of the machine tool, the body shell, the first embryo to a small screws, buttons, as well as various home appliances shell. Mold’s shape determine the shape of these products, mold’s precision and machining quality determine the quality of these products,too. Because of a variety of products, appearance, specifications and the different uses,mold devide into Die Casting into the mould, die forging, die-casting mould, Die, and so on other non - plastic molds, as well as plastic mold. In recent years, with the rapid development of the plastics industry, and GM and engineering plastics in areas such as strength and accuracy of the continuous enhancement , the scope of the application of plastic products have also constantly expanded, such as: household appliances, instrumentation, construction equipment, automotive, daily hardware, and many other fields, the proportion of plastic products is rapidly increasing. A rational design of plastic parts often can replace much more traditional metal pieces. The trend of industrial products and daily products plasticed is rising day after day.
1.2 Mold general definition
In the industrial production，with the various press and the special instruments which installed in the press,it produces the required shape parts or products through pressure on the metal or non-metallic materials, this special instruments collectively call as the mold.
1.3 Mold general classification
Mold can be divided into plastic and non - plastic mould: (1) Non-plastic mould: Die Casting, forging Die, Die, die-casting mould and so on. A. Die Casting - taps, pig iron platformB. Forging Die - car body C. Die - computer panel D. Die Casting Die - superalloy, cylinder body (2) For the production technology and production, the plastic mold are divided into different products: A. Injection molding die - TV casing, keyboard button (the most common application) B. Inflatable module - drink bottles C. Compression molding die - bakelite switches, scientific Ciwan dish D. Transfer molding die - IC products E. Extrusion die - of glue, plastic bags F. Hot forming die - transparent shell molding packaging G. Rotomoulding mode - Flexible toy doll. Injection Molding is the most popurlar method in plastics producing process. The method can be applied to all parts of thermoplastic and some of thermosetting plastics, the quantity of plastic production is much more than any other forming method.Injection mold as one of the main toolsof injection molding processing,whosh production efficiency is low or high in the quality of precision、manufacturing cycle and the process of injection molding and so on,directly affect the quality of products, production, cost and product updates, at the same time it also determines the competitiveness of enterprises in the market's response capacity and speed. Injection Mold consists of a number of plate which mass with the various component parts. It divided into: A molding device (Die, punch)B positioning system (I. column I. sets) C fixtures (the word board, code-pit) D cooling system (carrying water hole) E thermostat system (heating tubes, the hotline) F-Road System (jack Tsui hole, flow slot, streaming Road Hole) G ejection system (Dingzhen, top stick).
1.4 Type of mold
It can be divided into three categories according to gating system with the different type of mold :(1) intake die: Runner and gate at the partig line,it will strip together with products when in the open mode,it is the most simple of design, easy processing and lower costing.So more people operations by using large intake system. (2) small inlet die:It general stay in the products directly,but runner and gate are not at the partig line.Therefore,it should be design a multi-outlet parting line.And then it is more complex in the designing, more difficult in processing, generally chosing the small inlet die is depending on the product’s requirements. (3) hot runner die:It consists of heat gate, heat runner plate, temperature control box. Hot runner molds are two plate molds with a heated runner system inside one half of the mold. A hot runner system is divided into two parts: the manifold and the drops. The manifold has channels that convey the plastic on a single plane, parallel to the parting line, to a point above the cavity. The drops, situated perpendicular to the manifold, convey the plastic from the manifold to the part. The advantages of hot runner system ：(1)No outlet expected, no need processing, the whole process fully automated, save time and enhance the efficiency of the work. (2) small pressure loss.
