外 文 翻 譯 單行蔬菜缽體苗自動移栽機的設(shè)計 取苗裝置設(shè)計 原文1 Vegetable Transplanters for Use in Developing Countries A Review 譯文 1 蔬菜移栽機在發(fā)展中國家的展望 原文 2 Development of a mechanism for transplanting rice seedlings 譯文 2 移栽水稻幼苗機制和發(fā)展 原文 1 Developing countries contribute 72 of the total vegetable production in the world The transplanting operation is one of the most labor intensive in vegetable production It is largely done by hand in India and most developing countries and incurs large investments in labor time and cost This article presents the details of construction of vegetable transplanters in addition to recent advances in their development Performance of transplanters under actual field conditions is discussed Traditional Methods of Transplanting Vegetable Seedlings Ferminger 1953 reported that in India for small scale vegetable gardening holes of 60 cm diameter and 30 cm deep are manually dug in the field at desired spacings The soil is mixed with farmyard manure bone meal and wood ashes The hole is then filled to a depth of 15 20 cm and packed A seedling is placed in the middle of the hole and topsoil is filled around the seedling compacted firmed and soaked with water A shelter is built to shade the seedling under dry weather conditions This method does not require any field preparation A shovel or spade is the only implement used Classification of Vegetable Transplanters and Seedlings Transplanters are designed based on seedling type to be used The semiautomatic transplanters can be used for almost all types of seedlings Table 1 The bare root seedlings are obtained by pulling seedlings directly from nursery beds The soil block seedlings are obtained by sowing of seeds in moist soil cubes made by mixing soil peat compost and sand Press 2001 The cell mold seedlings are grown in flexible plastic Tsuga 2000 or heavy duty injection molded trays Horticultural Supplies Co Mumbai India with cells to fill with the soil mix and sow the seed Trays can contain 128 200 or 288 cells in which the arrangement of cells is 8 16 10 20 and 12 24 respectively Tsuga 2000 The Horticultural Supplies Co tray has five sections each with 30 or 40 cells supported by an outer tray which can hold 150 or 200 seedlings The shape of the cell is an inverted truncated pyramid Another method for transplant production is the paper pot generally made from recycled paper Paper pots provide an individual area for each seed to germinate and the plant to develop Indian Institute of Horticultural Research IIHR 2006 A total of 128 or 200 pots can be placed on a tray in 8 8 or 10 10 arrangements Tsuga 2000 Semiautomatic and fully automatic transplanters can be used for plantingcell mold and paper pot produced seedlings The linked paper pot or a chain of pots prepared by connecting a series of paper pots is made by joining two ply sheets of paper with water resistant adhesive Nambu and Tanimura 1992 They do not require a tray for holding seedlings but require an arrangement to separate the chain of pots into individuals before feeding them to the planting unit Linked paper pots are used only with fully automatic transplanters The walking type semiautomatic transplanters are either self propelled or hand tractor operated machines They are rare because the operator has to concentrate on the operation of the machine and feeding the seedlings Riding type two row or three row semiautomatic transplanters