高考英語(yǔ)閱讀試題的命題方向與試題設(shè)計(jì).doc
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高考英語(yǔ)閱讀試題的命題方向與試題設(shè)計(jì) 高考英語(yǔ)的命題者一般要遵循年度《英語(yǔ)考試大綱》中關(guān)于閱讀理解試題的六個(gè)命題方向,然后根據(jù)這六個(gè)命題方向設(shè)計(jì)出20個(gè)小題,每題2分。通常,這六個(gè)微技能考點(diǎn)題量的分布如下:文章的主旨大義1道左右;事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)9道左右;簡(jiǎn)單的推理判斷6道;推斷詞義1道;文章結(jié)構(gòu)1道;作者的態(tài)度和意圖2道。其中,事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題為表層理解題,其他11小題為深層理解題。下面分而述之。 一.表層理解試題的命題方向 我們先討論表層理解的試題的一般命題方向。這9道事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題雖屬表層理解,主要檢測(cè)學(xué)生的文章認(rèn)讀能力,也就是對(duì)文章提供的具體事實(shí)和線(xiàn)索能加以辨讀,但現(xiàn)在的考題也要求考生注意全文的綜合性事實(shí),也就是采用多線(xiàn)詰問(wèn)法,而不全是單線(xiàn)詰問(wèn)法。(盡管近年的單線(xiàn)詰問(wèn)法的考題仍然有,但不是主流,而且相對(duì)比較容易,我們這里不予討論。)這就要求考生必須全文把握。一般而論,在多線(xiàn)詰問(wèn)法中命題者又有以下兩種詰問(wèn)方法: ㈠肯定性多線(xiàn)詰問(wèn)法 所謂多線(xiàn)詰問(wèn)實(shí)際上就是考查考生對(duì)散布在全文中的重要的信息點(diǎn)的認(rèn)讀與辨析的能力,要求考生既能再認(rèn),又能辨認(rèn)!而肯定性則是指四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中有而且只有一個(gè)是肯定性的且符合文章線(xiàn)索的正確項(xiàng),另外三個(gè)則是不符合文章線(xiàn)索的錯(cuò)誤選項(xiàng)。通常的提問(wèn)方法是:Which of the following...is true? 我們研究高考英語(yǔ)全國(guó)卷和地方卷中閱讀理解試題的提問(wèn)方式,可以從中看出命題者的肯定性多線(xiàn)詰問(wèn)法的一般設(shè)計(jì)。這需要考生對(duì)四個(gè)選項(xiàng)(四個(gè)文章細(xì)節(jié))做出正確的認(rèn)讀與辨析,否則,就會(huì)因誤讀而誤判!例如: 1.According to the author, which of the following statements is true? (05皖-62) 2.Which of the following describes a well-designed tool? (05京-61) 3.Which of the following is most probably written in informal English?(05渝-68) 4.Which of the following is the correct order of shopping with the computerized shopping carts?(05浙-54) 5.Choose the correct statements from the following according to the passage. (05閩-59) 6.How many reasons are mentioned for a visit to lighthouse?(05渝-70) ㈡否定性多線(xiàn)詰問(wèn)法 否定性多線(xiàn)詰問(wèn)法剛好和肯定性多線(xiàn)詰問(wèn)法相反,是命題者希望考生從所給的四個(gè)選項(xiàng),也就是從四個(gè)文章細(xì)節(jié)中排除三個(gè)肯定的且符合文章線(xiàn)索的選項(xiàng),選擇一個(gè)不符合文章線(xiàn)索的選項(xiàng)。主要的問(wèn)題設(shè)計(jì)是: ▲Which of the following is NOT mentioned...? ▲All the following ...EXCEPT..? 對(duì)于這種詰問(wèn)法,考生一般會(huì)有三種錯(cuò)誤。一是審題失誤,二是答題失憶,三是正誤失判。審題錯(cuò)誤反映考生對(duì)EXCEPT或NOT沒(méi)注意或沒(méi)看清楚或沒(méi)反應(yīng)過(guò)來(lái)!答題失憶則說(shuō)明考生在答題過(guò)程中,特別是在文中找細(xì)節(jié)時(shí)(重讀)忘記了題目的原意!正誤失判則表明考生對(duì)正確選項(xiàng)和肯定選項(xiàng)不能很好地和很清楚地區(qū)分開(kāi)來(lái)。請(qǐng)參看以下問(wèn)題設(shè)計(jì)。 1.The British try to solve the problem of queuing by all the following EXCEPT _____.(05粵-70) 2. All the following are included in the price of £ 299 EXCEPT __________.