2、Injection Mold
There are many rules for designing molds.These rules and standard practices are based on logic,past experience,convenience,and economy.For designing,mold making,and molding,it is usually of advantage to follow the rules.But occasionally,it may work out better if a rule is ignored and an alternative way is selected.In some texts,the most common rules are noted,but the designer will learn only from experience which way to go.The designer must ever be open to new ideas and methods,to new molding and mold material that may affect these rules.The process consists of feeding a plastic compound in powdered or granular form from a hopper through metering and melting stages and then injecting it into a mold.Injection molding process: Mold is a production of plastic tool. It consists of several parts and this group contains forming cavities. When it injects molding, mold clamping in the injection molding machine, melting plastic is Injected forming cavities and cooling stereotypes in it, then it separate upper and lower die,it will push the production from the cavity in order to leave the mold through ejection system, finally mold close again and prepared the next injection. The entire process of injection is carried out of the cycle.
An injection mold consists of at least two halves that are fastened to the two platens of the injection molding machine so that can be opened and closed.In the closed position,the product-forming surfaces of the two mold halves define the mold cavity into which the plastic melt is injected via the runner system and the gate.Cooling provisions in the mold provide for cooling and solidification of the molded product so that it can be subsequently ejected.
For product ejection to occur,the mold must open.The shape of the molded product determines whether it can be ejected simply by opening the two mold halves or whether undercuts must be present.The design of a mold is dictated primarily by the shape of the product to be molded and the provisions necessary for product ejection.Injection-molded products can be classified as:
1).Products without undercuts.
2).products with external undercuts of lateral openings.
3).products with internal undercuts.
4).products with external and internal undercuts.
3.The composition of injection mold
3.1 Mold Cavity Space
The mold cavity space is a shape inside the mold,when the molding material is forced into this space it will take on the shape of the cavity space.In injection molding the plastic is injected into the cavity space with high pressure,so the mold must be strong enough to resist the injection pressure without deforming.
3.2 Number of Cavities
Many molds,particularly molds for larger products,ate built for only 1 cavity space,but many molds,especially large production molds,are built with 2 or more cavities.The reason for this is purely economical.It takes only little more time to inject several cavities than to inject one.Today,most multicavity molds are built with a preferred number of
cavities:2,4,6,8,12,16,24,32,48,64,96,128.These numbers are selected because the cavities can be easily arranged in a rectangular pattern,which is easier for designing and dimensioning,for manufacturing,and for symmetry around the center of the machine ,which is highly desirable to ensure equal clamping force for each cavity.
3.3 Cavity and Core
By convention,the hollow portion of the cavity space is called the cavity.The matching,often raised portion of the cavity space is called the core.Most plastic products are cup-shaped.This does not mean that they look like a cup,but they do have an inside and an outside.The outside of the product is formed by the cavity, the inside by the core.Usually,the cavities are placed in the mold half that is mounted on the injection side,while the cores are placed in the moving half of the mold.The reason for this is that all injection molding machines provide an ejection mechanism on the moving platen and the products tend to shrink onto and cling to the core,from where they are then ejected.Most injection molding machines do not provide ejection mechanisms on the injection side.
For moulds containing intricate impressions,and for multi-impression moulds, it is not satisfactory to attempt to machine the cavity and core plates from single blocks of steel as with integer moulds. The cavity and core give the molding its external and internal shapes respectively, the impression imparting the whole of the form to the molding.
3.4 The Parting Line
To be able to produce a mold,we must have ta least two separate mold halves,with the cavity in one side and the core in the other.The separation between these plates is called the parting line,and designated P/L.Actually,this is a parting area or plane,but,by cinvention,in this intext it is referred to as a line. The parting surfaces of a mould are those portion of both mould plates, adjacent to the impressions, which butt together to form a seal and prevent the loss of plastic material from the impression.The parting line can have any shape, many moldings are required which have a parting line which lies on a non-planar or curved surface,but for ease of mold manufacturing,it is preferable to have it in one plane.The parting line is always at the widest circumference of the product,to make ejection of the product from the mold possible.With some shapes it may be necessary to offset the P/L,or to have it at an angle,but in any event it is best to have is so that itan be easily machined,and often ground, to ensure that it shuts off tightly when the mold is clamped during injection.If the parting line is poorly finished the plastic will escape,which shows up on the product as an unsightly sharp projection,which must then be removed;otherwise,the product could be unusable.There is even a danger that the plastic could squirt out of the mold and do personal danger.