are tractor mounted or tractor pulled machines whereas those that are used with more rows are tractor pulled The walking type automatic transplanters are self propelled machines for sowing a maximum of four rows Ridingtype automatic transplanters are either self propelled up to four rows or tractor pulled up to eight rows Further Marr 1994 described types of transplanters called punch planters automatic and water wheel planters semiautomatic The punch planters transplant through plastic mulches by puncturing the mulch and the soil and setting the seedling into the holes The water wheel planters are similar to the punch planters with the addition of a large tank filled with water or fertilizer solution As the hole is formed for the transplant a portion of the solution is injected into the transplant hole Seedlings are hand set into the watered hole by operators riding low near the ground Model 1600 of Robert Marvel Plastic Mulch Annville Pa As the seedling is pushed in mud from the bottom comes up along the sides and covers the top to complete the transplanting operation Munilla and Shaw 1987 described a dibbling transplanter in which holes are made in the soil and seedlings are planted in the holes Seedling Box or Tray Holder A seedling box is provided on semiautomatic transplanters to store bare root seedlings for feeding to the planting unit It is rectangular in cross section and is open at the top Long rectangular seedling boxes are used in transplanters Model 2000 Mechanical Transplanter Co Holland Mich used for planting long seedlings in which a conveyor belt is provided which can be driven by foot action Carrousel tray holders Figure 1 can also be used in transplanters Mechanical Transplanter Co s models 5000 5000W 5000WD 4000 and 6000 that use cell mold seedlings Each tray holder stores four to six trays each carrying 200 cell mold seedlings In automatic transplanters the tray is kept at a place with its orientation suitable for the pick up device to remove seedlings from trays It also has a mechanism to move trays forward as seedlings are removed from the tray Recent advances in the design of vegetable transplanters Apart from the essential components for efficient planting of vegetable seedlings vegetable transplanters are provided with systems for maintaining the accuracy precision and effectiveness in planting seedlings with minimum human intervention Researchers have reported recent developments in automatic vegetable transplanter in the United States Parish 2005 Italy Japan Australia and England Labowsky 2001 Robotic transplanters have been developed Brewer 1994 Kim et al 1995 Ryu et al 2001 Sakaue 1992 Tai et al 1994 and Figure 7 presents a schematic diagram for this type of transplanter developed by Ryu et al 2001 It has a CCD camera which identifies empty cells in high density plug trays passes this information to the computer which feeds it to the manipulator The manipulator actuates the end effecter to pick up only the good quality seedlings to the low density growing trays The labor and time involved in discarding the poor quality seedlings are fully FIGURE 7 Schematics of the robotic transplanter a the front view of the manipulator b the side view of the manipulator the tray moving system and the vision system Ryu et al 2001 Reprinted with permission of the Institute of Agricultural Engineers UK Further a camera linked to a