(05閩-68) 3.Which of the following is NOT mentioned in the passage? (05贛-62) 4.Which of the following statements is NOT mentioned in the passage? (05蘇-62) 5.Which of the following CANNOT be true according to the passage? (05滬-78) 嚴(yán)格意義上講,題干采用否定詰問(wèn)并不是很好的做法。 二.深層理解試題的命題方向 高考英語(yǔ)閱讀理解試題不僅要求考生對(duì)表層理解辨讀無(wú)礙,而且要求對(duì)其中的深層理解試題也能舉重若輕。不過(guò),我們要特別提醒的是深層理解試題既需要考生的抽象概括能力,又需要考生對(duì)全文有良好的駕御能力和一定的邏輯推理能力。深層理解試題主要檢測(cè)考生理解文章主旨要義、簡(jiǎn)單的推理判斷、根據(jù)上下文推斷詞義、理解文章結(jié)構(gòu)以及理解作者的意圖和態(tài)度等五個(gè)方面的能力。這些既是從測(cè)試規(guī)律中獲得的一般經(jīng)驗(yàn),也是考生必要的也是必須掌握的閱讀技能。 ㈠文章主旨要義題的一般設(shè)計(jì) 文章主旨要義的命題方向一般有三種詰問(wèn)方式。 ▲最佳標(biāo)題法:即直接詰問(wèn)最佳標(biāo)題,這要求考生必須對(duì)全文有高度的概括并可以通過(guò)該標(biāo)題回顧文章主題。此類(lèi)詰問(wèn)一般全卷有1道,也有2道的(05國(guó)1-58和62)。 例如: 1.What might be the most suitable title for the text?(05皖-63) 2.Which of the following would be the best title for the text? (05國(guó)3-41) 3.What might be the most suitable title for the text?(05浙-56) ▲全文主旨法:即詰問(wèn)文章主題內(nèi)容,這也要求考生有一定抽象思維的能力,并能恰倒好處地把握全文。例如: 1.The text is mainly about ______ .(05國(guó)3-54) 2.What does this passage mainly talk about?(05渝-71) 3.The passage mainly tells us about ________ in UK.(05滬-79) ▲段落要義法:即就某一段落詰問(wèn)考生以檢測(cè)考生對(duì)段落的把握能力。 1.What does the last paragraph mainly discuss?(05浙-60) 2.We can learn from the last paragraph that_________.(05浙-55) 3.In the last paragraph, the writer implies that there is a long way to go ________ .(05鄂-71) ㈡推理判斷題的一般設(shè)計(jì) 考生通過(guò)對(duì)一篇文章的閱讀后應(yīng)該可以根據(jù)文章的脈絡(luò)、語(yǔ)氣、事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)、邏輯等做出一般性的簡(jiǎn)單的推理判斷??梢哉f(shuō),只要把文章認(rèn)真看過(guò)并且讀懂,一般的推理題對(duì)于考生而言不算太難。不過(guò),各位考生要特別留意字里行間,并對(duì)命題人的一般詰問(wèn)方式有所體會(huì)。 一般而論,推理判斷題有以下幾種詰問(wèn)方式。主體是全文推斷,這顯而易見(jiàn)地說(shuō)明對(duì)全文的把握是考生必須具備的能力。 ▲全文推斷 1.It can be inferred from the text that ______.(05皖-61) 2.We may infer from the text that the criminal knows how to reach the car owners because ______ .(05國(guó)3-53) 3.What can be inferred from the passage?(05渝-58) 4.From the passage, we can conclude that __________.(05遼-59) 5.According to the text, the Sierra Club is most likely to be ______.(05魯-68) 6.We may conclude from the passage that ______.(05津-55) ▲段落推斷 1.We learn from paragraph 1 that______ .(05國(guó)3-58) ▲單句推斷 1.What can we infer from the sentence “But has the world changed?” in the second paragraph?(贛-61) ▲事例推斷 1.From the second example we can infer that the parents of the two daughters ______.(05皖-74) 2.Kristen felt sad and cried because ______.(05粵-58) ▲來(lái)源推斷 1.The two letters most probably appear in a __________.