3.5 Runners and Gates
Now,we must add provisions for bringing the plastic into these cavity spaces.This must be done with enough pressure so that the cavity spaces are filled completely before the plastic "freezes"(that is,cools so much that the plastic cannot flow anymore).The flow passages are the sprue,from wherethe machine nozzle contactss the mold,the runners,which distribute the plastic to the individual cavities, the wall of the runner channel must be smooth to prevent any restriction to flow. Also, as the runner has to be removed with the molding, there must be no machine marks left which would tend to retain the runner in the mould plate.And the gates which are small openings leading from the runner into the cavity space. The gate is a channel or orifice connecting the runner with the impression. It has a small cross-sectional area when compared with the rest of the feed system. The gate freezes soon after the impression is filled so that the injection plunger can be withdrawn without the probability of void being created in the molding by suck-back.
4. The injection molding machine process
Injection Mold is installed in the injection molding machine, and its injection molding process is completed by the injection molding machine. Following is the injection molding machine process.The molding machine uses a vacuum to move the plastic from the dryer to it's initial holding chamber. This chamber is actually a small hopper on the back of the "barrel" of the machine。 The barrel is where all the real work is done and it's essentially a large screw housed in a heater which moves the plastic closer to the mold. As the screw turns, the plastic traverses the barrel and reaches a molten state. Only when it's molten can it be injected into the mold with a rapid turn of the screw. As the chamber in front of the screw becomes filled, it forces the screw back, tripping a limit switch that activates a hydraulic cylinder that forces the screw forward and injects the fluid plastic into the closed mold. The gate freezes soon after the impression is filled so that the injection plunger can be withdrawn without the probability of void being created in the molding by suck-back. The tip of the barrel is called the "nozzle" and from this point to the cavity in the mold the material is not heated and is constantly cooling. The "runner" is the cooled/set plastic that extends from the nozzle to the cavity and is process scrap. Actually, the cooled material from the nozzle to the mold is the "sprue" but it's connected to the runner. There are ways around having sprues and runners, but it's beyond the scope of what we're talking about here. Most people have probably seen runners before and not realized it. The most likely place to see them are in model airplane/car kits as the individual components are left attached to the runner system. Typically the runners are ejected into a chute below the mold or else they will be picked out of the mold by a robotic arm and dumped into a regrinder. The regrinder chops the runners into bits and prepares them to be moved back into the dryer.
Though, once plastic has been heated, it degrades a bit and some molding processes will not allow for "regrind" to be mixed back in with virgin material as it can cause problems with the final part. In cases like this the regrind is used elsewhere or it is discarded completely. Shrinkage plays a crucial role in molding and most plastic shrinks 20% as it cools. In order to combat this phenomenon in critical plastic pieces (not really toys) it is up the mold designer to build this factor into his design so that the finished parts will meet the original product design specifications. "Ejector pins" are part of the mold itself and are used to push the molded parts from the cavity once the mold is opened. This ejecting process is controlled by the molding machine. The molding cycle is basically "close - shoot - open - eject". The mold is clamped into the machine with the front half remaining stationary (on the barrel side of the machine) and the back half being the movable half. Also on this movable half are the ejector pins that push the molded parts from the cavity. The parting surfaces of a mould are those portion of both mould plates, adjacent to the impressions, which butt together to form a seal and prevent the loss of plastic material from the impression.When all molds open up, the parts are stuck to the back half of the mold so that they can be ejected with the built-in pins.
注射模具的介紹
1.模具基本知識(shí)
1.1引言 ? ?