computer feeds the information on the leaf direction of the good quality seedlings and the manipulator accordingly orients the end effecter to pick up the seedlings The lowdensity growing trays used for transplanting will have 100 good quality seedlings without any human intervention In machines employing the belt conveyor type planting unit Series TP Transplanter of FMC Food Tech Agricultural Machinery Division Collecchio Parma Italy faulty seedlings are separated using a machine vision system It is claimed that the mechanism has been developed to compensate for the deficit caused by removing faulty seedlings by momentarily increasing the feed rate of seedlings from the tray Thijssen 2000 Photo cells are being used to detect the gaps and replace them with new seedlings Lannen Plant Systems Victoria Australia The desired plant spacing in the field can be entered into the computer and encoders are provided to read the distance traveled along the ground and plant the seedlings within 1 mm accuracy The seedling planting depth can be electronically controlled This is useful particularly in lettuce where if seedlings are planted exactly level with the top of the soil leaf rot will be minimized and development of lettuce into an oval rather than round shape will be reduced The pressure applied by the soil compacting device can be controlled depending on the type of soil and its condition Seedlings can be automatically planted at the speed of 2 seedlings s 1 Model G4 vegetable transplanter Williames Hi tech International Pvt Ltd Victoria Australia The machine can carry 35 trays with 260 seedlings each eliminating time lost for loading of seedling trays by at least 1 h A transplanter with the ability to adjust the seedling pick up unit based on size and configuration of trays has been developed Sena 2006 The field performance of vegetable transplanters depends on the feeding rate of the seedling pick up unit for automatic transplanters planting rate of the seedling planting unit spacing between seedlings in a row row spacing and achievable optimum speed of operation to minimize missed plantings in addition to field crop and other operating parameters Most researchers and manufacturers have reported data on planting rate and seedling feed rate rather than on field performance of machines CIAE 2004 reported forward speed as 0 9 km h 1 and field capacity field area planted h 1 as 0 1 ha h 1 for planting tomato at a 60 cm row spacing and 45 cm in row plant spacing using a tractor drawn two row semiautomatic transplanter with pocket type planting unit The field performance of a two row tractor mounted semiautomatic transplanter with pocket type planting unit developed by PAU 2004 is presented in Table 4 The suitable forward speed of operation for obtaining a minimum of missed plantings was found to be from 0 9 to 1 1 km h 1 for various crops Increasing speed increased the percentage of missed plantings and necessitates that two laborers feed the single row to maintain the percentage missing within acceptable limits Holland Transplater Co s models 1500 FWD 1500 and 1600 and Mechanical Transplanter Co s models 1000 1000B 3 1000 2 1980 nursery transplanter 2000 and 22C have the provision for two laborers to feed the single row Marr 1994 opined that the transplanter has to be operated at a speed that allows careful placement and attention to problems that develop Operators