(05湘-71) ▲文脈推斷 1.What do you think the author is most likely to suggest if he continues to write?(05蘇-75) 2.What information will probably be provided following the last paragraph?(05滬-75) ▲對(duì)象推斷 1.The intended readers of the passage are________.(05滬-73) ㈢詞義推斷題的一般設(shè)計(jì) 詞義推斷能力也是考生必須具備的閱讀技能之一。一般來(lái)講,根據(jù)上下文我們本可以輕松推斷出我們不懂的生詞,但是,在考試狀態(tài)下我們的思維水平并不是正常值,這就要求我們必須了解命題者對(duì)這種問(wèn)題的一般設(shè)計(jì)。詞義推斷題通常有三種詰問(wèn)法。 ▲可能詞義法 1.The underlined word “survey” in the first paragraph most probably means ______.(05皖-56) ▲肯定詞義法 1.The underlined word “detour” in paragraph 5 means _____. (05國(guó)1-61) 2.The underlined phrase “out-of-the-way” in Paragraph 4 means ____________.(05渝-68) ▲最佳詞義法 1.The word “satiated” in paragraph 2 can best be replaced by “_______”.(05滬-76) 2.The word “presumptuous” in the middle of the passage is closest in meaning to “_____”.(05滬-70) ㈣文章結(jié)構(gòu)題的一般設(shè)計(jì) 文章結(jié)構(gòu)題檢測(cè)的是考生對(duì)文章的結(jié)構(gòu)把握能力。通常有兩種設(shè)計(jì)。一是指代詰問(wèn)法,是考查考生對(duì)文章中指示代詞對(duì)前文或后文的指代的判斷能力。二是組織結(jié)構(gòu)法,是考查考生對(duì)文章的結(jié)構(gòu)與組織形式的判斷能力。 ▲指代詰問(wèn)法 1.The underlined word “it” in the second paragraph refers to ______.(05皖-72) 2.The underlined word “they” in the last paragraph refers to ______ .(05國(guó)3-52) 3.The underlined word “they” (paragraph1) refers to_________. (05浙-53) 4.The underlined word “these” in Paragraph 2 refers to “______”.(05鄂-64) 5.We learn from the text that “the honest ones” in the fourth paragraph most probably refers to colleges______.(05魯-59) ▲組織結(jié)構(gòu)法 1.How is the text organized?(05浙-52) 2.The example of the little boy is used to show that _____.(05京-72) 3.Which of the following best shows the structure of the passage? (05蘇-72) ㈤作者的態(tài)度和意圖題的一般設(shè)計(jì) 我們讀過(guò)一篇文章后必然要對(duì)作者的意圖和態(tài)度有一個(gè)清晰的概念。這種能力也是高考考生所必須掌握的能力。理解作者的意圖和態(tài)度的試題設(shè)計(jì)一般有兩種。一種是直接詰問(wèn)作者的意圖或態(tài)度,另一種則是詰問(wèn)文章的意圖。 ▲詰問(wèn)作者意圖或態(tài)度 1.What is the authors opinion about the sudden change in teenage children?(05皖-75) 2.Which point of view may the author agree to?(05渝-75) 3.What is the writer’s purpose in writing the passage?(05贛-71) ▲詰問(wèn)文章意圖 1.The main purpose of the passage is to call on people to _________.(05滬-74) 2.What is the purpose of the passage?(05閩-69) 通過(guò)對(duì)高考英語(yǔ)閱讀理解的六大命題方向以及具體的命題設(shè)計(jì)的研究,我們掌握了命題的一般規(guī)律和特殊規(guī)律,高考英語(yǔ)閱讀理解試題的編撰能夠幫助我們更好地輔導(dǎo)學(xué)生取得好的成績(jī)。- 1.請(qǐng)仔細(xì)閱讀文檔,確保文檔完整性,對(duì)于不預(yù)覽、不比對(duì)內(nèi)容而直接下載帶來(lái)的問(wèn)題本站不予受理。
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