我們?nèi)粘Ｉa(chǎn)、生活中所使用到的各種工具和產(chǎn)品，大到機(jī)床的底座、機(jī)身外殼，小到一個(gè)胚頭螺絲、紐扣以及各種家用電器的外殼，無不與模具有著密切的關(guān)系。模具的形狀決定著這些產(chǎn)品的外形，模具的加工質(zhì)量與精度也就決定著這些產(chǎn)品的質(zhì)量。因?yàn)楦鞣N產(chǎn)品的材質(zhì)、外觀、規(guī)格及用途的不同，模具分為了鑄造模、鍛造模、壓鑄模、沖壓模等非射膠模具，以及射膠模具。近年來，隨著射料工業(yè)的飛速發(fā)展和通用與工程射料在強(qiáng)度和精度等方面的不斷提高，射料制品的應(yīng)用范圍也在不斷擴(kuò)大，如：家用電器、儀器儀表，建筑器材，汽車工業(yè)、日用五金等眾多領(lǐng)域，射料制品所占的比例正迅猛增加。一個(gè)設(shè)計(jì)合理的射料件往往能代替多個(gè)傳統(tǒng)金屬件。工業(yè)產(chǎn)品和日用產(chǎn)品射料化的趨勢(shì)不斷上升。
1.2 模具的一般定義
在工業(yè)生產(chǎn)中，用各種壓力機(jī)和裝在壓力機(jī)上的專用工具，通過壓力把金屬或非金屬材料制出所需形狀的零件或制品，這種專用工具統(tǒng)稱為模具。
1.3 模具的一般分類
可分為射膠模具及非射膠模具：（1）非射膠模具有：鑄造模、鍛造模、沖壓模、壓鑄模等。 A．鑄造模——水龍頭、生鐵平臺(tái) ?B．鍛造?！嚿?? ?C．沖壓?！?jì)算機(jī)面板 ? ?D．壓鑄?！辖穑左w （2）射膠模具根據(jù)生產(chǎn)工藝和生產(chǎn)產(chǎn)品的不同又分為：A．注射成型?！娨暀C(jī)外殼、鍵盤按鈕（應(yīng)用最普遍） B．吹氣?！嬃掀?? C．壓縮成型模——電木開關(guān)、科學(xué)瓷碗碟 ?D．轉(zhuǎn)移成型?！呻娐分破??E．?dāng)D壓成型模——膠水管、射膠袋 ?F．熱成型?！该鞒尚桶b外殼 ? G．旋轉(zhuǎn)成型?！浤z洋娃娃玩具 ?
注射成型是射料加工中最普遍采用的方法。該方法適用于全部熱射性射料和部分熱固性射料，制得的射料制品數(shù)量之大是其它成型方法望塵莫及的，作為注射成型加工的主要工具之一的注射模具，在質(zhì)量精度、制造周期以及注射成型過程中的生產(chǎn)效率等方面水平高低，直接影響產(chǎn)品的質(zhì)量、產(chǎn)量、成本及產(chǎn)品的更新，同時(shí)也決定著企業(yè)在市場(chǎng)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)中的反應(yīng)能力和速度。 ?注射模具是由若干塊鋼板配合各種零件組成的，基本分為： A 成型裝置（凹模，凸模） B 定位裝置（導(dǎo)柱，導(dǎo)套） ?C 固定裝置（工字板，碼模坑） ?D 冷卻系統(tǒng)（運(yùn)水孔） ?E 恒溫系統(tǒng)（加熱管，發(fā)熱線） F 流道系統(tǒng)（唧咀孔，流道槽，流道孔） G 頂出系統(tǒng)（頂針，頂棍）
1.4 模具的類型