should not be so involved in placing plants in the machine that they cannot watch for problems that develop A rotary cup type planting unit on a semiautomatic transplanter allowed for higher forward speed than that of a pocket type planting unit Labowsky 2001 An average forward speed of 1 4 km h 1 and field capacity of 0 14 ha h 1 for planting tomato cauliflower chile peppers and eggplant using a three row semiautomatic transplanter with rotary cup type planting unit has been reported Tamil Nadu Agricultural University TNAU 2004 For reasonable seedling spacing the feed rate clearly limits the maximum allowable travel speed of the transplanting machine Srivastava et al 2006 Minoru Industrial Co Ltd Okayama Japan claims that its two row self propelled walking type automatic vegetable transplanter can plant 0 2 ha h 1 Tsuga 2000 found that the two row fully automatic transplanter was able transplant 0 11 ha h 1 while operating at a speed of 1 2 1 4 km h 1 for cabbage at a plant spacing of 30 cm and an in row spacing of 60 cm There was less than 3 missed plantings Kim et al 2001 reported that the field capacity of a prototype two row automatic transplanter for cabbage of 0 1 ha h 1 with 3 5 missed plantings Srivastava et al 2006 opined that an important performance criterion for transplanters is that seedlings must be oriented properly and in good contact with the soil A successful planting has been defined as having seedlings inclined less than 30 from the vertical Munilla and Shaw 1987 作者 G V Prasanna Kumar H Raheman 出處 International Journal of Vegetable Science Vol 14 No 3 232 255 譯文 1 發(fā)展中國家占世界蔬菜總生產(chǎn)的72 移栽技術(shù)是一種最密集型的蔬菜生產(chǎn) 勞動 它主要是在印度手工完成和大多數(shù)發(fā)展中國家把大量的資源投資在人力 時間 和成本 本文介紹了蔬菜移栽機 除了最新的一些進展和研究發(fā)現(xiàn) 是 在移栽機實現(xiàn)其特定性能條件下討論 傳統(tǒng)方法的移植蔬菜種苗 Ferminger 1953 報道說 在印度對于小規(guī)模的蔬菜園種植 孔的直徑是60厘 米 深30厘米是手工挖場在理想狀態(tài)下的空隙 土壤是混合堆肥 骨粉 和木灰 這個洞是的深度15 20厘米 一個幼苗被放置在中間孔上和表層周圍被土所包 圍 圍繞著種苗 將其壓實 壓牢固 再進行灌水 一個理想適當?shù)沫h(huán)境是建立 樹蔭下的幼苗干旱的天氣條件 這種方法不需要任何現(xiàn)場準備 一個鏟或鋤頭 僅僅使用一種工具 蔬菜的分類移栽機和秧苗 印度孟買的一家園藝有限公司 對此進行了開發(fā)研究 其讓細胞充滿土壤 與之充分混合 隨后播下種子 試驗中鎖使用的托盤可以容載128 200或288個 細胞 再進行整齊排列 將細胞排列到8 16 10 20 24 24幾種排列托盤中 Tsuga 2000 園藝用品有限公司的托盤有五個部分 每個有30或40個細胞 由一個外托盤盛載 可以容納150或200顆蔬菜苗 而細胞的形狀是一個反向的被 截斷的金字塔造型 另一個方法是移植生產(chǎn) 一般用可再生環(huán)保紙 環(huán)保紙盆提 供一個個人面積為每個種子發(fā)芽和植物開發(fā)所需要的空間 印度理工學院園藝研 究 IIHR 2006 總共有128或200盆可以被放置在一個8 8或10 10的托盤中 整齊排列 Tsuga 2000 而半自動和全自動移栽機可以用于種植電池模具和紙 罐生產(chǎn)的種苗 鏈接的紙盆 或一連串的準備通過連接一個系列的紙盆 是由通 過加入兩層的紙張再用防水膠加工 Nambu和Tanimura 1992 他們雖然不需要 一個托盤來排列但是他們需要安排一個人在喂食他們種植單位前使幼苗分離鏈 形成 而環(huán)保紙盆只能使用全自動移栽機 步行式半自動移栽機一種是手推式操作機器 另一種是裝載于手扶式拖拉 機上的操作機器 它們并不常見 這是因為經(jīng)營者專注于機器的操作和喂苗 還 有一種騎式雙排渦輪和由三行組成的半自動移栽機是在拖拉機上安裝或拖拉機 拉動的機器 而那些使用更多的是由拖拉機來提供拉動力 蔬菜移栽機的步行式 和自動式都是自航機械 播種最多4行 Ridingtype自動移栽機要么自航 最多4 行 或拖拉機拉 8行 進一步 馬爾 1994 所描述的移栽機類型稱為穿孔種植者 自動 和水輪播種機 半自動 沖頭通過塑料薄膜種植移植由穿孔薄膜與土壤 設(shè)置幼苗進入洞口 種植園主和水輪相似的穿孔種植園還添加了一個大水箱并 將其注滿水或肥料溶液 隨著孔形成的移植 一部分營養(yǎng)液和肥料注入移植孔 進澆苗洞并手工精制 運營商地面附近騎低 型號1600的羅伯特奇跡塑料覆蓋物 Annville Pa 隨著秧苗的推進 泥漿從底部出現(xiàn)并沿兩側(cè)和頂部覆蓋同時 完成移植操作 Munilla和蕭伯納 1987 描述了一種穴播插秧機在這洞是土壤和 苗種植的洞 苗箱和托盤架 一株幼苗盒子是提供半自動移栽機存儲的根幼苗喂種植單位 它呈矩形其 橫截面和是開在頂部 長矩形育苗盒用于移栽機 型號2000 機械插秧機有限公 司 荷蘭 米奇 用于種植長苗 用傳送帶進行傳送 這可以由人力來代替 旋轉(zhuǎn) 托盤也可用于移栽機 機械插秧機公司的模型5000 5000 w wd 5000 4000和 6000 使用電池模具苗 每個托盤持有人有4到6個托盤 每個托盤載有200左右 細胞型苗 在自動移栽機中托盤是保存在一個地方 其取苗機構(gòu)為傳感器裝置取 出幼苗到托盤 它也有一個機制向前移動托盤苗移開從托盤 現(xiàn)行設(shè)計的最新進展蔬菜移栽機 除了基本組件為高效種植的蔬菜苗 蔬菜移栽機提供系統(tǒng)維護的準確性 有 效性和精準性 在種植幼苗與最小的人工干預(yù) 