根據(jù)澆注系統(tǒng)型制的不同可將模具分為三類:（1）大水口模具：流道及澆口在分模線上，與產(chǎn)品在開模時(shí)一起脫模，設(shè)計(jì)最簡(jiǎn)單，容易加工，成本較低，所以較多人采用大水口系統(tǒng)作業(yè)。（2）細(xì)水口模具：流道及澆口不在分模線上，一般直接在產(chǎn)品上，所以要設(shè)計(jì)多一組水口分模線，設(shè)計(jì)較為復(fù)雜，加工較困難，一般要視產(chǎn)品要求而選用細(xì)水口系統(tǒng)。（3）熱流道模具：主要由熱澆口套，熱澆道板，溫控電箱構(gòu)成。熱流道模具是在一個(gè)半模有流道加熱系統(tǒng)的兩板式模具。熱流道系統(tǒng)分成兩個(gè)部分：分流板和噴嘴。分流板的通道將射料傳送到一個(gè)和分型線平行平面，這個(gè)平面在型腔的上面。噴嘴垂直于分流板安裝，把射料從分流板送進(jìn)行腔。熱流道系統(tǒng)的優(yōu)勢(shì):（1）無水口料，不需要后加工，使整個(gè)成型過程完全自動(dòng)化，節(jié)省工作時(shí)間，提高工作效率。（2）壓力損耗小。
2．注射模
設(shè)計(jì)模具有很多的規(guī)則。這些規(guī)則和標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的做法，都是基于邏輯，過往的經(jīng)驗(yàn)，方便性，經(jīng)濟(jì)性。設(shè)計(jì)，模具制造，和成型，它通常的優(yōu)勢(shì)就是遵循規(guī)則。但有時(shí)候，它可能會(huì)做出更好的，如果一項(xiàng)方法是被忽視和另一種方法被選擇。在一些書中,最普通的規(guī)則都會(huì)一一列出,而設(shè)計(jì)者設(shè)計(jì)的東西也僅僅是跟著以往的經(jīng)驗(yàn)走而已。設(shè)計(jì)者應(yīng)該研究出新的想法和方法,來進(jìn)行新的成型和選擇模具材料。
注射工藝過程就是從給料斗送進(jìn)粉狀或粒狀的射料混合物，經(jīng)過定量區(qū)和熔化區(qū)，然后將其注射到模具型腔中。注射過程說明：模具是一種生產(chǎn)射料制品的工具。它由幾組零件部分構(gòu)成，這個(gè)組合內(nèi)有成型模腔。注射時(shí)，模具裝夾在注射機(jī)上，熔融射料被注入成型模腔內(nèi)，并在腔內(nèi)冷卻定型，然后上下模分開，經(jīng)由頂出系統(tǒng)將制品從模腔頂出離開模具，最后模具再閉合進(jìn)行下一次注射，整個(gè)注射過程是循環(huán)進(jìn)行的。
注射模至少是由裝在注射機(jī)的兩個(gè)壓板上的兩部分組成，以便可以開模和合模。在合模的時(shí)候,模具的兩半部分形成的產(chǎn)品成型表面是由射料熔體通過澆口和熱流道系統(tǒng)注入模具型腔形成的。模具中冷卻的原則是產(chǎn)品要在模具中冷卻和凝固,以便隨后可以脫模。
隨著產(chǎn)品注射的完成,模具就必須開模。產(chǎn)品的形狀決定著它是否由模具兩部份簡(jiǎn)單地開?；蛴捎袀?cè)向分型來開模。模具的設(shè)計(jì)是由產(chǎn)品的形狀和產(chǎn)品開模的方式?jīng)Q定的。注射成型的產(chǎn)品可以分為以下幾類:
無側(cè)抽芯的產(chǎn)品；
有側(cè)向開口的外側(cè)抽芯的產(chǎn)品；
有內(nèi)側(cè)抽芯的產(chǎn)品；
有外側(cè)抽芯和內(nèi)側(cè)抽芯的產(chǎn)品。
3．注射模具的組成
3.1 型腔空間
型腔空間是在模具中的一個(gè)形狀,當(dāng)注射的材料充滿這個(gè)空間的時(shí)候,它就會(huì)呈現(xiàn)出和型腔空間一樣的形狀。在注射成型時(shí),射料是通過很高的壓力注射入型腔空間的,所以模具必須要足夠的堅(jiān)固來抵抗注射的壓力,以防變形。
3.2 型腔的數(shù)量
許多的模具，特別是較大產(chǎn)品的模具，僅僅只有一個(gè)模具型腔，但是也有許多的模具，特別是比較大型的模具，都會(huì)有2個(gè)或更多的型。究其原因就是它純粹的經(jīng)濟(jì)性。它僅僅是注入多個(gè)型腔比注入一個(gè)型腔多花了一點(diǎn)的時(shí)間。今天,大多數(shù)的模具型腔數(shù)量都是以這些數(shù)字為參考的: 2,4,6,8,12,16,24,32,48,64,96,128。選擇這些數(shù)字（偶數(shù)）的原因是為了在長(zhǎng)方形區(qū)域內(nèi)布置型腔方便，這樣就有利于設(shè)計(jì)、定尺寸、加工制造和圍繞機(jī)器中心對(duì)稱，這種對(duì)稱分布對(duì)于保證每個(gè)型腔分配到相同的鎖模力非常重要。
3.3 型腔和型芯
按照習(xí)慣，腔空間的中空部分稱為型腔。與型腔空間所匹配的部分稱為型芯。 大部分射膠制品是杯形的。 但這并不意味著它們看起來就像是一個(gè)杯，只是它們有一個(gè)內(nèi)部和外部。產(chǎn)品的外部是由型腔形成的,而內(nèi)部是有由型芯形成的。通常情況下,型腔是位于注射一邊的那半模具上,而型芯是位于可以移動(dòng)的那半模具上的。這樣安排的原因是注射機(jī)上的移動(dòng)板有一個(gè)彈射裝置,而產(chǎn)品是收縮和包緊在型芯上的,然后產(chǎn)品就可以通過此來彈射出來。大部分的注射機(jī)在注射的一邊都不會(huì)安裝彈射裝置。
對(duì)于模具包含復(fù)雜型腔和多型腔模具，試圖象整體模具那樣在一塊鋼板加工型腔和型芯是不讓人滿意的。型腔和型芯分別決定著成型的外部和內(nèi)部的形狀,而它們的整體決定著整個(gè)成型的方式。
3.4 分模線
為了能夠生產(chǎn)出一個(gè)模具,我們必需具備有兩個(gè)分半的模具,一半裝型腔一半裝型芯。這兩個(gè)板分離時(shí)的部分叫做分模線,簡(jiǎn)稱P/L。其實(shí),這是一個(gè)分離的區(qū)域或面,但是為了方便,我們習(xí)慣叫它成一條線。 模具的分型面是兩模板接近型腔的那些部分，它們對(duì)接一起形成油封并且避免型腔里射性材料的損失。分模線可以是任何形狀的, 許多的注射成型都是要求分模線是不在同一平面或是曲面的,但是為了便于模具制造,最好設(shè)計(jì)在同一個(gè)平面上。為了能夠在模具上脫出產(chǎn)品,分模線總是在分布在產(chǎn)品最寬的圓周區(qū)域。對(duì)一些形狀來說，設(shè)置分模線或其角度是非常有必要的，但是在任何情況下，都要有目的地讓它容易加工，以確保當(dāng)注射的時(shí)候模具能夠緊緊地合在一起。如果分模線設(shè)計(jì)不好,射料將會(huì)溢出來,那樣產(chǎn)品就會(huì)有一個(gè)非常大的凹陷,那樣的產(chǎn)品肯定會(huì)被拆除,否則那樣的產(chǎn)品是不能夠使用的。甚至更危險(xiǎn)的是,射料噴射進(jìn)模具的時(shí)候,它會(huì)飛濺出傷害到人本身。
3.5 流道和澆口