研究人員報道最近的自動蔬菜插 秧機進展是在美國的 教區(qū) 2005 意大利 日本 澳大利亞和英國 Labowsky 2001 機器人移栽機已經(jīng)開發(fā) 布魯爾 1994 金et al 1995 Ryu et al 2001 Sakaue 1992 大et al 1994年 并提出了原理圖的這種類型的插 秧機Ryu開發(fā)的et al 2001 它有一個CCD攝像機 它能識別空細胞高密度塞 托盤 并將這些信息傳送給計算機 讓它來代替機械手 機械手的促動端區(qū)只撿 優(yōu)質(zhì)的種苗到低密度增長托盤 勞動和時間參與完全丟棄劣質(zhì)苗 英國制造的 電路圖的機器人插秧機 其機械手 托盤運動系統(tǒng) 和視覺系統(tǒng) Ryu et al 2001 進一步的 一個相機與電腦提要信息方向和機械手的優(yōu)質(zhì)種苗因此主導(dǎo)的端 區(qū)撿起苗 低密度種苗的日益增長的托盤用于移植會有100 的高質(zhì)量苗 無需人 工干預(yù) 在機器使用皮帶輸送機來傳送種植單位 TP插秧機的FMC食品系列科技 農(nóng)業(yè)機械部門 Collecchio Parma 意大利 故障苗是分開使用機器的視覺系統(tǒng) 它聲稱機制已被開發(fā) 以彌補種苗劣質(zhì)的幼苗 瞬間增加取苗量 種苗從托盤中 取出 Thijssen 2000 細胞被用來檢測差距 代之以新的苗 Lannen植物系統(tǒng) 維多利亞 澳大利亞 所需的植物間距在字段可以輸入到計算機和編碼器提供閱讀的距離沿地面 和植物的幼苗在1毫米的精度 苗木種植深度可以電子控制 這是很有用 特別 是在生菜 如果苗種植完全頂部的水平上土 葉腐病將會最小化和發(fā)展生菜成橢 圓形而非圓的形狀將減少 壓力由土壤壓實的應(yīng)用設(shè)備可以控制取決于類型的 土壤和條件 幼苗可以自動種植幼苗的速度2 1 模型 s G4嗎蔬菜插秧機 Williames高科技國際經(jīng)紀有限公司 維多利亞 澳大利亞 這臺機器可以攜帶 260苗35托盤每 消除失去時間來裝載苗盤至少1 h 一個插秧機與適應(yīng)能力的幼 苗拾音器單位根據(jù)大小和配置托盤已經(jīng)發(fā)達 塞納 2006 蔬菜移栽機現(xiàn)場性能取決于幼苗拾取單元的攝食率 自動移栽機的插秧機 種植率 幼苗在一排之間的間距 行間距 并能達到的最佳的運行速度 減少 差錯率 錯過了種植作物 和其他操作參數(shù) 大多數(shù)研究人員和制造商已經(jīng)報 道的種植率和幼苗的進給速率 而不是在機器工作現(xiàn)場的性能數(shù)據(jù) 中國原子 能科學研究院 2004 報道的前進速度為 0 9 公里和田間持水量 田間種植面 積 為 0 1 公頃以行距 60 厘米和 45 厘米使用拖拉機牽引兩行半自動移栽機袋 式栽培行株距種植番茄的單位 一二行拖拉機田間表現(xiàn)安裝半自動移栽機袋式 栽培單元由加索爾 2004 給出了 為獲得最小漏種植手術(shù)合適的前進速度是 從 0 9 到 1 1 公里多種作物 增加的速度增長百分比 錯過了種植需要兩個工 人保持在可接受的范圍內(nèi)的飼料比例失調(diào)的單排 荷蘭栽植機有限的模型 1500 前進 1500 和 1600 和機械插秧機有限的模型 1000b 31000 1000 2 1980 和 2000 苗木移栽機 有兩個工人養(yǎng)活 22c 單排的規(guī)定 馬爾 1994 認為插秧機必須在速度進給上給出合理適當?shù)臄?shù)值 需要進行精心安 排和注意問題的研究探討 開發(fā)操作 轉(zhuǎn)杯 型種植單元在半自動移栽機允許 更高的速度比一個袖珍型種植單位 labowsky 2001 一個正向平均速度為 1 4 公里和田種植西紅柿 花椰菜 辣椒 0 14 公頃的容量 并使用一三行半自動移 栽機轉(zhuǎn)杯 型種植單位茄子 泰米爾納德邦農(nóng)業(yè)大學 TNAU 2004 合理的 株距 進給速度合理 有明顯界限的插秧機允許的最大行駛速度 Srivastava 等人 2006 稔實業(yè)有限公司 岡山 日本 聲稱其兩行自走式自動蔬菜移 栽機可以種植 0 2 公頃 長苞鐵杉 2000 發(fā)現(xiàn) 兩行全自動移栽機可以移植 0 11 公頃而在速度為 1 2 白菜 1 4 公里在 30 厘米 60 厘米行株距株距操作 有小于 3 的種苗錯過了播種 基姆等人 2001 報道 用 3 5 的 0 1 公頃的白 菜原型兩排自動插秧機場容量錯過了播種 Srivastava 等人 2006 認為 插 秧機一個重要的性能指標是幼苗必須正確定向并且與土壤接觸良好 一個成功 的種植已被定義為幼苗傾斜小于 30 穆尼利亞和肖 1987 原文2 Transplanting of seedlings is a labor intensive operation in the cultivation of rice It is also a skilled job and involves working with a stooping posture in a puddled field There exists a need to mechanize this operation For this purpose the design of a mechanism was carried out following the method of analytical synthesis A planar four bar linkage with coupler extension was selected as the basic design The path generated by the mechanism was plotted on a computer screen By varying the dimensions of various links in the mechanism different paths of output motion of the coupler point were obtained The potential link dimensions were identified based on the suitability of the path for picking conveying and planting of seedlings as well as the return motion A four row self propelled transplanter using the above mechanism and an optimized planting finger was then developed and tested The machine transplanting system was found to be technically viable India is predominantly an agricultural country with rice as one of its main food crop It produces about 80 million tons rice annually which is about 22 of the world rice production Culturally transplanting of young seedlings of 20 35 days age in water inundated field is preferred over direct seeding The former leads to better yield due to better crop management practices that