現(xiàn)在,增加介紹的是把射料從外面帶到型腔空間的裝置。在射料冷卻之前(也就是射料冷卻后不能在流動(dòng)之前),它必需有足夠的壓力以便使射料能夠充滿型腔。流動(dòng)的通道就是流道,它把注射機(jī)的噴嘴和模具連接了起來,流道是一個(gè)獨(dú)立的型腔, 流道本身要光滑,以便可以阻止射料自由流動(dòng)。同時(shí), 型腔被充滿后，澆口處先凝固，注射機(jī)螺桿抽回時(shí)可防止成型中的回流。澆口是一個(gè)小型的開口,它引導(dǎo)著流道到型腔空間。澆口是一個(gè)渠道,是連接與流道相通的小口。與其他的進(jìn)料系統(tǒng)相比,它有一個(gè)很小的橫截面積。在射料充滿型腔后,澆口很快就會(huì)冷卻,注射的噴嘴往后退,在模具退后的時(shí)候射料還是留有在噴嘴中的。
4. 注射機(jī)的工作過程
注射模具是安裝在注射機(jī)上的，它的注射成型過程是由注射機(jī)來完成的。以下是注射機(jī)的工作過程：注射成型機(jī)通過抽真空把射料原料從干燥機(jī)吸到料斗里面。料斗實(shí)際上是一個(gè)小的漏斗，它被安裝在機(jī)臺(tái)料筒的后面。開始起實(shí)際作用的地方是料筒，料筒實(shí)質(zhì)上是四周都是加熱器的一個(gè)很大的螺桿安放室，它把原料送向模具。隨著螺桿的旋轉(zhuǎn)，原料在料筒里前進(jìn)并成為熔融狀態(tài)。只有完全熔融后，原料才會(huì)在螺桿高速旋轉(zhuǎn)產(chǎn)生的擠壓力下射進(jìn)模腔。當(dāng)螺桿前端壓室注滿射料時(shí)，螺桿被迫后退，斷開限位開關(guān)而開動(dòng)液壓缸，從而向前推動(dòng)螺桿，將熔融射料注射到閉合的模具型腔中。型腔被充滿后，澆口處先凝固，注射機(jī)螺桿抽回時(shí)可防止成型中的回流。螺桿端部稱為噴嘴，從這里開始直到模具型腔這段空間內(nèi)，熔融材料沒有被加熱，并且一直處于被冷卻的狀態(tài)。流道水口料就是在噴嘴到模腔之間冷卻固化的射料，屬于工藝廢料。實(shí)際上，在噴嘴到模腔之間的冷卻射料是“主流道”，但它和流道是連在一塊的。有一些關(guān)于處理水口料的方法，但這不是我們這里要討論的。大多數(shù)人以前都見過流道，但卻沒有認(rèn)出。最容易見到他們的地方是由單獨(dú)零件構(gòu)成的飛機(jī)和汽車模型上，在這些零件上面一般都附著著流道系統(tǒng)。一般地，水口料被頂出，落進(jìn)安放在模具下面的落料裝置（通過一個(gè)斜坡傳送通道），或者被機(jī)械手取出，然后投入粉料機(jī)。粉料機(jī)把水口料絞成碎料并送回干燥機(jī)。
盡管塑料一旦被加熱就會(huì)發(fā)生降解，而且有些成型工藝不允許碎材混入原材料里面，因?yàn)檫@樣會(huì)導(dǎo)致成品的缺陷。這種情況下水口料可以用到其他地方或者干脆不用。收縮在成型中影響深遠(yuǎn)，大部分塑料冷卻后會(huì)收縮20%。為了在重點(diǎn)（關(guān)鍵）塑料零件上--當(dāng)然不只是玩具---克服這種現(xiàn)象，模具設(shè)計(jì)者必須把這個(gè)要素考慮到設(shè)計(jì)里面去，那樣成型出來的產(chǎn)品才能滿足設(shè)計(jì)規(guī)格。 頂針是模具本身的零件，用來在模具打開的時(shí)候頂出產(chǎn)品。整個(gè)過程都有注射成型機(jī)控制。一個(gè)成型周期實(shí)際上就是合模--注射--開模--頂出。模具被鎖緊在機(jī)臺(tái)上，前模固定不動(dòng)（在機(jī)臺(tái)的料筒側(cè)），后模則可以移動(dòng)。上面說的頂針就是后模側(cè)。當(dāng)模具打開，產(chǎn)品吸附在后模側(cè)以被頂出。
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