are possible in a transplanted crop The operation of transplanting requires large amount of manpower about 400 man hour ha and the task is very laborious involving working in a stooping posture and moving in muddy field Hence this is considered as an activity that needs mechanization Mechanization of transplanting facilitates mechanization of subsequent activities also in the production of the crop The machines that are already successful in Japan and Korea could not be adopted in India because of economic cost constraints and due to the prevailing cultural practices of this country Design of planting mechanisms used in power operated transplanters Anon states that most of the planting devices of power operated transplanters can be classified as crank and rocker mechanisms of four bar linkage A planting finger which is a part of the coupler link of the mechanism separates the seedlings from the seedling tray and places them in the soil The curve traced by the planting finger may have an influence on the stability of the planted seedlings The kinematic analysis of the planting mechanisms is considered essential for an understanding of its operation and its further improvements Design of mechanism Erdman and Sandor state most mechanism tasks require a single input to be transferred to a single output Therefore single degree of freedom mechanisms are the forms used most frequently Shigley states that Grubler s criterion is concerned with the numbe r of links in the mechanism and with the numbe r and kinds of kinematic pairs It can be used for determining the degree of freedom of a mechanism Erdman and Sandor state that analysis techniques can be used to replace costly and time consuming building and testing of physical prototypes in a trial and error design process Analysis techniques generally form a basic part of most synthesis methods Norton states that the four bar linkage should be among the first solutions to motion control problems to be investigated The fewest parts that can do the job will usually give the least expensive and most reliable solution Norton states that the Grashof condition can be used as a very simple relationship which predicts the behavior of a four bar linkage based on the link lengths Zimmerman states that a four bar mechanism is physically impossible if one of the links has a length greater than the sum of the other three Hirschhorn states that in a four bar linkage distinct types of mechanisms could be obtained by inversion A crank rocker mechanism is obtained by fixing one of the two links paired with the shortest link Paul suggested that Newton Raphson method could used be used to solve the non linear equations developed for solving the four bar linkage position problem Zimmerman states that one basic mechanism design problem for which the four bar chain can provide solutions is that of finding a point of the coupler of a four bar mechanism which describes a path closely approximating the desired one In a mechanical transplanter the finger follow a desired path of motion A planar four bar linkage with all revolute pairs is chosen as this is very simple a mechanism made of that may be E Vareed Thomas Mechanism and Machine Theory37 2002 395 410 397 easy to maintain and may cost less to manufacture The input motion is applied to the crank so that the motion is continuous and rotary The output motion follow a suitable path